Silibinin Mitigates Vanadium-induced Lung Injury via the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB Pathway in Mice.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Silibinin, has been investigated for its potential benefits and mechanisms in addressing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)-induced pulmonary inflammation. This study explored the anti-inflammatory activity of silibinin and elucidate the mechanisms by which it operates in a mouse model of vanadium-induced lung injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to V2O5 to induce lung injury. Mice were pretreated with silibinin at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Histological analyses were performed to assess cell viability and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß) and activation of the MAPK and NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathways, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome, were evaluated using real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Whole blood analysis was conducted to measure white blood cell counts. RESULTS: Silibinin treatment significantly improved cell viability, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in V2O5-induced lung injury. It also notably suppressed the activation of the MAPK and NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathways, along with a marked reduction in NLRP3 inflammasome expression levels in lung tissues. Additionally, silibinin-treated groups exhibited a significant decrease in white blood cell counts, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the potent anti-inflammatory effects of silibinin in mice with V2O5-induced lung inflammation, highlighting its therapeutic potential. The study not only confirms the efficacy of silibinin in mitigating inflammatory responses but also provides a foundational understanding of its role in modulating key inflammatory pathways, paving the way for future therapeutic strategies against pulmonary inflammation induced by environmental pollutants.

Ethylene oxide suppresses boar sperm function during capacitation.

Ethylene oxide (E.O) is an epoxide compound, and it has been utilized as a sterilizer or production of ether compounds in several industries. Although the toxic effects of E.O on bacteria and mammals have been reported, its effects on male reproductive toxicity during sperm capacitation are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of E.O exposure during sperm capacitation. Boar spermatozoa were treated with various E.O concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µÐœ). After exposure, sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, intracellular ATP levels, cell viability, expression levels of protein kinase A (PKA) activation, and tyrosine phosphorylation were evaluated. Results revealed that E.O exposure significantly decreased sperm motility, motion kinematics, and intracellular ATP levels but significantly increased the capacitated spermatozoa. In addition, the PKA activation and tyrosine phosphorylation were abnormally changed. According to our results, E.O may cause toxic effects on sperm function during capacitation, which induces male reproductive toxicity. Consequently, we suggest that male reproductive toxicity should be considered when using E.O.

Spirobenzofuran Mitigates Ochratoxin A-Mediated Intestinal Adverse Effects in Pigs through Regulation of Beta Defensin 1.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) function to extensively suppress various problematic factors and are considered a new alternative for improving livestock health and enhancing immunomodulation. In this study, we explored whether AMP regulation has positive influences on Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure using a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2 cells). We constructed a beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) expression vector and used it to transfection IPEC-J2 cells to construct AMP overexpression cell lines. The results showed that OTA induced cytotoxicity, decreased cell migration, and increased inflammatory markers mRNA in IPEC-J2 cells. In DEFB1 overexpressing cell lines, OTA-induced reduced cell migration and increased inflammatory markers mRNA were alleviated. Additionally, a natural product capable of inducing DEFB1 expression, which was selected through high-throughput screening, showed significant alleviation of cytotoxicity, cell migration, and inflammatory markers compared to OTA-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Our finding provides novel insights and clues for the porcine industry, which is affected by OTA exposure.

Assessing the Risks of Pesticide Exposure: Implications for Endocrine Disruption and Male Fertility.

