RESUMO
Radiotherapy widely applied for local tumor therapy in clinic has been recently reinvigorated by the discovery that radiotherapy could activate systematic antitumor immune response. Nonetheless, the endogenous radio-immune effect is still incapable of radical tumor elimination due to the prevention of immune cell infiltration by the physical barrier in tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, an engineered Salmonella secreting nattokinase (VNPNKase) is developed to synergistically modulate the physical and immune characteristics of TME to enhance radio-immunotherapy of colon tumors. The facultative anaerobic VNPNKase enriches at the tumor site after systemic administration, continuously secreting abundant NKase to degrade fibronectin, dredge the extracellular matrix (ECM), and inactivate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The VNPNKase- dredged TME facilitates the infiltration of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) and thus the presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) after radiotherapy, recruiting sufficient CD8+ T lymphocytes to specifically eradicate localized tumors. Moreover, the pre-treatment of VNPNKase before radiotherapy amplifies the abscopal effect and achieves a long-term immune memory effect, preventing the metastasis and recurrence of tumors. Our research suggests that this strategy using engineered bacteria to breach tumor physical barrier for promoting immune cell infiltration possesses great promise as a translational strategy to enhance the effectiveness of radio-immunotherapy in treating solid tumors.
RESUMO
Iron (Fe) deficiency restricts crop yields in calcareous soil. Thus, a novel Fe chelator, proline-2'-deoxymugineic acid (PDMA), based on the natural phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA), was developed to solve the Fe deficiency problem. However, the effects and mechanisms of PDMA relevant to the Fe nutrition and yield of dicots grown under field conditions require further exploration. In this study, pot and field experiments with calcareous soil were conducted to investigate the effects of PDMA on the Fe nutrition and yield of peanuts. The results demonstrated that PDMA could dissolve insoluble Fe in the rhizosphere and up-regulate the expression of the yellow stripe-like family gene AhYSL1 to improve the Fe nutrition of peanut plants. Moreover, the chlorosis and growth inhibition caused by Fe deficiency were significantly diminished. Notably, under field conditions, the peanut yield and kernel micronutrient contents were promoted by PDMA application. Our results indicate that PDMA promotes the dissolution of insoluble Fe and a rich supply of Fe in the rhizosphere, increasing yields through integrated improvements in soil-plant Fe nutrition at the molecular and ecological levels. In conclusion, the efficacy of PDMA for improving the Fe nutrition and yield of peanut indicates its outstanding potential for agricultural applications.
Assuntos
Arachis , Solo , Quelantes , ProlinaRESUMO
CD70 is highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with limited expression in normal tissue, making it an attractive CAR T target for an immunogenic solid tumor indication. Here we generated and characterized a panel of anti-CD70 single-chain fragment variable (scFv)-based CAR T cells. Despite the expression of CD70 on T cells, production of CAR T cells from a subset of scFvs with potent in vitro activity was achieved. Expression of CD70 CARs masked CD70 detection in cis and provided protection from CD70 CAR T cell-mediated fratricide. Two distinct classes of CAR T cells were identified with differing memory phenotype, activation status, and cytotoxic activity. Epitope mapping revealed that the two classes of CARs bind unique regions of CD70. CD70 CAR T cells displayed robust antitumor activity against RCC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Tissue cross-reactivity studies identified membrane staining in lymphocytes, thus matching the known expression pattern of CD70. In a cynomolgus monkey CD3-CD70 bispecific toxicity study, expected findings related to T-cell activation and elimination of CD70-expressing cells were observed, including cytokine release and loss of cellularity in lymphoid tissues. Finally, highly functional CD70 allogeneic CAR T cells were produced at large scale through elimination of the T-cell receptor by TALEN-based gene editing. Taken together, these efficacy and safety data support the evaluation of CD70 CAR T cells for the treatment of RCC and has led to the advancement of an allogeneic CD70 CAR T-cell candidate into phase I clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate the efficacy and safety of fratricide-resistant, allogeneic anti-CD70 CAR T cells targeting renal cell carcinoma and the impact of CAR epitope on functional activity. See related commentary by Adotévi and Galaine, p. 2517.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Neoplasias Renais , Animais , Ligante CD27 , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Macaca fascicularis , Camundongos , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is a major target for small-molecule antiviral drugs. Antibodies targeting the NA surface antigen could also inhibit virus entry and egress to provide host protection. However, our understanding of the nature and range of target epitopes is limited because of a lack of human antibody structures with influenza neuraminidase. Here, we describe crystal and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of NAs from human-infecting avian H7N9 viruses in complex with five human anti-N9 antibodies, systematically defining several antigenic sites and antibody epitope footprints. These antibodies either fully or partially block the NA active site or bind to epitopes distant from the active site while still showing neuraminidase inhibition. The inhibition of antibodies to NAs was further analyzed by glycan array and solution-based NA activity assays. Together, these structural studies provide insights into protection by anti-NA antibodies and templates for the development of NA-based influenza virus vaccines and therapeutics.