Association of Polymorphisms in FSHR, ESR1, and BMP15 with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency and Meta-Analysis.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) can lead to menstrual disturbance, resulting in ovarian dysfunction before age 40. Prevalence of POI is usually less than 1%; however, ethnicity or population characteristics may affect prevalence. POI is a heterogeneous disease that results from abnormalities in immunological and hormonal factors. Genetic factors can also contribute to POI. Here, we examine FSHR, ESR1, and BMP15 polymorphisms in patients with POI, and controls. We examined a hormonal gene that is important for pregnancy, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), as well as estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and associated it with FSHR expression, ovulation rate, and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15). We examined 139 Korean patients under age 40 with POI, and 350 Korean control participants without POI. Genotyping was performed by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TaqMan assays. Each identified genotype was subjected to statistical analysis to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In combination genotype analyses, FSHR rs6165 A > G combined with ESR1 rs9340799 A > G, AG/GG (OR: 5.693; 95% CI: 1.088-29.792), as well as FSHR rs6166 A > G combined with ESR1 rs9340799 C > T, AG/GG (OR: 5.940; 95% CI: 1.134-31.131), were significantly associated with POI prevalence. Furthermore, an FSHR rs6165 A > G and BMP rs17003221 C > T, AG/CC combination was associated with POI prevalence (OR: 1.874; 95% CI: (1.059-3.316; p-value: 0.031)). In meta-analysis, FSHR rs6165 AA vs. AG + GG is associated with POI (p = 0.0013), and ESR1 rs2234693 AA vs. AG + GG is also associated with POI (p = 0.0101). Here, we compared the genotypes of FSHR, ESR1, and BMP15 in patients with POI, and controls. We found significant differences in genotype combinations between polymorphisms in FSHR and other genes. Through meta-analysis, we found that ESR1 rs9340799 and rs2234693 are associated with POI prevalence, and that BMP15 rs17003221 increases POI risk. These findings help to improve POI diagnosis in Korean women.

Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice.

This study aimed to determine the alleviating effect of broccoli grown with deep sea water mineral (DSWM) fertilizer extracted from deep sea water on the development of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6N mice treated with AOM/DSS. Naturaldream Fertilizer Broccoli (NFB) cultured with deep sea water minerals (DSWM) showed a higher antioxidant effect and mineral content. In addition, orally administered NFB, showed a level of recovery in the colon and spleen tissues of mice compared with those in normal mice through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Orally administered NFB showed the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokine factors IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-12 while increasing the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB in the liver tissue was inhibited, and that of inflammatory enzymes, such as COX-2 and iNOS, was reduced. In the colon tissue, the expression of p53 and p21 associated with cell cycle arrest increased, and that of Bcl-2 associated with apoptosis decreased. Additionally, the expression of Bax, Bad, Bim, Bak, caspase 9, and caspase 3 increased, indicating enhanced activation of apoptosis-related factors. These results demonstrate that oral administration of broccoli cultivated using DSWM significantly restores spleen and colon tissues and simultaneously inhibits the NF-κB pathway while significantly decreasing cytokine expression. Moreover, by inducing cell cycle arrest and activating cell apoptosis, they also suggest alleviating AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer symptoms in C57BL/6N mice.

Downregulation of LOC441461 Promotes Cell Growth and Motility in Human Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer is a common tumor, with a high mortality rate. The severity of gastric cancer is assessed by TNM staging. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a role in cancer treatment; investigating the clinical significance of novel biomarkers associated with TNM staging, such as lncRNAs, is important. In this study, we investigated the association between the expression of the lncRNA LOC441461 and gastric cancer stage. LOC441461 expression was lower in stage IV than in stages I, II, and III. The depletion of LOC441461 promoted cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cell motility, and invasiveness. LOC441461 downregulation increased the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as indicated by increased TRAIL signaling and decreased RUNX1 interactions. The interaction of the transcription factors RELA, IRF1, ESR1, AR, POU5F1, TRIM28, and GATA1 with LOC441461 affected the degree of the malignancy of gastric cancer by modulating gene transcription. The present study identified LOC441461 and seven transcription factors as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Role of Nuclear-Receptor-Related 1 in the Synergistic Neuroprotective Effect of Umbilical Cord Blood and Erythropoietin Combination Therapy in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) results in neurological impairments; cell-based therapy has been suggested as a therapeutic avenue. Previous research has demonstrated the synergistically potentiated therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) by combining recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) treatment for recovery from HIE. However, its molecular mechanism is not entirely understood. In the present study, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying the effect of combination treatment with EPO and UCB by transcriptomic analysis, followed by gene enrichment analysis. Mouse HIE model of the neonate was prepared and randomly divided into five groups: sham, HIE, and UCB, EPO, and UCB+EPO treatments after HIE. A total of 376 genes were differentially expressed when |log2FC| ≥ 1-fold change expression values were considered to be differentially expressed between UCB+EPO and HIE. Further assessment through qRT-PCR and gene enrichment analysis confirmed the expression and correlation of its potential target, Nurr1, as an essential gene involved in the synergistic effect of the UCB+EPO combination. The results indicated the remarkable activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling by reducing the infarct size by UCB+EPO treatment, accompanied by Nurr1 activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the regulation of Nurr1 through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway exerts a synergistic neuroprotective effect in UCB and EPO combination treatment.

