RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms with both distal and proximal environmental factors across the extended psychosis phenotype is understudied. This study examined (i) the interaction of relevant SNPs with both early-life adversity and proximal (momentary) stress on psychotic experiences (PEs) in an extended psychosis sample; and (ii) differences between early-psychosis and non-clinical groups for these interactions. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-two non-clinical and 96 early-psychosis participants were prompted randomly eight times daily for 1 week to complete assessments of current experiences, including PEs and stress. Participants also reported on childhood trauma and were genotyped for 10 SNPs on COMT, RGS4, BDNF, FKBP5, and OXTR genes. RESULTS: Unlike genetic variants, distal and proximal stressors were associated with PEs in both samples and were more strongly associated with PEs in the early-psychosis than in the non-clinical group. The RGS4 TA and FKBP5 CATT haplotypes interacted with distal stress, whereas the A allele of OXTR (rs2254298) interacted with proximal stress, increasing momentary levels of PEs in the early-psychosis group. No interactions emerged with COMT or BDNF variants. CONCLUSION: Individual differences in relevant stress-regulation systems interact with both distal and proximal psychosocial stressors in shaping the daily-life manifestation of PEs across the psychosis continuum.
Assuntos
Adultos Sobreviventes de Eventos Adversos na Infância , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Transtornos Psicóticos , Estresse Psicológico , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Avaliação Momentânea Ecológica , Feminino , Humanos , Individualidade , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Transtornos Psicóticos/etiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Proteínas RGS/genética , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Estresse Psicológico/genética , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Tacrolimo/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Expressed emotion, burden and quality of life of relatives received attention because of the increasing interest in predicting and preventing relapse in psychotic patients; but they have subsequently acquired interest of their own as important aspects of families' psychological well-being. The study explores whether the psychological distress and illness perception of a sample of relatives of Mexican patients with psychosis can predict their levels of expressed emotion, burden and quality of life above patients' clinical and functional status. Sixty-five patient-relative dyads were interviewed. Relatives self-reported on expressed emotion, burden, quality of life, psychological distress and illness perception. Patients' clinical and functional status was rated by an interviewer. Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used for statistical analyses. Patients' functional status and relatives' psychological distress were significantly associated with expressed emotion, burden and quality of life. Patients' clinical status and relatives' illness perception were most strongly related to expressed emotion and burden. Relatives' psychological distress and illness perception dimensions predicted both burden and quality of life, over and above patients' clinical and functional status. Results underscore the relatives' need of support to overcome their own distress and concerns about the illness, for the psychological well-being of both patients and relatives.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Família/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/enfermagem , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/enfermagem , Adulto , Cuidadores/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Psychometrically identified positive schizotypy and negative schizotypy are differentially related to psychopathology, personality and social functioning. However, little is known about the experience and expression of schizotypy in daily life and the psychological mechanisms that trigger psychotic-like experiences. METHOD: The present study employed experience sampling methodology (ESM) to assess positive and negative schizotypy in daily life in a non-clinical sample of 412 young adults. ESM is a structured diary technique in which participants are prompted at random times during the day to complete assessments of their current experiences. RESULTS: As hypothesized, positive schizotypy was associated with increased negative affect, thought impairment, suspiciousness, negative beliefs about current activities and feelings of rejection, but not with social disinterest or decreased positive affect. Negative schizotypy, on the other hand, was associated with decreased positive affect and pleasure in daily life, increased negative affect, and decreases in social contact and interest. Both positive schizotypy and negative schizotypy were associated with the desire to be alone when with others. However, this was moderated by anxiety in positive schizotypy and by diminished positive affect in negative schizotypy. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the construct validity of a multidimensional model of schizotypy and the ecological validity of the positive and negative schizotypy dimensions. ESM appears to be a promising method for examining the daily life experiences of schizotypic individuals.
Assuntos
Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Sintomas Afetivos/psicologia , Computadores de Mão , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Adolescente , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Motivação , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Prazer , Psicometria , Rejeição em Psicologia , Ajustamento Social , Meio Social , Isolamento Social , Estatística como Assunto , Estudantes/psicologia , Pensamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nowadays the study of vulnerability to psychosis and early intervention is an area of great clinical impact and research. The aim of this study was to adapt the Wisconsin Scales of Vulnerability to Psychosis from English to Spanish. A set of five scales (Magical Ideation, Perceptual Aberration, Physical Anhedonia, Revised Social Anhedonia and Ambivalence) assess schizotypal traits in the general population and the possible risk of developing disorders embedded in the psychotic spectrum. Additionally, this tool contains a scale of Hypomaniac Personality to detect risk of affective spectrum psychosis. METHODOLOGY: The Wisconsin Scales of Vulnerability to Psychosis have been adapted following the back-translation method. The scales were translated to an original Spanish version, which was then translated again into English in order to assess the conceptual and semantic overlap with the original items. RESULTS: All the items were back-translated and evaluated in respect to the original ones by an expert in the scales, and all of them were rated with a perfect equivalence (Type A) or satisfactory (Type B). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Wisconsin Scales of Vulnerability to Psychosis shows good equivalence with the English one, thus allowing to measure affective and schizotypal traits in samples of Spanish-speaking individuals properly. Future studies should test the reliability and validity of these scales in our environment.