Pesticides serve as essential tools in agriculture and public health, aiding in pest control and disease management. However, their widespread use has prompted concerns regarding their adverse effects on humans and animals. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the toxicity profile of pesticides, focusing on their detrimental impacts on the nervous, hepatic, cardiac, and pulmonary systems, and their impact on reproductive functions. Additionally, it discusses how pesticides mimic hormones, thereby inducing dysfunction in the endocrine system. Pesticides disrupt the endocrine system, leading to neurological impairments, hepatocellular abnormalities, cardiac dysfunction, and respiratory issues. Furthermore, they also exert adverse effects on reproductive organs, disrupting hormone levels and causing reproductive dysfunction. Mechanistically, pesticides interfere with neurotransmitter function, enzyme activity, and hormone regulation. This review highlights the effects of pesticides on male reproduction, particularly sperm capacitation, the process wherein ejaculated sperm undergo physiological changes within the female reproductive tract, acquiring the ability to fertilize an oocyte. Pesticides have been reported to inhibit the morphological changes crucial for sperm capacitation, resulting in poor sperm capacitation and eventual male infertility. Understanding the toxic effects of pesticides is crucial for mitigating their impact on human and animal health, and in guiding future research endeavors.

Effects of oridonin on sperm function and the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway: Implications for reproductive toxicity.

Oridonin, a natural terpenoid isolated from the leaves of Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H.Hara, is widely used in oriental medicine for its anticancer properties across various cancer types. Despite its prevalent use, the toxic effects of oridonin on male reproduction, particularly its impact on sperm functions and the mechanisms involved, are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of oridonin on sperm functions. We initially treated Duroc boar spermatozoa with varying concentrations of oridonin (0, 5, 50, 75, 100, and 150 µM) and incubated them to induce capacitation. We then assessed cell viability and several sperm functions, including sperm motility and motion kinematics, capacitation status, and ATP levels. We also analyzed the expression levels of proteins associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and phosphotyrosine proteins. Our results indicate that oridonin adversely affects most sperm functions in a dose-dependent manner. We observed significant decreases in AKT, p-AKT (Thr308), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), p-PDK1, and p-PI3K levels following oridonin treatment, alongside an abnormal increase in phosphotyrosine proteins. These findings suggest that oridonin may disrupt normal levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by inhibiting the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis, thus potentially harming sperm functions. Consequently, we recommend considering the reproductive toxicity of oridonin when using it as a therapeutic agent.

Effect of atractylenolide III on zearalenone-induced Snail1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in porcine intestinal epithelium.

BACKGROUND: The intestinal epithelium performs essential physiological functions, such as nutrient absorption, and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of harmful substances. Mycotoxins are prevalent contaminants found in animal feed that exert harmful effects on the health of livestock. Zearalenone (ZEA) is produced by the Fusarium genus and induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and disrupts the health and immune system of animals. Here, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms that regulate the effects of ZEA on the porcine intestinal epithelium. RESULTS: Treatment of IPEC-J2 cells with ZEA decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased the expression of Snai1 and Vimentin, which induced Snail1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, ZEA induces Snail-mediated EMT through the activation of TGF-ß signaling. The treatment of IPEC-J2 cells with atractylenolide III, which were exposed to ZEA, alleviated EMT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of ZEA toxicity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells and ways to mitigate it.

Nirmatrelvir has detrimental effects on sperm function by altering the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway.

Nirmatrelvir (NMV) is a recently developed selective inhibitor of the main protease of Sars-Cov-2 that reduces the severity of infection. Despite its widespread use and various side effects, NMV's effect on male fertility is still unclear. This study was thus established to investigate how NMV affects male fertility. For experiments, Duroc spermatozoa were incubated with various concentrations of NMV (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 µM). Then, sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, intracellular ATP level, and cell viability were evaluated. In addition, the expression levels of phospho-PKA substrates, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, and PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins were measured by western blotting. Our results showed that sperm motility, motion kinematics, proportion of capacitated spermatozoa, and intracellular ATP level were significantly decreased by NMV in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PKA activation was significantly suppressed by NMV, and expression levels of PI3K, phospho-PDK1, AKT, and phospho-AKT (Thr308 and Ser473) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Combining these findings, it is suggested that NMV has detrimental effects on sperm function by inducing abnormal changes in the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway, resulting in PKA deactivation. Therefore, there is a need to pay particular attention to its male reproductive toxicity when NMV is administered.

