[The human lectin supersystems possessing probiotic and protective actions.]

The potential of useful for human immunobiological supersystems of lectins (SSL) recognizing carbohydrates and glycoconjugates of molecular or supramolecular protein/(oligo)peptide-containing constituents of biotopes is described. SSL recognize, reversibly bind, delivery to biotopes, orient natural or synthetic polymeric, polyvalent glycoconjugates (imitators of natural glycopolymers) at the cell surface. The key features of SSL are indicated and described. The possibilities of application and prospects of SL of probiotics, complement С4 system and protein hormones (on example of erythropoietins) in prognostics and diagnostics of pathologies, prophylaxis and therapy of diseases and medical biotechnology are evaluated.

[Lectin populations of NK cells against tumors coupled to viral infections (review of literature).]

Analysis of the human NK (natural killers) cells and their functionally different populations in connection to tumor processes accompanied with viral infections is presented. Receptor lectins (non-immunoglobulin proteins and their complexes recognizing polysaccharides, glycoconjugates and glycopattern-containing molecules) play important role in regulation of innate immunity. Communicative diversity of NK-cell populations (in which lectins cofunction to other receptors) is directed against tumors and viruses. Effectiveness and selectivity of action of NK cell populations can be increased in cooperation together with adaptive immunity. Evaluations of occurrence, redistribution (also under influence of cytokines) and contribution of NK-populations (depending on lectin receptors recognition coupled to multifunctions of receptors) in respect of increasing antitumor and antiviral immune responces are given. The data indicate extended prospects of lectin receptors (coupled to other type receptors) containing NK populations of the network compartment of innate immunity upon realization of different variants of organism protection in cooperation with cellular and humoral immunity. Such NK populations are the basis for further intercellular interactions. Innate immunity Cross-Talk, involving the leader NK cell populations acting according to humoral immunity mechanisms, acts on duty regime (importance for therapy of chronic pathology) that results in providing optimal combined antitumor and antiviral cytokine and cytotoxic responses according to the principle of action as «network-in-network¼. The influence network of lectin, Ig-like, cytotoxic, other regulator NK populations (also throuph redistribution of production of cytokines by immunocompetent cells) is perspective for forming early prolongated antitumor and antiviral processes of different types in organism. It is of importance to consider CD diversity of receptor repertuar of lectin, Ig-like and other NK populations revealing different ontogenesis as well as to seach patient key NK-populations to select and construct personally (or for contingents in cases of epidemiological significance) optimal therapeutic/prophylactic NK populations (like variants of CAR-T). Aforementioned data indicate perspectiveness of NK cell populations in development of new antitumor/antiviral effective and selective vaccine strategies, preparations and regimes of their applications. Probiotic lectins reveal features of perspective ligands cofunctioning to network of NK cell populations.

[Lectins and glycoconjugates in presentation of antigens and protection against patogens.]

The current data on using lectin receptors and glycoconjugates (GC) in study of pathways of intercellular communications within innate immunity network coupled to adaptive immunity wеre overviewed and systematized. A superfamily of GC-specific C-type lectin receptors (CLR), as a constituent of pattern recognizing receptors (PRR), involves in immunity to produce redistribution of groups of cytokines, chemokines and specific antibodies. CLR on surface of multiple subpopulations of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and other cells of immunity are under consideration (monocyte derived macrophages, macrophages, immature and mature dendritic cells, other myeloid cells, neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes, etc.). CLR cofunction both each other and/or together with other PRR and immune receptors. CLR are favourable for quicker and GC-specific innate type presentation of important danger antigenic patterns (PAMP, MAMP, DAMP, SAMP, TAMP) using their specific targeting through currently/ adaptively optimal pathways within intercellular branched network of activated/ polarized subpopulations of cells mentioned above. CLR agonist GC (recombinant, synthetic, conjugates to carriers (adaptive proteins, etc.), assembled into nanoparticles and liposomes) can serve successful and specific adjuvants in vaccine strategies. CLR and GC pairs participate in on duty biocontrol of immunobiological supervising in organism, modulate/ switch recognition and protection cell pathways of immune responses (presentation, reciprocally organized protective attacks, rates and amplitudes of activation and inhibition of cell communicative chains). Lectins characterized both cell and cell communicative chain current functional biomarkering that is of importance for clinical diagnostics. The knowledge on CLR-GC pattern relationships is perspective for study and influence fine mechanisms of cell GC-targeting and immunity, improvement of traditional vaccines, development of GC-specific and highly effective pattern vaccines against different infections or tumors. New specific vaccine strategies are possible towards different biotopes in organism (also for mucosal opened cavities).

