RESUMO
Background: The goal of fluid resuscitation and the use of inotropes in septic shock has traditionally focused on improving blood pressure and cardiac output, without considering the microcirculatory changes. Reaching macrocirculatory goals but with persistent microcirculatory abnormalities (hemodynamic incoherence) in septic shock has been associated with greater organ dysfunction and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microcirculation (flow and capillary density) and endothelial glycocalyx changes associated with the use of milrinone in children with septic shock, as well as their relationship with clinical variables and organ dysfunction. Methods: A prospective cohort study from February 2022 to January 2023 at a university hospital (Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología). Sublingual video microscopy was used to evaluate capillary density, microvascular flow rates and perfused boundary region (PBR-inverse parameter of glycocalyx thickness-abnormal if >2.0 microns). The primary outcome was the association between microcirculation and endothelial glycocalyx changes related to the use of milrinone. Results: A total of 140 children with a median age of two years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.58-12.1] were included. About 57.9% (81/140) of the patients received milrinone infusions. Twenty-four hours after receiving milrinone, the patients maintained functional capillary density (P<0.01) and capillary recruitment capacity (P=0.04) with no changes in capillary blood volume versus those who did not receive milrinone. Children under two years old who received milrinone had better 4-6-micron capillary density than older children [odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.12-0.89; P=0.02] and less endothelial glycocalyx degradation [adjusted OR (aOR) 0.34 95% CI: 0.11-0.99; P=0.04]. These changes persisted despite elevated ferritin (aOR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.93; P=0.03). Prolonged capillary refill and elevated lactate were correlated with microcirculation changes in both groups. The patients who died had the highest PBR levels (P=0.04). Conclusions: Children with septic shock who receive milrinone infusions have microcirculation changes compared with those who do not receive them. The group that received milrinone was found to maintain functional capillary density and capillary recruitment capacity and have less endothelial glycocalyx degradation 24 hours after administration. These changes were present despite the inflammatory response and were more significant in those under two years of age.
RESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la carga económica de la fibrilación auricular en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo sobre bases de datos de atención de pacientes con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular. Los pacientes fueron identificados a partir de los diagnósticos registrados en las atenciones ambulatorias y hospitalarias, utilizando como referencia el código diagnóstico CIE-10 de fibrilación auricular (I48x). Luego de la identificación de los pacientes se construyó un algoritmo que simulaba la historia natural y de atención de la enfermedad, el cual fue elaborado a partir de guías de manejo de la enfermedad. Se utilizó una técnica de microcosteo en función de una base de datos oficial de una aseguradora colombiana, teniendo en cuenta la historia natural de la enfermedad construida. Resultados: El costo anual de un paciente con fibrilación auricular diagnosticada correctamente es de $6.218.179, el de un paciente con evento tromboembólico agudo o signos inespecíficos como primera manifestación de la enfermedad es de $23.665.300, y el de un paciente con un infarto previo al diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular es de $37.493.968. Conclusiones: En términos de costos, el paciente que se mantiene controlado pese a que se incurra en costos de tecnologías para su control, es menos costoso que aquel que genera episodios agudos.
Abstract Objective: To determine the financial cost of atrial defibrillation in Colombia. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out using health care data bases on patients with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. The patients were identified from the diagnoses recorded in ambulatory and hospital care registers, using the atrial fibrillation ICD-10 diagnostic (I48x). After the patients were identified, an algorithm was constructed by using the management guidelines for the disease and that simulated the natural history and care of the disease. A micro-costing technique was used in accordance with an official data base of a Colombian insurance Company, taking into account the natural history of the disease constructed. Results: The mean annual cost of a patient correctly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation is $6,218.179, that of the patient with an acute thrombo-embolic event or non-specific signs as a first manifestation of the disease is $23,665.300, and that of the patient with an infarction prior to the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation is $37,493.968. Conclusions: In terms of costs, the patient that is maintained under control, despite the technological costs of their control, is less costly than one that has acute episodes.