Proteomic analysis of fipronil-induced molecular defects in spermatozoa.

The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil has wide-ranging applications from agriculture to public health to control undesirable organisms. However, several studies have reported the residual environmental hazards of fipronil and demonstrated its harmful effects even in mammalian reproduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate the mode of action of fipronil on mouse spermatozoa. We treated fipronil to spermatozoa and performed comprehensive function evaluations. Moreover, proteomic analyses were conducted to identify the alteration of protein expression levels in spermatozoa. Most of sperm motility and kinematic parameters and intracellular ATP levels were diminished, and the spontaneous acrosome reaction was promoted after treatment with fipronil. Proteomic analyses revealed altered expression levels of 14 proteins after treatment. These proteins have been reported to be associated with sperm-specific pathways, prominently the cytoskeleton of the sperm, "9 + 2" axoneme composition, metabolism, and fertility. Collectively, our results showed that fipronil alters sperm functional-related proteins and therefore influences male fertility. This study elucidates the possible reproductive toxic hazards associated with male infertility through aberrant suppression of sperm proteins.

Application of sperm motion kinematics and motility-related proteins for prediction of male fertility.

The selection of superior sires is paramount for enhancing the efficiency of animal production in the livestock industry. However, semen quality assessment still relies on conventional semen analysis techniques in both animals and humans. Despite extensive efforts to develop various biomarkers for more accurate and precise predictions of male fertility potential, more effective physiological indicators and advance potential biomarkers are needed. Herein, we aimed to develop new potential biomarkers related to sperm motion kinematics for male fertility prediction. We first evaluated sperm motion kinematic parameters and expression levels of sperm motility-related proteins of 30 Duroc boars. We then explored the correlation between litter size, sperm motion kinematics parameters, and sperm motility-related proteins. Progressive sperm motility (%), rapid sperm motility (%), slow sperm motility (%), straight-line velocity (µm/s), linearity (%), beat cross frequency (Hz), mean angular displacement (degree), wobble (%) were correlated with litter size. Furthermore, the expression of axonemal dynein light intermediate polypeptide 1 (DNALI1) and radial spoke head protein 9 homolog (RSPH9) correlated with litter size. The overall accuracy exceeded 60% for predicting litter size using these sperm motion parameters and proteins. Notably, our study observed an increase in litter size after predicting litter size using these parameters and proteins. Thus, sperm motion kinematic parameters and protein expression, particularly of DNALI1 and RSPH9, could serve as new biomarkers for male fertility. These results may contribute to improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying sperm motility.

Adverse Effects of Avobenzone on Boar Sperm Function: Disruption of Protein Kinase A Activity and Tyrosine Phosphorylation.

Avobenzone (AVO), an ultraviolet (UV) filter, is frequently used as an ingredient in personal cosmetics. This UV filter has been found to be easily exposed in swimming pools and beaches, and it has been detected in human urine and blood. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that AVO exhibits endocrine-disrupting properties. Nevertheless, the effects of AVO on male fertility have not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of AVO on various sperm functions during capacitation. First, boar spermatozoa were treated with various AVO concentrations. After treatment, sperm motility and kinetic characteristics, capacitation status, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and sperm viability were evaluated. Moreover, Western blot analysis w.as conducted to evaluate protein kinase A (PKA) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. As a result, AVO treatment significantly decreased total motility, progressive motility, and several kinetic characteristics at high concentrations (50 and 100 µM). Furthermore, the capacitation status dose-dependently decreased. Conversely, no significant differences in acrosome reaction, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels were observed. However, the intracellular ATP level tended to decrease. In addition, AVO dose-dependently induced abnormal changes in PKA activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. Although AVO did not directly exert a toxic effect on cell viability, it ultimately negatively affected sperm functions through abnormal alterations in PKA activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, the potential implications on male fertility must be considered when contemplating the safe utilization of AVO.