Assuntos
Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/diagnóstico , Humanos , Idioma , Testes Psicológicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome associated with a markedly elevated risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Cognitive impairments such as a low IQ and deficits in attention and executive function are common in childhood. The catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene maps within the deleted region and is involved in the degradation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter thought to be important in cognition and the development of schizophrenia. Thus, we examined the correlation between neurocognitive deficits and a common polymorphism Val(158)Met in the COMT gene in a cohort of children with 22q11DS. Our results show that children with 22q11DS who have the Met allele have higher IQ and achievement scores and perform better on measures of prefrontal cognition, such as the Continuous Performance Task, as compared with those with the Val allele. These results confirm that the hemizygous COMT Val(158)Met genotype impacts upon cognition in children with 22q11DS.
Assuntos
Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Síndrome de DiGeorge/genética , Síndrome de DiGeorge/psicologia , Adolescente , Alelos , Criança , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 22/genética , Cognição , Síndrome de DiGeorge/enzimologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Inteligência/genética , Masculino , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
The relationship between dissociative experiences and psychosis proneness was investigated in a sample of 523 college undergraduates. Participants were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Perceptual Aberration Scale, the Magical Ideation Scale, the Social Anhedonia Scale, and the Physical Anhedonia Scale. As hypothesized, the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales were positively correlated with the DES. The Social Anhedonia Scale had a modest correlation with the DES, but this relationship was largely mediated by the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales. The Physical Anhedonia Scale was uncorrelated with the DES. Exploratory factor analysis of the psychosis-proneness scales and the DES subscales resulted in a three-factor solution: dissociative experiences, positive schizotypy, and negative schizotypy. The DES depersonalization subscale loaded on both the dissociation and positive schizotypy factors.
Assuntos
Transtornos Dissociativos/diagnóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Adulto , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/diagnóstico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/psicologia , Transtornos Dissociativos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Análise de Regressão , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
The predictive validity of the Intense Ambivalence Scale was examined in a 10-year longitudinal study of 362 psychometrically identified psychosis-prone and control participants. Elevated scores on the Intense Ambivalence Scale predicted psychotic-like and depressive symptoms, and the development of psychotic illnesses at the 10-year follow-up assessment (after the removal of variance for membership in the psychosis-prone and control groups). Elevated scores on the scale were also associated with substance abuse, schizotypal symptoms, and impaired functioning at both the initial and follow-up assessments. The Intense Ambivalence Scale did not differentially enhance the predictive power of the Perceptual Aberration or the Magical Ideation Scales.
Assuntos
Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Psicometria , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Former college students (n = 36) identified by high scores on the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HYP; Eckblad & Chapman, 1986) were compared with control participants (n = 31) at a 13-year follow-up assessment. As hypothesized, the HYP group reported more bipolar disorders and major depressive episodes than the control group. The HYP group also exceeded the control group on the severity of psychotic-like experiences, symptoms of borderline personality disorder, and rates of substance use disorders. HYP group members with elevated scores on the Impulsive-Nonconformity Scale (Chapman et al., 1984) experienced greater rates of bipolar mood disorders, poorer overall adjustment, and higher rates of arrest than the remaining HYP or control participants.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Crime , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Ajustamento SocialRESUMO
Subjects identified by Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation (Per-Mag) scores (n=97), Social Anhedonia (SocAnh) scores (n=45), and Physical Anhedonia (PhysAnh) scores (n=31) as well as normal controls (n=94), underwent psychophysiological and clinical assessment. This is the first published investigation of pursuit system functioning in three groups of questionnaire-identified at-risk individuals. Pursuit during a simple non-monitor tracking task was measured using root-mean-square error (RMSE) scores and pursuit gain scores. Fixation performance was measured in terms of number of saccades away from the central fixation point. The at-risk subjects were more likely to display aberrant smooth pursuit tracking than controls, though there were no significant differences between the at-risk subjects endorsing items relevant to positive-symptom schizotypy and those endorsing items pertaining to negative-symptom schizotypy. The groups did not differ significantly in their visual fixation performance. Participants were also evaluated for the presence of Axis I symptomatology and psychotic-like experiences. Neither the experimental subjects nor the control subjects displayed a significant association between ocular motor performance and psychotic-like experiences. These findings are consistent with prior evidence that pursuit tracking is a trait characteristic, independent of clinical status.