Vitamin D and Exercise Are Major Determinants of Natural Killer Cell Activity, Which Is Age- and Gender-Specific.

Background: The coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic reminds us of the importance of immune function, even in immunologically normal individuals. Multiple lifestyle factors are known to influence the immune function. Objective: The aim was to investigate the association between NK cell activity (NKA) and multiple factors including vitamin D, physical exercise, age, and gender. Methods: This was a cross-sectional association study using health check-up and NKA data of 2,095 subjects collected from 2016 to 2018 in a health check-up center in the Republic of Korea. NKA was measured using the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation method. The association of NKA with 25-(OH)-vitamin D (25(OH)D) and other factors was investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The average age of subjects was 48.8 ± 11.6 years (52.9% of subjects were female). Among 2,095 subjects, 1,427 had normal NKA (NKA ≥ 500 pg IFN-γ/mL), while 506 had low NKA (100 ≤ NKA < 500 pg/mL), and 162 subjects had very low NKA (NKA < 100 pg/mL). Compared to men with low 25(OH)D serum level (< 20 ng/mL), vitamin D replete men (30-39.9 ng/mL) had significantly lower risk of very low NKA (OR: 0.358; 95% CI: 0.138, 0.929; P = 0.035). In women, both low exercise (OR: 0.529; 95% CI: 0.299, 0.939; P = 0.030) and medium to high exercise (OR: 0.522; 95% CI: 0.277, 0.981; P = 0.043) decreased the risk compared to lack of physical exercise. Interestingly, in men and women older than 60 years, physical exercise significantly decreased the risk. Older-age was associated with increased risk of very low NKA in men, but not in women. Conclusion: Physical exercise and vitamin D were associated with NKA in a gender- and age-dependent manner. Age was a major risk factor of very low NKA in men but not in women.

Role of RGMc as a Neogenin Ligand in Follicular Development in the Ovary.

There is currently no cure for infertility in women with a poor ovarian response (POR). Neogenin is reported to be abundantly expressed in the ovary; however, its role in mammalian follicular development is unclear and its ligand and signaling pathway remain uncertain. We systematically investigated the role of neogenin and the ligand repulsive guidance molecule c (RGMc) during follicular development. We treated hyperstimulated mouse ovaries with RGMc and analyzed follicular development. Furthermore, we investigated clusters of up/downregulated genes in RGMc-treated ovaries using whole-transcriptome next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, we investigated whether expression of up/downregulated factors identified by NGS was also altered in cumulus cells (CCs) of patients with a POR. The number of oocytes was 40% higher in RGMc-treated ovaries than in control ovaries. NGS data indicated that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was involved in the RGMc signaling pathway during follicular development. RGMc treatment significantly elevated the PGD2 level in culture medium of CCs obtained from patients with a POR. Our results demonstrate that RGMc as neogenin ligand promotes follicular development in ovaries via the PGD2 signaling pathway. Therefore, it may be possible to use RGMc for ovarian stimulation in patients with a POR.

