RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Neighborhood walkability has been found to be positively related to physical activity and negatively associated with risks of noncommunicable diseases. However, limited studies have examined its association with sarcopenia in older adults. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between neighborhood walk score and risks of sarcopenia in a sample of older Taiwanese adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was a cross-sectional investigation using telephone-based survey. PARTICIPANTS: A nationwide telephone-based survey targeting older adults (≥ 65 years) was conducted in Taiwan. MEASUREMENTS: Data on neighborhood walkability (determined by walk score of residential neighborhood), sarcopenia scores (measured by SARC-F), and personal characteristics were obtained. The relationships between walk score and risks of sarcopenia were examined using generalized additive models. RESULTS: A total of 1,056 older adults participated in the survey. In model 1 (sex and age) and model 2 (full-adjusted model), a nonlinear association between neighborhood walk score and risks of sarcopenia was observed. Results showed that risks of sarcopenia appear to be lower in neighborhoods with a 40-walk score (Car-Dependent; most errands require a car) and an 80-walk score (Very Walkable) and highest in the neighborhood with a 60-walk score (Somewhat Walkable). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a nonlinear relationship between neighborhood walkability and risks of sarcopenia in older adults in Asian context. Results provided information to urban designers and public health practitioners that more walkable neighborhood may not necessarily protect older adults from risks of sarcopenia.
Assuntos
Sarcopenia , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Características de Residência , Sarcopenia/epidemiologia , CaminhadaAssuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y , Ticlopidina/análogos & derivados , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/genética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Protocolos Clínicos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Clopidogrel , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Interações Medicamentosas , Humanos , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Polimorfismo Genético , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/farmacocinética , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/uso terapêutico , Análise de Sobrevida , Ticlopidina/farmacocinética , Ticlopidina/farmacologia , Ticlopidina/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To analyze the microbiologic spectrum and patterns of resistance of infectious keratitis in patients treated at a tertiary hospital in South Australia. METHODS: Retrospective review of microbiology laboratory records of all patients with infectious keratitis who had corneal scrapings, from 1998 to 2003. All records were subsequently reviewed for Gram staining and culture results, as well as antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. RESULTS: Positive corneal cultures were obtained in 134 out of 211 patients who had corneal scrapings (63.5%). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the commonest pathogen identified (29.8% of positive cultures), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7%), Moraxella (6.7%), Streptococcus pneumonia (6.0%), and fungal keratitis (5.2%). In 43.3% of culture positive cases, the organisms were also identified in Gram stain, and in all these cases there was a full correlation between the two methods. In vitro sensitivities were highest for gentamicin. Fourteen cases (35%) of coagulase negative Staphylococcus were found to be resistant to cephazolin. No ciprofloxacin resistance was identified in all Pseudomonas isolates tested. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus species continue to be the commonest causative organism for infectious keratitis; however, there is an emerging resistance to cephazolin, which is commonly used as the first-line antibiotic for Gram-positive cocci.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cefazolina/uso terapêutico , Resistência às Cefalosporinas , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/microbiologia , Ceratite/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Córnea/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ceratite/tratamento farmacológico , Ceratite/epidemiologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Austrália do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To analyze the microbiologic spectrum and patterns of resistance of infectious keratitis in patients treated at a tertiary hospital in South Australia. METHODS: Retrospective review of microbiology laboratory records of all patients with infectious keratitis who had corneal scrapings, from 1998 to 2003. All records were subsequently reviewed for Gram staining and culture results, as well as antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. RESULTS Positive corneal cultures were obtained in 134 out of 211 patients who had corneal scrapings (63.5%). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the commonest pathogen identified (29.8% of positive cultures), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7%), Moraxella (6.7%), Streptococcus pneumonia (6.0%), and fungal keratitis (5.2%). In 43.3% of culture positive cases, the organisms were also identified in Gram stain, and in all these cases there was a full correlation between the two methods. In vitro sensitivities were highest for gentamicin. Fourteen cases (35%) of coagulase negative Staphylococcus were found to be resistant to cephazolin. No ciprofloxacin resistance was identified in all Pseudomonas isolates tested. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus species continue to be the commonest causative organism for infectious keratitis; however, there is an emerging resistance to cephazolin, which is commonly used as the first-line antibiotic for Gram-positive cocci. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2005; 15: 23-6).
RESUMO
Based upon the patient files (N = 132) maintained by the Chinatown Alcoholism Services (CAS), interviews with CAS staff, and the clinical experience of the authors with Chinese alcoholics, this paper describes the social contexts of alcoholism among a group of working-class Chinese males in New York City. It focuses on the relationship between social adjustment and drinking behaviors, and analyzes the meaning of alcohol use and abuse within the ethnic community. The paper also examines the role of significant others in the alcoholics' drinking and help-seeking behaviors. Finally, treatment and research issues pertaining to alcoholism among the Chinese are discussed.