Assuntos
Fixação Ocular , Inteligência , Acompanhamento Ocular Uniforme , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Movimentos Sacádicos , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Wisconsin/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The Wisconsin Manual for Assessing Psychotic-like Experiences is an interview-based assessment system for rating psychotic and psychotic-like symptoms on a continuum of deviancy from normal to grossly psychotic. The original manual contained six scales, assessing thought transmission, passivity experiences, thought withdrawal, auditory experiences, personally relevant aberrant beliefs, and visual experiences. A seventh scale assessing deviant olfactory experiences was subsequently added. The rating scales have good interrater reliability when used by trained raters. Cross-sectional studies indicated that the frequency and deviancy of psychotic-like experiences are elevated among college students who were identified, hypothetically, as psychosis prone by other criteria. Psychotic-like experiences of moderate deviancy in college students successfully predicted the development of psychotic illness and poorer overall adjustment 10 years later. The manual is useful for identifying psychosis-prone individuals and is recommended for use in linkage and treatment outcome studies. The present article provides an interview schedule for collecting information required for rating psychotic-like experiences.
Assuntos
Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Delusões/diagnóstico , Delusões/psicologia , Seguimentos , Alucinações/diagnóstico , Alucinações/psicologia , Humanos , Psicometria , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
The present study investigates executive functioning in schizotypic college students and control subjects using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Inhibitory control and working memory, two aspects of executive functioning, were examined in deviantly high scorers on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales (n=97), high scorers on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (n=58), and in control subjects (n=104). The schizotypic groups displayed significantly more perseverative errors and achieved fewer categories than the control group. The two schizotypic groups did not differ from each other. We identified a subset of schizotypic individuals who also produced clinically deviant WCST profiles. The findings support the hypothesis that executive function deficits may precede the onset of schizophrenia and related illnesses.
Assuntos
Formação de Conceito , Aprendizagem por Discriminação , Rememoração Mental , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Retroalimentação , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Risco , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Enquadramento Psicológico , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
College undergraduates (n = 34) identified by deviant scores (at least 1.96 SD above the mean) on the Revised Social Anhedonia (SocAnh) Scale (M. Eckblad, L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & M. Mishlove, 1982) were compared with control participants (n = 139) at an initial assessment and at a 10-year follow-up evaluation. Twenty-four percent of the SocAnh group were diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders at the follow-up compared with only 1% of the control group, despite the fact that there had been no such difference between the groups at the initial assessment 10 years earlier. The SocAnh group exceeded the control group on severity of psychotic-like experiences and had poorer overall adjustment at the follow-up but not at the initial assessment. The groups did not differ on mood symptoms or substance-use disorders. Thus, the SocAnh Scale, unlike the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales, appears to identify individuals at specific risk for future development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Assuntos
Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizoide/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Ajustamento SocialRESUMO
The authors compared college students identified by high scores on the Magical Ideation Scale (M. Eckblad & L. J. Chapman, 1983) and the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (MagSoc; n = 28; M. Eckblad, L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & M. Mishlove, 1982) with control participants (n = 20) at a 10-year follow-up assessment in an attempt to replicate L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, T. R. Kwapil, M. Eckblad, and M. C. Zinser's (1994) report of heightened psychosis proneness in MagSoc individuals. The MagSoc group exceeded the control group on severity of psychotic-like experiences; ratings of schizotypal, paranoid, and borderline personality disorder symptoms; and rates of mood and substance use disorders. Two of the MagSoc participants but none of the control participants developed psychosis during the follow-up period (a nonsignificant difference). Consistent with L. J. Chapman et al.'s findings, the groups did not differ on rates of personality disorders or relatives with psychosis.