Autologous adoptive immune-cell therapy elicited a durable response with enhanced immune reaction signatures in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: An open label, phase I/IIa trial.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy classified by the World Health Organization as a grade IV glioma. Despite the availability of aggressive standard therapies, most patients experience recurrence, for which there are currently no effective treatments. We aimed to conduct a phase I/IIa clinical trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of adoptive, ex-vivo-expanded, and activated natural killer cells and T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with recurrent GBM. This study was a single-arm, open-label, investigator-initiated trial on 14 patients recruited between 2013 and 2017. The immune cells were administered via intravenous injection 24 times at 2-week intervals after surgical resection or biopsy. The safety and clinical efficacy of this therapy was examined by assessing adverse events and comparing 2-year overall survival (OS). Transcriptomic analysis of tumor tissues was performed using NanoString to identify the mechanism of therapeutic efficacy. No grade 4 or 5 severe adverse events were observed. The most common treatment-related adverse events were grade 1 or 2 in severity. The most severe adverse event was grade 3 fever. Median OS was 22.5 months, and the median progression-free survival was 10 months. Five patients were alive for over 2 years and showed durable response with enhanced immune reaction transcriptomic signatures without clinical decline until the last follow-up after completion of the therapy. In conclusion, autologous adoptive immune-cell therapy was safe and showed durable response in patients with enhanced immune reaction signatures. This therapy may be effective for recurrent GBM patients with high immune response in their tumor microenvironments. Trial registration: The Korea Clinical Research Information Service database: KCT0003815, Registered 18 April 2019, retrospectively registered.

Correction: Ahn, J.W., et al. CeRNA Network Analysis Representing Characteristics of Different Tumor Environments Based on 1p/19q Codeletion in Oligodendrogliomas. Cancers 2020, 12, 2543.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Identification of potential causal variants for premature ovarian failure by whole exome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a highly heterogeneous disorder that occurs in 1% of women of reproductive age. Very few causative genes and variants contributing to POF have been detected, and the disease remains incompletely understood. In this study, we used whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify potential causal variants leading to POF. METHODS: WES was conducted to identify variants in 34 Korean patients with POF, alongside 10 normal controls. Detected variants were filtered using a range of characterized bioinformatics analyses, and the machine learning tools, CADD and VEST, were used to predict pathogenic variants that could cause disease. VarSome was used for a comprehensive interpretation of the variants. Potential causal variants finally screened by these analyses were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: We identified nine potential causative variants in genes previously associated with POF in 8 of 34 (24%) Korean patients by WES variant analysis. These potentially pathogenic variants included mutations in the MCM8, MCM9, and HFM1 genes, which are involved in homologous recombination, DNA repair, and meiosis, and are established as causing POF. Using a combination of CADD and VEST, 72 coding variants were also identified in 72 genes, including ADAMTSL1 and FER1L6, which have plausible functional links to POF. CONCLUSIONS: WES is a useful tool to detect genetic variants that cause POF. Accumulation and systematic management of data from a number of WES studies in specialized groups of patients with POF (family data, severe case populations) are needed to better comprehend the genetic landscape underlying POF.

Association of an APBA3 Missense Variant with Risk of Premature Ovarian Failure in the Korean Female Population.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a complex disease of which the etiology is influenced by numerous genetic variations. Several POF candidate genes have been reported. However, no causal genes with high odds ratio (OR) have yet been discovered. This study included 564 females of Korean ethnicity, comprising 60 patients with POF and 182 controls in the discovery set and 105 patients with POF and 217 controls in the replication set. We conducted genome-wide association analysis to search for novel candidate genes predicted to influence POF development using Axiom Precision Medicine Research Arrays and additive model logistic regression analysis. One statistically significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs55941146, which encodes a missense alteration (Val > Gly) in the APBA3 gene, was identified with OR values for association with POF of 13.33 and 4.628 in the discovery and replication sets, respectively. No rs55941146 minor allele homozygotes were present in either cases or controls. The APBA3 protein binds FIH-1 that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α contributes to granulosa cell proliferation, which is crucial for ovarian follicle growth, by regulating cell proliferation factors and follicle stimulating hormone-mediated autophagy. Our data demonstrate that APBA3 is a candidate novel causal gene for POF.

CeRNA Network Analysis Representing Characteristics of Different Tumor Environments Based on 1p/19q Codeletion in Oligodendrogliomas.