Bifenthrin Diminishes Male Fertility Potential by Inducing Protein Defects in Mouse Sperm.

A synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, has been commonly used as an effective exterminator, although the rise in its usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the environment and public health, including reproduction, globally. The current study investigated the function-related molecular disparities and mechanisms in bifenthrin-exposed sperm cells and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, epididymal spermatozoa were released, and various concentrations of bifenthrin were treated (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µM) to evaluate their effects on sperm. The findings showed that although bifenthrin had no effect on sperm viability, various other sperm functions (e.g., motility, spontaneous acrosome reaction, and capacitation) related to male fertility were decreased, commencing at a 1 µM treatment. Molecular studies revealed nine differentially expressed sperm proteins that were implicated in motile cilium assembly, sperm structure, and metabolic processes. Furthermore, bifenthrin affected sperm functions through abnormal diminution of the expression of specific sperm proteins. Collectively, these findings provide greater insights into how bifenthrin affects male fertility at the molecular level.

Ritonavir Has Reproductive Toxicity Depending on Disrupting PI3K/PDK1/AKT Signaling Pathway.

Ritonavir (RTV) is an antiviral and a component of COVID-19 treatments. Moreover, RTV demonstrates anti-cancer effects by suppressing AKT. However, RTV has cytotoxicity and suppresses sperm functions by altering AKT activity. Although abnormal AKT activity is known for causing detrimental effects on sperm functions, how RTV alters AKT signaling in spermatozoa remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate reproductive toxicity of RTV in spermatozoa through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/protein kinase B (PI3K/PDK1/AKT) signaling. Duroc spermatozoa were treated with various concentrations of RTV, and capacitation was induced. Sperm functions (sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, and cell viability) and expression levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins were evaluated. In the results, RTV significantly suppressed sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation, acrosome reactions, and cell viability. Additionally, RTV significantly increased levels of phospho-tyrosine proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins except for AKT and PI3K. The expression level of AKT was not significantly altered and that of PI3K was significantly decreased. These results suggest RTV may suppress sperm functions by induced alterations of PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway through abnormally increased tyrosine phosphorylation. Therefore, we suggest people who use or prescribe RTV need to consider its male reproductive toxicity.

Effect of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on sperm function: Insights into the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway during capacitation.

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that impairs animal and human reproduction. However, the mechanisms underlying male reproductive dysfunction by 4-NP have not been fully understood. Herein, we demonstrated the effects of 4-NP on boar sperm functions and molecular mechanisms. Spermatozoa were treated with various concentrations of 4-NP (0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) during capacitation. Then, we evaluated sperm motility, capacitation status, intracellular ATP level, and cell viability. Finally, we measured the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A (PKA), tyrosine phosphorylation, and proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways following exposure to 4-NP. Sperm motility and motion kinematics were reduced by 4-NP, whereas intracellular ATP levels were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-PI3K, PTEN, p-PDK1, AKT, and p-AKT exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase. Moreover, abnormal activation of PKA and tyrosine phosphorylation were observed. Specifically, the ∼24 kDa p-PKA substrate demonstrated a significant reduction following exposure to 4-Np. In addition, the ∼18 kDa p-PKA substrate and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins displayed a significant dose-dependent increase after exposure to 4-NP. Our results suggest that 4-NP may induce detrimental effects on sperm functions through abnormal changes in PKA activity and tyrosine phosphorylation during capacitation, possibly through unusual alteration of the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, 4-NP must be cautiously used considering its reproductive toxicity.

