Fracture related ulnar and sciatic nerve transections: a report of two cases and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Case reports, case series, and case control studies have looked at the incidence of complete nerve transection in the setting of fracture and the need for surgical exploration dating back to the 1920s. We present two cases of nerve laceration accompanying traumatic fracture with a thorough review of the literature. METHODS: We used the following search terms: "ulnar nerve" OR "sciatic nerve" AND "laceration" OR "transection" AND "fracture." Results were reviewed and included for discussion if they specifically reported ulnar or sciatic nerve laceration accompanying traumatic fracture. RESULTS: Our search yielded 15 papers reporting a total of 10 ulnar nerve lacerations and nine sciatic nerve lacerations. We present two additional cases. The first is a patient with a humerus fracture and complete ulnar nerve transection. The second case is a patient who suffered a femur fracture and complete transection of the sciatic nerve. CONCLUSION: Nerve laceration accompanying traumatic fracture is rare. We review the reported cases of nerve laceration and present two cases treated at our institution. Though uncommon, nerve laceration should be considered in the setting of traumatic fracture with neurological injury, particularly open fractures.

Utility of Early Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Glioblastoma Resection: Implications on Patient Survival.

BACKGROUND: The standard of care for glioblastoma is surgical resection followed by combination temozolomide and radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used preoperatively for tumor resection planning. In some instances, MRI is also obtained postoperatively to assess for any complications and to determine extent of resection. There is some question whether early routine postoperative imaging of patients after tumor resection is beneficial to long-term outcomes, especially with the increased scrutiny of increasing health care costs. METHODS: In this study we retrospectively analyze patients with glioblastoma treated at our institution, comparing the difference in overall survival and treatment regimens between patients who had early postoperative MRI versus patients who did not. RESULTS: We determine that in our cohort of 125 patients, those with early postoperative MRI had no statistically significant overall survival difference compared with patients with no early postoperative MRI (P = 0.996). The median survival for the group with postoperative MRI was 378 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 242-443 days), and the median survival for the group without postoperative MRI was 308 days (95% CI, 203-445 days). Early postoperative MRI also did not significantly alter therapeutic regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Although early postoperative MRI may not significantly affect patient overall survival from a statistical standpoint or therapeutic regimens, this type of imaging may be important to hone resident and attending skill. We encourage other institutions to perform similar analyses to determine the overall survival benefit of early postoperative imaging after glioma resection for patients with glioblastoma.

Intra-cerebrospinal fluid antibiotics to treat central nervous system infections: A review and update.

Central nervous system infections can be complications of neurosurgical procedures or can occur spontaneously, and occasionally lead to devastating neurological complications, increased rate of mortality, and lengthier stays in the hospital, subsequently increasing costs. The use of intrathecal antibiotics to bypass the blood brain barrier and provide effective concentrations to the central nervous system has been described as an adjunct treatment option. However, the regimens of antibiotics utilized intrathecally have not been standardized. Our review of the literature included all articles from MEDLINE/PubMed and Ovid from inception to 2017 and after removing duplicates and checking for relevancy, the final number of articles yielded was 200. This review summarizes the use of antibiotics intrathecally to treat CNS infections, the dosages, therapeutic efficacies, and highlights significant side effects. The current rates of mortality in patients suffering from CNS infections is high, thus intrathecal antibiotic therapy should be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy in this patient population. Multiple antibiotics have demonstrated safety and efficacy when used intrathecally, and further studies, including clinical trials, need to be performed to elucidate their full therapeutic potential and outline proper dosing regimens.

Craniopharyngiomas: A systematic review and evaluation of the current intratumoral treatment landscape.

Cushing once described craniopharyngiomas as the most forbidding tumor; and, despite surgical advances decades later, craniopharyngioma resection is still extremely complex due to its location and infiltration into local structures, making gross total resection challenging. Adjuvant treatments include radiation and chemotherapy, but intratumoral therapy may emerge as an adjuvant treatment for craniopharyngiomas. Here, we present a review of the literature on this treatment modality; and, summarize the available reported cases to underline usefulness and effectiveness of this treatment method. Our review of the literature included all articles from MEDLINE/PubMed and Ovid from 1974 to 2017. All articles were assessed for relevancy before inclusion into this review. Although the role for intratumoral therapy is unclear, multiple studies have reported efficacy in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas, and current results are promising. Out of the intratumoral agents utilized, intratumoral alpha interferon seems to provide the best response and least side effects for the treatment of craniopharyngiomas. The use of intratumoral therapy has led to delay in treatment with definitive surgery or radiation, both of which are associated with significant morbidities, detrimental in developmental years of childhood. Out of the intratumoral agents utilized, intratumoral alpha interferon seems to provide the best response and least side effects for the treatment of craniopharyngiomas. These findings need to be explored further with randomized controlled trials, outlining a standard dosing regimen. Furthermore, trials in craniopharyngioma patients with these combination therapies must be performed to determine the optimal therapeutic regimen for the successful treatment of these patients.

The predictive potential of hyponatremia for glioblastoma patient survival.