Oligodendroglioma (OD) is a subtype of glioma occurring in the central nervous system. The 1p/19q codeletion is a prognostic marker of OD with an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and is associated with a clinically favorable overall survival (OS); however, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been suggested to regulate carcinogenesis and prognosis in cancer patients. Here, we performed in silico analyses using low-grade gliomas from datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas to investigate the effects of ceRNA with 1p/19q codeletion on ODs. Thus, we selected modules of differentially expressed genes that were closely related to 1p/19q codeletion traits using weighted gene co-expression network analysis and constructed 16 coding RNA-miRNA-lncRNA networks. The ceRNA network participated in ion channel activity, insulin secretion, and collagen network and extracellular matrix (ECM) changes. In conclusion, ceRNAs with a 1p/19q codeletion can create different tumor microenvironments via potassium ion channels and ECM composition changes; furthermore, differences in OS may occur. Moreover, if extrapolated to gliomas, our results can provide insights into the consequences of identical gene expression, indicating the possibility of tracking different biological processes in different subtypes of glioma.

A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 9 (ADAM9) in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Role as a Biomarker During Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy.

The chemotherapeutics sorafenib and regorafenib inhibit shedding of MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by suppressing a disintegrin and metalloprotease 9 (ADAM9). MICA is a ligand for natural killer (NK) group 2 member D (NKG2D) and is expressed on tumor cells to elicit attack by NK cells. This study measured ADAM9 mRNA levels in blood samples of advanced HCC patients (n = 10). In newly diagnosed patients (n = 5), the plasma ADAM9 mRNA level was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (3.001 versus 1.00, p < 0.05). Among four patients treated with nivolumab therapy, two patients with clinical response to nivolumab showed significant decreases in fold changes of serum ADAM9 mRNA level from 573.98 to 262.58 and from 323.88 to 85.52 (p < 0.05); however, two patients with no response to nivolumab did not. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas database, we found that higher expression of ADAM9 in tumor tissues was associated with poorer survival of HCC patients (log-rank p = 0.00039), while ADAM10 and ADAM17 exhibited no such association. In addition, ADAM9 expression showed a positive correlation with the expression of inhibitory checkpoint molecules. This study, though small in sample size, clearly suggested that ADAM9 mRNA might serve as biomarker predicting clinical response and that the ADAM9-MICA-NKG2D system can be a good therapeutic target for HCC immunotherapy. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings.

Natural Killer Cell Therapy: A New Treatment Paradigm for Solid Tumors.

In treatments of solid tumors, adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded natural killer (NK) cells has dawned as a new paradigm. Compared with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells take a unique position targeting tumor cells that evade the host immune surveillance by down-regulating self-antigen presentation. Recent findings highlighted that NK cells can even target cancer stem cells. The efficacy of allogeneic NK cells has been widely investigated in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. In solid tumors, both autologous and allogeneic NK cells have demonstrated potential efficacy. In allogeneic NK cell therapy, the mismatch between the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) can be harnessed to increase the antitumor activity. However, the allogeneic NK cells cause more adverse events and can be rejected by the host immune system after repeated injections. In this regard, the autologous NK cell therapy is safer. This article reviews the published results of clinical trials and discusses strategies to enhance the efficacy of the NK cell therapy. The difference in immunophenotype of the ex vivo expanded NK cells resulted from different culture methods may affect the final efficacy. Furthermore, currently available standard anticancer therapy, molecularly targeted agents, and checkpoint inhibitors may directly or indirectly enhance the efficacy of NK cell therapy. A recent study discovered that NK cell specific genetic defects are closely associated with the tumor immune microenvironment that determines clinical outcomes. This finding warrants future investigations to find the implication of NK cell specific genetic defects in cancer development and treatment, and NK cell deficiency syndrome should be revisited to enhance our understanding. Overall, it is clear that NK cell therapy is safe and promises a new paradigm for the treatment of solid tumors.

Upregulation of the NLRC4 inflammasome contributes to poor prognosis in glioma patients.