[The role of lectins from probiotic microorganisms in sustaining the macroorganism].

The notion of lectins has been expanded with special reference to lectins of probiotic microorganisms (LPM). New data on LPM and their properties are considered in the context of a new concept of systemic organization of LPM being developed. Conditions for complete separation of poly (N-acetylgalactosamine-?)-binding lectins and polyMan-?/oligomannoside/mannan-binding lectins are developed on the assumption that they contain a single carbohydrate-binding site in their structure. It is shown that strain typing of probiotic microorganisms is possible based not only on protein but also on LPM composition. The observed peculiarities of LPM functioning substantially extend the concept of informational superiority of integral interatomic networks over their isolated components. This approach makes it possible to set functioning of LPM systems against that of lectin systems of other components of human microbiota as prevailing in the support of the normal status of the macrorganism. The results demonsatrate the unique character of LPM systems and suggest good prospects for their application in medicine, biotechnology and nanotechnology.

[Classification of lectins as universal regulator molecules of biological systems].

Modern concepts of lectin classification reflecting tendencies in the development of functional classification of lectins (Ln) and Ln-like proteins are presented. Classification of bacterial Ln is proposed. Classification of Ln and Ln-like proteins of plants, animals, and bacteria is based on 8 major elements of protein secondary structure that allows for the evaluation of topographic diversity of their surfaces, potential compatibility of bacterial, vegetable, and mammalian Ln molecules and possible variants of their co-functioning.

[Nanotechnologies and perspectives of their application in medicine and biotechnology].

The results of nanotechnologies application in biological and medical fields are summarized. The examples of nanotechnologies use in reactions of cell adhesion, cell recognizing, intracellular sorting, organ and tissue construction, nanobiosensing, drug delivering and cancer therapy are presented. The prospects of nanotechnologies use in biomedicine, biothechnology and cell biology are shown.

[General properties and functioning principles of lectins in biological systems].

The authors give the literature review with analysis of main conceptions of lectins - their structure and functions according to state-of-the-art science and production requirements. Up-to-date definition of lectins based on last achievements of science and practice represented in the article.

[Strategic aspects of constructing probiotics of the future].

The publication systematizes modern achievements in understanding the role of microbiocenoses in the existence of macroorganism, and possible ways of constructing of probiotics of the future.

[Deficiencies in C4A and C4B isotypes of human complement revealed by isoelectrofocusing and chemical reactivity of activated forms].

An approach is proposed to detect deficiencies in isotypes A and B of the C4 component of human complement, based on the calculation of the ratio of their IEA activities and the ratio of their quantities determined by isoelectrofocusing of their desialated forms with chemiluminescent detection in an immunoblot. The ratios of the quantities and activities of C4A/C4B practically coincided when determined in blood serum of 20 patients, many of which had inherited deficiencies in the C4 component isotypes.

[New generation pharmaceuticals from milk of transgenic animals. The problem of isolation of biologically active proteins].

The authors of the review characterize the protein components of milk and adduce data on the expression of transgenic proteins in animal milk. Technological principles of purification of recombinant medicinal proteins from milk of transgenic animals are covered.

[Lectins, adhesins, and lectin-like substances of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria].

Cell-surface adhesion factors of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, such as lectin/adhesin proteins of S-layers, secreted lectin-like bacteriocins, and lectin-like complexes, are considered and classified in the article. Certain general and specific properties of these factors are noted, such as in vitro and in vivo adhesion, cell co(aggregation), participation in the forming of microbial biofilms and colonization of mammalian alimentary tract, as well as complexation with biopolymers and bioeffectors, specificity to glycanes and natural glycoconjugates, domain and spatial organization of adhesion factors, co-functioning with other cytokines (pro- and anti-inflammatory ones), regulation of target cell properties, and other biological and physiological activities. The authors also note possibilities of application of lectins and lectin-like proteins of probiotic strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in medicine and biotechnology.