Glioblastoma is a devastating malignancy with a dismal survival rate. Currently, there are limited prognostic markers of glioblastoma including IDH1, ATRX, MGMT, PTEN, EGFRvIII, and others. Although these biomarkers for tumor prognosis are available, a surgical biopsy must be performed for these analyses, which has morbidity involved. A non-invasive and readily available biomarker is sought after which provides clinicians prognostic information. Sodium is an electrolyte that is easily and quickly obtained through analysis of a patient's serum. Hyponatremia has been shown to have a predictive and negative prognostic indication in multiple cancer types, but the role of glioblastoma patients' serum sodium at the time of diagnosis in predicting glioblastoma patient survival has not been determined. We assessed whether hyponatremia at the time of glioblastoma diagnosis correlates to patient survival and show that in our cohort of 200 glioblastoma patients, sodium, at any level, did not significantly correlate to glioblastoma survival, unlike what is seen in multiple other cancer types. We further demonstrate that inducing hyponatremia in an orthotopic murine model of glioblastoma has no effects on tumor progression and survival.

Double dermal sinus tracts of the cervical and thoracic regions: a case in a 3-year-old child and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Dermal sinus tracts are rare congenital abnormalities characterized by an epithelium-lined tract that extends from the subcutaneous tissue to the underlying thecal sac or neural tube. These developmental anomalies can present asymptomatically with a cutaneous dimple or with devastating complications including recurrent episodes of meningitis, or neurological complications including paralysis. Dermal sinus tracts generally occur as single lesions, and the presentation of midline double dermal sinus tracts of the cervical and thoracic regions has not been previously described. METHODS: Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl suffering from recurrent episodes of myelitis, paraparesis, and intramedullary intradural masses, who was diagnosed with double dermal sinus tracts of the cervical and thoracic regions. We also present a summary of all previous reported cases of multiple dermal sinus tracts. RESULTS: Our patient was successfully treated surgically and is now 2 years status post her last procedure with a significant improvement in her neurologic function and normal muscle strength and tone for her age, and there was no recurrence of her symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with prophylactic surgery should be performed when possible, but removal of these lesions once symptoms have arisen can also lead to success, as in the case presented here. Complete excision and intradural exploration is required to excise the complete tract.

Infant brachial neuritis following a viral prodrome: a case in a 6-month old child and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Brachial neuritis, commonly known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome, affects two to three people per 100,000 and presents with pain and weakness of the arm and shoulder. Brachial neuritis is uncommon in infants. METHODS: Here, we present the case of a 6-month old female, who presented with right upper extremity weakness and paresis following a viral prodrome. We also present a summary of all reported cases of brachial neuritis in infants. RESULTS: This is the youngest case of brachial neuritis diagnosed at our institution. The child was treated with prednisolone and physical therapy. The patient is now 16 months old and her symptoms have significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Brachial neuritis should be considered in the differential when an infant presents with sudden onset of upper limb weakness, following a viral prodrome. Finally, a genetic workup is suggested for patients with recurring episodes.

Contrast Enhancement of Aneurysm Sac Post-Pipeline Treatment Interpreted as Recanalization.

Multiple imaging modalities are available to evaluate aneurysms post-flow diverter (FD) placement. Though digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard imaging modality post-FD placement, it is not perfect, and neither are other techniques, including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present a case of a 73-year-old woman with a right internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm treated with a pipeline embolization device (PED). Initial follow-up post-PED placement by three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D-TOF) MRA demonstrated aneurysm occlusion, which was confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and CE-MRA in subsequent follow-up appointments. However, repeat CE-MRA two years later suggested recanalization of the aneurysm. After discussion with neuroradiologists and follow-up with a dynamic MRA, this finding was determined to be false. These findings shed light on the potential pitfall of using CE-MRA alone or any single imaging modality in the assessment of aneurysms post-PED placement. Our case report explores various imaging modalities used in the assessment of aneurysms post-PED placement and highlights the need to use multiple techniques for an accurate assessment.

Analysis of single nucleotide variants of HFE gene and association to survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas GBM data.

Human hemochromatosis protein (HFE) is involved in iron metabolism. Two major HFE polymorphisms, H63D and C282Y, have been associated with an increased risk of cancers. Previously, we reported decreased gender effects in overall survival based on H63D or C282Y HFE polymorphisms patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, the effect of other single nucleotide variation (SNV) in the HFE gene on the cancer development and progression has not been systematically studied. To expand our finding in a larger sample, and to identify other HFE SNV, we analyzed the frequency of somatic SNV in HFE gene and its relationship to survival in GBM patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM (Caucasian only) database. We found 9 SNVs with increased frequency in blood normal of TCGA GBM patients compared to the 1000Genome. Among 9 SNVs, 7 SNVs were located in the intron and 2 SNVs (i.e., H63D, C282Y) in the exon of HFE gene. The statistical analysis demonstrated that blood normal samples of TCGA GBM have more H63D (p = 0.0002, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.2119-0.3223) or C282Y (p = 0.0129, 95% CI: 0.0474-0.1159) HFE polymorphisms than 1000Genome. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the 264 GBM samples revealed no difference between wild type (WT) HFE and H63D, and WT HFE and C282Y GBM patients. In addition, there was no difference in the survival of male/female GBM patients based on HFE genotype. There was no correlation between HFE expression and survival. In conclusion, the current results suggest that somatic HFE polymorphisms do not impact GBM patients' survival in the TCGA data set of GBM.