Inflammation in tumor microenvironments is implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor development. In particular, inflammasomes, which modulate innate immune functions, are linked to tumor growth and anticancer responses. However, the role of the NLRC4 inflammasome in gliomas remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether the upregulation of the NLRC4 inflammasome is associated with the clinical prognosis of gliomas. We analyzed the protein expression and localization of NLRC4 in glioma tissues from 11 patients by immunohistochemistry. We examined the interaction between the expression of NLRC4 and clinical prognosis via a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The level of NLRC4 protein was increased in brain tissues, specifically, in astrocytes, from glioma patients. NLRC4 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in glioma patients, and the upregulation of NLRC4 in astrocytomas was associated with poor survival. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering of data from the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed that NLRC4 was highly expressed in gliomas relative to that in a normal healthy group. Our results suggest that the upregulation of the NLRC4 inflammasome contributes to a poor prognosis for gliomas and presents a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic marker.

Association between TP53 genetic polymorphisms and the methylation and expression of miR-34a, 34b/c in colorectal cancer tissues.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancers, as evidenced by the >1.2 million patient diagnoses and 600,000 mortalities globally each year. Recently, the microRNA (miR/miRNA)-34 miRNA precursor family was revealed to participate in the tumor protein (TP)-53 pathway, which is frequently involved in CRC. Furthermore, the expression of miR-34 is reportedly regulated by DNA methylation. Accordingly, the present study investigated the correlation between the methylation status of miR-34 miRNAs and miR-34 expression in paired CRC tumor and normal tissues. The methylation status of miR-34a and miR-34b/c was determined using the MethyLight assay, and the expression of miR-34a and miR-34b/c in the same paired tissues was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed significantly elevated miR-34a (P=0.012) and miR-34b/c (P<0.0001) methylation levels in tumor tissues when compared with normal tissues, whereas only the expression of miR-34b/c differed (P=0.005) between the paired tissues. In addition, an association between TP53 haplotypes and miR-34 family expression levels was observed. The miR-34a methylation levels in the TP53 PIN A1A1 (48.56±36.49) and TP53 MSP GG (49.00±36.44) genotypes were increased in the tumor tissues when compared with normal tissues. In conclusion, it was determined that miR-34 promoter methylation and TP53 polymorphisms may be associated with CRC pathogenesis.

Identification of serum biomarkers for premature ovarian failure.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined when a female achieves menopause before the age of 40. Although many conditions are known to be causative for POF, the most common one is idiopathic. This study was undertaken to investigate the pathogenesis of POF using proteomic tools. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed to screen for proteins differentially expressed in patients with POF. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 11 significant proteins differentially expressed in the serum of POF patients: 5 proteins with expression increased more than two folds, 5 proteins with expression decreased more than two folds, and 1 protein expressed specifically in the serum of patients with POF. The results of the 2-DE analysis were further validated by Western blotting and ELISA analyses, which 5 reproductive system-related proteins (Ceruloplasmin, Complement C3, Fibrinogen α, Fibrinogen ß, and SHBG) were selected. The different expression levels for these proteins were confirmed and demonstrated the possibility of using them as biomarkers to screen POF. These pre-clinical data provide plausible translational implications for targeting the pathogenesis of POF for each protein.

Comparative genomic analysis of the human and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans uncovers potential reproductive genes and disease associations in humans.

Reproduction is an important biological process. However, studies of human reproduction at the molecular level are limited due to the difficulty of performing in vivo studies. Hence, a mechanistic understanding of human reproduction remains still poor. Thus, it is important to use an alternative model organism for mechanistic studies of human reproduction. In this study, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for studying human reproduction and identified 61 human and 535 worm reproductive genes through a combination of comparative genomic and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. Interestingly, in terms of sex specificity, the number of male-specific genes was greater than the number of female-specific genes. Gene enrichment analysis identified biologically significant processes such as protein localization to cajal bodies/telomeres/nuclear bodies/chromosomes, helicase activity, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and determination of adult lifespan. Regarding the analysis of human reproductive diseases among the identified genes, 10 and 12 genes were identified in the human- and C. elegans-based analyses, respectively. In addition, RNA interference knockdown of a newly identified F52H2.6/DHCR24 gene increased brood size and ovulation/egg-laying rate in C. elegans. Therefore, gene identification, disease associations, and a proof-of-concept experiment using C. elegans will not only provide insights into mechanistic study of human reproduction, but also demonstrate the utility in studying human reproduction.