Perfluorooctanoic acid suppresses sperm functions via abnormal Protein Kinase B activation during capacitation.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorinated compound, a synthesized chemical, and has been used in several industrial products for more than 70 years. Although PFOA is known to exert toxic effects in normal cells, there is no detailed information on its reproductive toxicity and its effects on sperm functions related to protein kinase B (AKT). Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effects of PFOA on sperm functions via AKT. Boar spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of PFOA (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µM) to induce capacitation. Sperm functions (sperm motility, motion kinematic parameters, capacitation status, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels) were evaluated. In addition, the expression levels of AKT, phospho-AKT, phospho-PKA, and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were evaluated by western blotting. Results showed significant decreases in sperm motility and motion kinematic parameters. PFOA treatment significant suppressed spermatozoa capacitation and intracellular ATP levels. Furthermore, it significantly decreased the levels of phospho-PKA and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. The levels of AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473 also significantly decreased. These findings suggest that PFOA diminishes sperm functions during capacitation and induces unnatural phosphorylation in AKT, leading to reproductive toxicity. Therefore, people should be aware of reproductive toxicity when using PFOA.

Increased accuracy of estrus prediction using ruminoreticular biocapsule sensors in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows.

Visual estrus observation can only be confirmed at a rate of 50%-60%, which is lower than that obtained using a biosensor. Thus, the use of biosensors provides more opportunities for artificial insemination because it is easier to confirm estrus than by visual observation. This study determines the accuracy of estrus prediction using a ruminoreticular biosensor by analyzing ruminoreticular temperature during the estrus cycle and measuring changes in body activity. One hundred and twenty-five Hanwoo cows (64 with a ruminal biosensor in the test group and 61 without biosensors in the control group) were studied. Ruminoreticular temperatures and body activities were measured every 10 min. The first service of artificial insemination used gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based fixed-time artificial insemination protocol in the control and test groups. The test group received artificial insemination based on the estrus prediction made by the biosensor, and the control group received artificial insemination according to visual estrus observation. Before artificial insemination, the ruminoreticular temperature was maintained at an average of 38.95 ± 0.05°C for 13 h (-21 to -9 h), 0.73°C higher than the average temperature observed at -48 h (38.22 ± 0.06°C). The body activity, measured using an indwelling 3-axis accelerometer, averaged 1502.57 ± 27.35 for approximately 21 h from -4 to -24 h before artificial insemination, showing 203 indexes higher body activity than -48 hours (1299 ± 9.72). Therefore, using an information and communication techonology (ICT)-based biosensor is highly effective because it can reduce the reproductive cost of a farm by accurately detecting estrus and increasing the rate of estrus confirmation in cattle.

The natural flavonoid compound deguelin suppresses sperm (Sus Scrofa) functions through abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Deguelin is a natural flavonoid extracted from plants belonging to the Lonchocarpus, Derris, or Tephrosia genera. It inhibits AKT activity in tumors and has the potential to be used as a treatment for malignant tumors. However, the risks associated with the use of deguelin on male fertility have not yet been explained in detail. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of deguelin on sperm functions during capacitation. First, boar spermatozoa were exposed to different concentrations of deguelin (0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 µM). Next, sperm functional assessments, such as sperm motility, capacitation status, intracellular ATP level, and cell viability, were performed. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT-related proteins and the phosphorylation of their tyrosine residues were also evaluated by western blotting. No significant difference was observed in cell viability; however, deguelin considerably decreased sperm motility and motion kinematics in a dose-dependent manner. Although no significant difference was observed in the capacitation status, acrosome reaction decreased at high concentrations of deguelin (50 and 100 µM). Furthermore, intracellular ATP levels were significantly decreased in all deguelin treatment groups compared with those in the control group. Results of western blotting revealed that deguelin substantially diminished tyrosine phosphorylation. Interestingly, in contrast to previous studies showing that deguelin inhibits AKT activity, our results showed that it increased the expression of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins. Collectively, these findings indicate that deguelin exerts negative effects on sperm functions due to abnormal PI3K/AKT signaling activation. We believe that this is the first study to provide evidence that deguelin can regulate sperm functions independent of PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition. Furthermore, its detrimental effects on male fertility should be considered while developing or using deguelin as a therapeutic agent.

Effect of oestrus synchronisation through ovulation delay by vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows.