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Epitopos/ultraestrutura , Neuraminidase , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/ultraestrutura , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/ultraestrutura , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/ultraestrutura , Antivirais/imunologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Epitopos/imunologia , Epitopos/metabolismo , Humanos , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza , Neuraminidase/química , Neuraminidase/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Here, we describe the discovery of a naturally occurring human antibody (Ab), FluA-20, that recognizes a new site of vulnerability on the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain and reacts with most influenza A viruses. Structural characterization of FluA-20 with H1 and H3 head domains revealed a novel epitope in the HA trimer interface, suggesting previously unrecognized dynamic features of the trimeric HA protein. The critical HA residues recognized by FluA-20 remain conserved across most subtypes of influenza A viruses, which explains the Ab's extraordinary breadth. The Ab rapidly disrupted the integrity of HA protein trimers, inhibited cell-to-cell spread of virus in culture, and protected mice against challenge with viruses of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9 subtypes when used as prophylaxis or therapy. The FluA-20 Ab has uncovered an exceedingly conserved protective determinant in the influenza HA head domain trimer interface that is an unexpected new target for anti-influenza therapeutics and vaccines.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Animais , Cães , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Camundongos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Seasonal influenza virus infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality, but the threat from the emergence of a new pandemic influenza strain might have potentially even more devastating consequences. As such, there is intense interest in isolating and characterizing potent neutralizing antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface glycoprotein. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) to decipher the mechanism of action of a potent HA head-directed monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound to an influenza H7 HA. The epitope of the antibody is not solvent accessible in the compact, prefusion conformation that typifies all HA structures to date. Instead, the antibody binds between HA head protomers to an epitope that must be partly or transiently exposed in the prefusion conformation. The "breathing" of the HA protomers is implied by the exposure of this epitope, which is consistent with metastability of class I fusion proteins. This structure likely therefore represents an early structural intermediate in the viral fusion process. Understanding the extent of transient exposure of conserved neutralizing epitopes also may lead to new opportunities to combat influenza that have not been appreciated previously.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Vírus da Influenza A/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/metabolismo , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Baculoviridae/genética , Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Clonagem Molecular , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Expressão Gênica , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/genética , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Células Sf9 , SpodopteraRESUMO
The high rate of antigenic drift in seasonal influenza viruses necessitates frequent changes in vaccine composition. Recent seasonal H3 vaccines do not protect against swine-origin H3N2 variant (H3N2v) strains that recently have caused severe human infections. Here, we report a human VH1-69 gene-encoded monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated H3v-47 that exhibits potent cross-reactive neutralization activity against human and swine H3N2 viruses that circulated since 1989. The crystal structure and electron microscopy reconstruction of H3v-47 Fab with the H3N2v hemagglutinin (HA) identify a unique epitope spanning the vestigial esterase and receptor-binding subdomains that is distinct from that of any known neutralizing antibody for influenza A H3 viruses. MAb H3v-47 functions largely by blocking viral egress from infected cells. Interestingly, H3v-47 also engages Fcγ receptor and mediates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This newly identified conserved epitope can be used in design of novel immunogens for development of broadly protective H3 vaccines.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Citotoxicidade Celular Dependente de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxicidade Celular Dependente de Anticorpos/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Epitopos/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/fisiologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
Antibodies that target both group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses are valuable for therapeutic and vaccine development, but only a few have been reported to date. Here, we describe a new VH1-69 antibody 27F3 that broadly recognizes heterosubtypic hemagglutinins (HAs) from both group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. Structural characterization of 27F3 Fab with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) hemagglutinin illustrates that 27F3 shares the key binding features observed in other VH1-69 antibodies to the HA stem. Compared to other VH1-69 antibodies, the 27F3 VH domain interacts with the HA stem in a distinct orientation, which alters its epitope and may have influenced its breadth. The diverse rotations of VH1-69 antibodies on the HA stem epitope highlight the different ways that this antibody family can evolve to broadly neutralize influenza A viruses. These results have important implications for understanding how to elicit broad antibody responses against influenza virus.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Região Variável de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Alelos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Sequência Conservada , Humanos , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/química , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/genética , Região Variável de Imunoglobulina/química , Região Variável de Imunoglobulina/genética , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Modelos Moleculares , Pandemias , Ligação Proteica , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for genetic diseases, HIV, and cancer. However, a barrier for clinical HSC gene therapy is the limited efficiency of gene delivery via lentiviral vectors (LVs) into HSCs. We show here that rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes, facilitates highly efficient lentiviral transduction of mouse and human HSCs and dramatically enhances marking frequency in long-term engrafting cells in mice. Mechanistically, rapamycin enhanced postbinding endocytic events, leading to increased levels of LV cytoplasmic entry, reverse transcription, and genomic integration. Despite increasing LV copy number, rapamycin did not significantly alter LV integration site profile or chromosomal distribution in mouse HSCs. Rapamycin also enhanced in situ transduction of mouse HSCs via direct intraosseous infusion. Collectively, rapamycin strongly augments LV transduction of HSCs in vitro and in vivo and may prove useful for therapeutic gene delivery.