Associations of miR­146aC>G, miR­149C>T, miR­196a2C>T and miR­499A>G polymorphisms with brain tumors.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are short, non­coding RNAs that are implicated in tumorigenesis, functioning as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. However, the clinical significance of miRNA expression profiles for brain tumors remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the associations between miRNA genetic variants and brain tumor risk. A total 362 participants were recruited, including 179 who were healthy subjects and 183 who were patients with brain tumors confirmed as gliomas, meningiomas or schwannomas. This study investigated the single nucleotide polymorphisms miR­146aC>G, miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G by polymerase chain reaction­restriction fragment length polymorphism. It was found that the dominant miR­149 and CC genotypes were significantly more frequent in patients with glioma. The odds ratios for the C­C­C­G, C­T­C­G and G­C­T­G haplotypes (miR­146aC>G­miR­149T>C­miR­196a2T>C­miR­499A>G) were significantly increased in glioma, as were the odds ratios for the GCT haplotype of miR­146aC>G, miR­149T>C and miR­196a2T>C, and for the C­C­G haplotype of miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G. In meningioma, the odds ratios were increased in the G­T­C­G haplotype of miR­146aC>G, miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G. The odds ratios were also increased in the G­C­G haplotype of miR­146aC>G, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G, and in the C­C­G haplotype of miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G. The odds ratios for schwannoma were increased in the G­C­T­G haplotype of miR­146aC>G, miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G, and in the C­C­G haplotype of miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G. In conclusion, these results suggested that the miR­149 polymorphism may be involved in the development of gliomas, and the C­C­G haplotype of miR­149T>C, miR­196a2T>C and miR­499A>G showed increased odds ratios for all types of brain tumors.

Yeast-based assays for characterization of the functional effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human DNA repair genes.

DNA repair mechanisms maintain genomic integrity upon exposure to various types of DNA damage, which cause either single- or double-strand breaks in the DNA. Here, we propose a strategy for the functional study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human DNA repair genes XPD/ERCC2, RAD18, and KU70/XRCC6 and the checkpoint activation gene ATR that are essentially involved in the cell cycle and DNA damage repair. We analyzed the mutational effects of the DNA repair genes under DNA-damaging conditions, including ultraviolet irradiation and treatment with genotoxic reagents, using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae system to overcome the limitations of the human cell-based assay. We identified causal variants from selected SNPs in the present analyses. (i) R594C SNP in RAD3 (human XPD/ERCC2) caused severe reductions in the growth rate of mutant cells upon short-wavelength UV irradiation or chemical reagent treatment. (ii) The growth rates of the selected variants in RAD18, YKU70, and MEC1 were similar to those of wild-type cells on methyl methanesulfonate and hydroxyurea treated media. (iii) We also assessed the structural impact of the SNPs by analyzing differences in the structural conformation and calculating the root mean square deviation, which is a measure of the discordance of the Cα atoms between protein structures. Based on the above results, we propose that these analytical approaches serve as efficient methods for the identification of causal variants of human disease-causing genes and elucidation of yeast-cell based molecular mechanisms.

Screening study for genetic polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics of talniflumate.

Talniflumate is a phthalidyl ester of niflumic acid, which has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and is widely used to treat inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. To screen the possible genetic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of talniflumate, 23 male Korean volunteers were enrolled from two separate bioequivalence studies. All subjects received 740 mg (two tablets) talniflumate in a standard 2×2 cross-over model in a randomized order. For the genetic study, PK parameters of the reference drug were used. We used Illumina Human610Quad v1.0 DNA Analysis BeadChip for whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and whole genome genotyping data were processed by linear regression analysis for PK parameters. Whole genome analysis revealed 1498 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for Cmax, 65 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for T max, and 1491 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for AUC inf. For clinical pharmacological purposes, we selected SNPs from drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and analyzed the PK parameters of various genotypes. Two SNPs (rs11165069 from ABCA4 (p=0.00002); rs17847036 from CYP2C9 (p=0.000001)) showed significant associations with talniflumate C max. In the T max group, two SNPs (rs3787555 from CYP24A1 (p=0.00035); rs2275034 from ABCA4 (p=0.000587)) showed significant associations with talniflumate T max. In the AUC inf group, two SNPs (rs11165069 from ABCA4 (p=0.00002); rs12461006 from SLC1A6 (p=0.00008)) exhibited significant associations with talniflumate absorption. These results show that genetic factors could affect the PK parameters, and provide information that may be used in the development of personalized talniflumate therapy.