BACKGROUND: In Korean cattle, after foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination, anovulation increases, acute immune response is stimulated. OBJECTIVE: Here, we aimed to improve the fertility rate by ovulation delay caused by the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. METHODS: 160 cows (control, FMD, FMD+Gn250 and FMD+Gn500 groups, with 40 cows each) were used. We analysed the ovulation delay, ovulation rate, conception rate and acute-phase immune responses. RESULTS: In the group vaccinated only with FMD, the average follicle size was maintained at 12 mm and ovulation was delayed. The ovulation rate of the FMD+Gn500 group (500 µg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injections 3 days after the FMD vaccination) was the highest at 81.8%. The ovulation rate of the FMD+Gn250 group (250 µg GnRH injections 3 days after FMD vaccination) was 54.5%, and that of the control group (not FMD vaccinated) was 53.3%. The conception rate was 52.5% (19/40) in the control group, 37.5% (15/40) in the FMD+Gn250 group, and 67.5% (27/40) in the FMD+Gn500 group. Analysis of acute-phase immune response revealed that the plasma contents of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A increased up to 7 days after vaccination against FMD in all the experimental groups, except the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that ovulation delay can be employed to improve conception rate after FMD vaccination through a modified ovulation synchronisation method with GnRH.

Reproductive toxicity of ritonavir in male: Insight into mouse sperm capacitation.

Since COVID-19 began in 2019, therapeutic agents are being developed for its treatment. Among the numerous potential therapeutic agents, ritonavir (RTV), an anti-viral agent, has recently been identified as an important element of the COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, RTV has also been applied in the drug repurposing of cancer cells. However, previous studies have shown that RTV has toxic effects on various cell types. In addition, RTV regulates AKT phosphorylation within cancer cells, and AKT is known to control sperm functions (motility, capacitation, and so on). Although deleterious effects of RTV have been reported, it is not known whether RTV has male reproduction toxicity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of RTV on sperm function and male fertility. In the present study, sperm collected from the cauda epididymis of mice were incubated with various concentrations of RTV (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µM). The expression levels of AKT, phospho-AKT (Thr308 and Ser473), and phospho-tyrosine proteins, sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, and cell viability were assessed after capacitation. The results revealed that AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473 was significantly increased, and the levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins (at approximately 25 and 100 kDa) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, RTV adversely affected sperm motility, motion kinematics, and cell viability. Taken together, RTV may have negative effects on sperm function through an abnormal increase in tyrosine phosphorylation and phospho-AKT levels. Therefore, individuals taking or prescribing RTV should be aware of its reproductive toxicity.

GRP78 plays a key role in sperm function via the PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway.

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which is commonly found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is involved in stabilizing ER proteins and inducing the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, GRP78 is expressed on the surface of most common cancer cells, such as cells of breast, lung, liver, and prostate cancers, and plays a role in apoptosis and cell proliferation via the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, various trials have been performed for evaluating cancer treatment by inhibiting GRP78. Moreover, GRP78 is expressed on the surface of spermatozoa; however, its role in spermatozoa physiology remains unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of GRP78 on sperm function during capacitation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Boar spermatozoa were exposed to various concentrations of HA15, a GRP78 antagonist, and sperm kinematic parameters, capacitation status, cell viability, levels of PI3K/PDK1/AKT-pathway related proteins, and tyrosine phosphorylation were evaluated. GRP78 inhibition significantly decreased sperm motility, kinematic parameters, capacitated and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa counts, and cell viability. Moreover, GRP78 expression was significantly decreased in HA15-treated spermatozoa compared to that in the control group, and levels of PI3K/PDK1/AKT-pathway related proteins changed significantly. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly altered in the HA15-treated group. The results of this study suggest that GRP78 inhibition in cancer therapy may negatively affect sperm function. These results lay a strong foundation for future studies aiming to identify the molecular mechanisms related to GRP78 in spermatozoa.