Loss of CD24 promotes radiation­ and chemo­resistance by inducing stemness properties associated with a hybrid E/M state in breast cancer cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) serve an essential role in failure of conventional antitumor therapy. In breast cancer, CD24­/low/CD44+ phenotype and high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity are associated with CSC subtypes. Furthermore, CD24­/low/CD44+ pattern is also characteristic of mesenchymal cells generated by epithelial­mesenchymal transition (EMT). CD24 is a surface marker expressed in numerous types of tumor, however, its biological functions and role in cancer progression and treatment resistance remain poorly documented. Loss of CD24 expression in breast cancer cells is associated with radiation resistance and control of oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate the effects of anticancer drugs as well as ionizing radiation; therefore, the present study investigated if CD24 mediates radiation­ and chemo­resistance of breast cancer cells. Using a HMLE breast cancer cell model, CD24 expression has been artificially modulated and it was observed that loss of CD24 expression induced stemness properties associated with acquisition of a hybrid E/M phenotype. CD24­/low cells were more radiation­ and chemo­resistant than CD24+ cells. The resistance was associated with lower levels of ROS; CD24 controlled ROS levels via regulation of mitochondrial function independently of antioxidant activity. Together, these results suggested a key role of CD24 in de­differentiation of breast cancer cells and promoting acquisition of therapeutic resistance properties.

Enrichment of methylated molecules using enhanced-ice-co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR (E-ice-COLD-PCR) for the sensitive detection of disease-related hypermethylation.

AIM: The detection of specific DNA methylation patterns bears great promise as biomarker for personalized management of cancer patients. Co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR (COLD-PCR) assays are sensitive methods, but have previously only been able to analyze loss of DNA methylation. MATERIALS & METHODS: Enhanced (E)-ice-COLD-PCR reactions starting from 2 ng of bisulfite-converted DNA were developed to analyze methylation patterns in two promoters with locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes blocking amplification of unmethylated CpGs. The enrichment of methylated molecules was compared to quantitative (q)PCR and quantified using serial dilutions. RESULTS: E-ice-COLD-PCR allowed the multiplexed enrichment and quantification of methylated DNA. Assays were validated in primary breast cancer specimens and circulating cell-free DNA from cancer patients. CONCLUSION: E-ice-COLD-PCR could prove a useful tool in the context of DNA methylation analysis for personalized medicine.

Overlap between differentially methylated DNA regions in blood B lymphocytes and genetic at-risk loci in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Beyond genetics, epigenetics alterations and especially those related to DNA methylation, play key roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and systemic lupus erythematosus. This study aimed to assess the role of methylation deregulation in pSS pathogeny through a genome-wide methylation approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 26 female patients with pSS and 22 age-matched controls were included in this study. CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by magnetic microbeads and their genome-wide DNA methylation profiles were analysed using Infinium Human Methylation 450 K BeadChips. Probes with a median DNA methylation difference of at least 7% and p<0.01 between patients and controls were considered significantly differentially methylated. RESULTS: Methylation alterations were mainly present in B cells compared with T cells. In B cells, an enrichment of genes with differentially methylated probes in genetic at-risk loci was observed, suggesting involvement of both genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in the same genes. Methylation alterations in B cells were more frequent in some specific pathways including Interferon Regulated Genes, mainly among patients who were autoantibody positive. Moreover, genes with differentially methylated probes were over-represented in B cells from patients with active disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated more important deregulation of DNA methylation patterns in B cells compared with T cells, emphasising the importance of B cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Overlap between genes with differentially methylated probes in B lymphocytes and genetic at-risk loci is a new finding highlighting their importance in pSS.