Evaluating the evidence: is neurolysis or neurectomy a better treatment for meralgia paresthetica?

BACKGROUND: Meralgia paresthetica is a mononeuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LCFN). Surgical treatment involves transection or decompression of the LCFN. There is no clear consensus on the superiority of one technique over the other. We performed a systematic review of the literature to answer this question. METHODS: Eligible studies included those that compared neurolysis versus neurectomy for the treatment of meralgia paresthetica after failure of conservative therapy. Our outcome of interest was resolution of symptoms. We performed a computerized search of MEDLINE (PubMed; all years) and of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Eligible studies had to include the words "meralgia paresthetica" and "surgery." All patients regardless of age were included, and there was no language restriction. We then reviewed the articles' titles and abstracts. All studies that compared neurolysis to neurectomy were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of the studies identified, none were randomized controlled trials. There were two German language articles that were translated by a third researcher. Each study was evaluated by two independent researchers who assigned a level of evidence according to American Association of Neurologist algorithm and also performed data extraction (neurolysis vs. neurectomy and resolution of pain symptoms). Each study was found to be level four evidence. CONCLUSION: After reviewing the data, there was insufficient evidence to recommended one method of treatment over the other. This highlights the importance of keeping a national registry in order to compare outcomes between the two methods of treatment.

Case Report: A Rosette-forming Glioneuronal Tumor in the Tectal Plate in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type I.

We report the case of a 41-year-old female with neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) who developed a rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) in the tectal plate. This tumor was diagnosed in 2002 when the patient presented with obstructive hydrocephalus, which was subsequently treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and then an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Initially thought to be a pilocytic astrocytoma, it was followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) until tumor progression and development of a large fourth ventricular cystic component prompted resection via suboccipital craniotomy. Histological examination demonstrated an RGNT, a WHO Grade 1 tumor, with neurocytic rosettes, perivascular pseudorosettes, and elements resembling a pilocytic astrocytoma. Initially, the patient did well after her craniotomy, but postoperative complications set in that eventually led to her death. In this case report, we describe a relatively rare tumor that, despite its benign nature, leads to frequent complications and deficits due to its surgically challenging location. Along with previously reported examples, this cases raises the possibility of a causal relationship between NF1 and RGNT.

Intraventricular Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma: A Case Report.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is a histologic diagnosis based on cell morphology. These tumors are found throughout the body. They are rarely found in the central nervous system and almost never occur as a primary intraventricular tumor. We present the unusual case of a 68-year-old woman with an intraventricular undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. We go on to discuss the clinical presentation, radiographic characteristics, and management paradigm for these rare lesions. Our patient presented with acute confusion, inability to balance a checkbook, and gait imbalance. CT and MRI demonstrated a 4 x 3.6 x 3.6 cm enhancing lesion in the left lateral ventricle abutting the foramen of Monro. Pathology revealed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

A Series of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thromboses Treated with Intra-Arterial tPA infused over Ten Hours with a 0.027-inch Catheter and Literature Review.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) can have devastating results, with mortality reported in 44% of cases. No randomized trials exist in order to define what qualifies as failure of conservative therapy, and there is no specific intervention to date which is considered safe and effective. Case series suggest that thrombolysis infusion is safer than thrombectomy, but methods of administration, dose, and duration of therapy tend to vary widely. We present three consecutive CVST patients treated with heparin who suffered both clinical and radiographic deterioration, and went on to have endovascular therapy. Each patient was successfully recanalized by placing a 0.027-inch microcatheter at the proximal portion of the thrombus and infusing 20 mg of alteplase dissolved in 1 liter of normal saline infused at 100 ml per hour for an infusion of 2 mg of alteplase per hour for ten hours.

Increasing Efficacy of Thrombectomy by Using Digital Subtraction Angiography to Confirm Stent Retriever Clot Integration.

Physicians performing thrombectomy for acute stroke have had increasing success as thrombectomy-specific devices have continued to evolve. As the devices evolve, so too must the techniques. The current generation of stent retriever thrombectomy devices requires five minutes of dwell time, regardless of the particularities of the case. We have noticed the presence of flow through the stent immediately prior to removal portends a lower chance of successful thrombus retrieval than when no flow is seen, regardless of dwell time. We hypothesize that interventionalists can use the presence or absence of flow to predict adequacy of seating time and decrease the number of deployments per case. This could significantly decrease time to recanalization by avoiding time-consuming, unsuccessful pulls. This is a technical report of a few cases of stent retriever thrombectomy. We propose using post-deployment digital subtraction angiography to confirm thrombus-device integration and increase the chance of thrombus removal.