Assuntos
Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Adulto , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Sintomas Afetivos/psicologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
The rates of substance use and abuse are higher among psychotic patients and antisocial individuals than in the general population. In a 10-year longitudinal study, psychosis-prone individuals identified by the Perceptual Aberration (L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, M. L. Raulin, 1976) and Magical Ideation (Per-Mag) scales (M. Eckblad & L. J. Chapman, 1983), and individuals with antisocial traits, identified by the Impulsive Nonconformity (Noncon) scale (L. J. Chapman et al., 1984), exceeded a control group on rates of substance use disorders. As hypothesized, the Per-Mag group demonstrated preferential patterns of substance use similar to those reported for schizophrenic patients. Participants who scored deviantly on both the Per-Mag and Noncon scales were at especially heightened risk for substance use disorders. Psychosis proneness at the initial screening predicted substance abuse at the follow-up evaluation, but substance abuse at the initial interview did not predict later clinical psychosis or psychoticlike experiences.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Conformidade Social , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Impulsivo/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Determinação da Personalidade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Olfactory hallucinations, although relatively rare, are reportedly indicative of serious psychopathology and poor prognosis in psychotic patients. This article describes the development of a rating scale for assessing olfactory experiences of psychotic and psychoticlike deviancy. The scale is modeled after Chapman and Chapman's rating scales for other psychoticlike experiences, which have been found to predict psychosis and psychosis-proneness. In a longitudinal study, college students who reported deviant olfactory experiences at their initial assessment (n = 31) exceeded the remaining subjects (n = 477) on DSM-III-R psychosis and on measures of psychosis proneness at a 10-year followup. Furthermore, hypothetically psychosis-prone subjects identified by the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales exceeded control subjects on ratings of olfactory experiences at both initial and followup assessments.
Assuntos
Alucinações/epidemiologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria/métodos , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Olfato , Análise de Variância , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Wisconsin/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The predictive validities of several indicators of psychosis proneness were evaluated in a 10-year longitudinal study (N = 508). As hypothesized, high scorers on the Perceptual Aberration Scale, Magical Ideation Scale, or both (n = 182), especially those who initially reported psychoticlike experiences of at least moderate deviance, exceeded control subjects (n = 153) on psychoses (revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), psychotic relatives, schizotypal symptoms, and psychoticlike experiences at follow up. Ss who initially scored high on the Magical Ideation Scale and above the mean on the Social Anhedonia Scale were especially deviant. The Physical Anhedonia Scale and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale were not effective predictors of psychosis proneness.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Ajustamento Social , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Determinação da Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnósticoRESUMO
We measured the reaction times (RTs) of schizophrenic (n = 25), matched normal (n = 69), and bipolar (n = 14) subjects to a tone preceded by a preparatory interval (PI; the time between the warning signal and imperative stimulus) of varying length. RTs increase when the PI for the immediately preceding trial (the PPI) is longer than the PI for the current trial. Several studies have shown that this PPI effect (difference score) is heightened in schizophrenia. We replicated this finding. However, we found that the size of the PPI effect within groups increased with overall slowness and that the least squares regression line relating the PPI effect difference score to overall slowness did not differ between groups, nor did schizophrenic subjects' regression line differ from that of normal subjects. Group differences on the PPI effect were also analyzed by taking residuals for members of all groups from the normal subjects' regression line of the PPI effect difference score on overall slowness. Groups did not differ on these residuals, nor did schizophrenic subjects differ from normal subjects. We conclude that the heightening of the PPI effect in schizophrenia is like that observed in equally slow normal subjects. This finding suggests that the PPI effect does not appear to be a promising marker of a distinctive schizophrenic pathology.
Assuntos
Atenção , Tempo de Reação , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desempenho PsicomotorRESUMO
P. Green and other investigators have reported that schizophrenic Ss have poorer recall of stories presented to both ears than to the single best ear (binaural deficit) and poorer recall of stories presented to the left ear than to the right ear (monaural asymmetry) than do normal control Ss. These studies are plagued by potential methodological problems, including differences in overall accuracy, which artifactually affect the difference scores, and scoring methods that are vulnerable to systematic bias. In this study, scores of schizophrenic, bipolar, and normal control Ss on the Auditory Comprehension Test were compared. Scoring bias was avoided by the use of blind scoring and a revised scoring manual, and artifactual effects of accuracy were considered in interpreting the results. Contrary to previous findings, the groups did not differ on either monaural asymmetry or binaural deficit.
Assuntos
Atenção , Dominância Cerebral , Rememoração Mental , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Percepção da Fala , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Testes com Listas de Dissílabos , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Schizophrenic (n = 21), bipolar (n = 18), and normal control subjects (n = 21) were compared on a word recognition measure of semantic priming. The task involved the presentation of related, neutral, and unrelated word pairs; the second word (target word) in each pair was presented in a degraded form. Facilitation was defined as the accuracy of target word recognition for the related word pairs minus accuracy for the neutral word pairs. Titration, achieved by manipulating the degradation of the target word, was used to maintain each subject's overall accuracy for related and neutral items at approximately 50%. This procedure minimized the artifactual effects of overall accuracy on the difference score. Schizophrenics exceeded both normal control subjects and bipolar subjects on facilitation. Bipolar subjects did not differ from control subjects. The results support Maher's hypothesis that semantic priming effects are heightened in schizophrenia.