The tumor immune microenvironment in resected treatment-naive pancreatic cancer patients with long-term survival.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Presently, only a fraction of patients undergo successful surgical resection, the most effective treatment. Enhancing treatment strategies necessitates a deep comprehension of the factors underlying extended survival after surgical resection in patients. METHODS: This study aims to identify the important factors of PDAC patients' long-term survival with metatranscriptomics and multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) staining analyses. Specifically, differences in tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) were investigated between treatment-naïve PDAC short-term survivors (STS, overall survival <6 months) and long-term survivors (LTS, overall survival >5 years). RESULTS: As a result, we detected 589 over-expressed genes, including HOXB9, CDA, and HOXB8, and 507 under-expressed genes, including AMY2B, SCARA5, and SLC2A2 in LTS. Most of the Reactome overbiological pathways enriched in our data were over-expressed in LTS, such as RHO GTPase Effectors and Cell Cycle Checkpoints. Eleven microbiomes significantly differed between LTS and STS, including Sphingopyxis and Capnocytophaga. Importantly, we demonstrate that the TIME profile with an increased abundance of memory B cells and the reduction of M0 and pro-tumoral M2 macrophages are associated with a good prognosis in PDAC. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we delved into the TIME with metatranscriptomics and IF staining analyses to understand the prerequisite of prolonged survival in PDAC patients. In LTS, several biological pathways were overexpressed, and specific microbiomes were identified. Furthermore, apparent differences in driven immune factors were found that provide valuable insights into developing new treatment strategies.

Enhancing the Intrinsic Antiplasmodial Activity and Improving the Stability and Selectivity of a Tunable Peptide Scaffold Derived from Human Platelet Factor 4.

The control of malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that kills over half a million people every year, is threatened by the continual emergence and spread of drug resistance. Therefore, new molecules with different mechanisms of action are needed in the antimalarial drug development pipeline. Peptides developed from host defense molecules are gaining traction as anti-infectives due to theood of inducing drug resistance. Human platelet factor 4 (PF4) has intrinsic activity against P. falciparum, and a macrocyclic helix-loop-helix peptide derived from its active domain recapitulates this activity. In this study, we used a stepwise approach to optimize first-generation PF4-derived internalization peptides (PDIPs) by producing analogues with substitutions to charged and hydrophobic amino acid residues or with modifications to terminal residues including backbone cyclization. We evaluated the in vitro activity of PDIP analogues against P. falciparum compared to their overall helical structure, resistance to breakdown by serum proteases, selective binding to negatively charged membranes, and hemolytic activity. Next, we combined antiplasmodial potency-enhancing substitutions that retained favorable membrane and cell-selective properties onto the most stable scaffold to produce a backbone cyclic PDIP analogue with four-fold improved activity against P. falciparum compared to first-generation peptides. These studies demonstrate the ability to modify PDIP to select for and combine desirable properties and further validate the suitability of this unique peptide scaffold for developing a new molecule class that is distinct from existing antimalarial drugs.

Outcomes of adult patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia treated with monotherapy versus combination therapy in a tertiary hospital.

We compared clinical outcomes of patients who received monotherapy and combination therapy for treatment of MDR A. baumannii VAP. 170 patients were included. Vasopressor use and mortality rate were higher for combination therapy (69.3% versus 28.6%, p=0.024; 67.5% versus 14.3%, p=0.007; respectively). Majority received polymyxin B-based combination therapy, with higher mortality than those without polymyxin B (80.2% versus 19.8%, p=0.043). After adjusting for vasopressor use, monotherapy, dual combination, and triple combination therapy were not associated with mortality (aHR 0.24, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.79, p=0.169; aHR 1.26, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.00, p=0.367; aHR 0.93, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.49, p=0.744; respectively). There was no difference in adverse effects and length of stay between the two groups. Mortality from MDR A. baumannii VAP was high and not associated with monotherapy or combination therapy after adjustment for vasopressor use. Antibiotic regimens other than those containing polymyxin are urgently needed for the treatment of these infections.

Assessing the impacts of trace element contamination on the physiology and health of seabirds breeding along the western and southern coasts of Portugal.

Coastal seabirds serve as sentinels of ecosystem health due to their vulnerability to contamination from human activities. However, our understanding on how contaminant burdens affect the physiological and health condition of seabirds is still scarce, raising the uncertainty on the species' vulnerability vs tolerance to environmental contamination. Here, we quantified 15 Trace Elements (TE) in the blood of gull (yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis and Audouin's gull Ichthyaetus audouinii) and shearwater (Cory's shearwater Calonectris borealis) adults, breeding in five colonies along the Portuguese coastline. Additionally, stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were quantified to elucidate foraging habitat and trophic ecology of adults, to identify potential patterns of TE contamination among colonies. We used immuno-haematological parameters as response variables to assess the influence of TE concentrations, stable isotope values, and breeding colony on adults' physiological and health condition. Remarkably, we found blood mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) concentrations to exceed reported toxicity thresholds in 25% and 13% of individuals, respectively, raising ecotoxicological concerns for these populations. The breeding colony was the primary factor explaining variation in five out of six models, underlining the influence of inherent species needs on immuno-haematological parameters. Model selection indicated a negative relationship between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and both Hg and selenium (Se) concentrations, but a positive relationship with δ13C. The number of immature erythrocyte counts was positively related to Hg and Se, particularly in yellow-legged gulls from one colony, highlighting the colony-site context's influence on haematological parameters. Further research is needed to determine whether essential TE concentrations, particularly copper (Cu) and Se, are falling outside the normal range for seabirds or meet species-specific requirements. Continuous monitoring of non-essential TE concentrations like aluminium (Al), Hg, and Pb, is crucial due to their potential hazardous concentrations, as observed in our study colonies.

Total Synthesis of a Peptide Diatom Sex Pheromone Bearing a Sulfated Aspartic Acid.

The peptide sex-inducing pheromone SIP+ (1) bearing an unusual sulfated aspartic acid residue induces sexual reproduction in diatom populations. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of SIP+ using both a sulfated building block approach and a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)-compatible late-stage sulfation strategy to assemble the natural product. The modular approaches provide concise routes to useful quantities of the natural product for future structure activity relationship studies examining the role of SIP+ in diatom biology.

PD-L1 and nectin-4 expression and genomic characterization of bladder cancer with divergent differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer with divergent differentiation (BCDD) comprises a heterogenous group of tumors with a poor prognosis, and differential expression of nectin-4 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has been reported in BCDD. Importantly, nectin-4 expression in bladder cancer is associated with response to enfortumab vedotin, and PD-L1 expression is associated with responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review identifying 117 patients with advanced or metastatic BCDD who were treated at Winship Cancer Institute from 2011 to 2021. They performed immunohistochemistry staining for nectin-4 and PD-L1 expression by histologic subtype as well as genomic analysis of these patients, including RNA sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and fusion detection analysis as well as a subgroup genomic analysis of patients with BCDD who received ICIs. RESULTS: The results indicated that nectin-4 expression was highest in the groups who had the squamous and plasmacytoid subtypes, whereas the group that had the sarcomatoid subtype (70.8%) had the highest proportion of PD-L1-positive patients. Genomic analysis yielded several key findings, including a 50% RB1 mutation rate in patients who had small cell BCDD, targetable PIK3CA mutations across multiple subtypes of BCDD, and significantly higher expression of TEC in responders to ICIs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the authors identified clinically relevant data on nectin-4 and PD-L1 expression in patients with rare bladder tumors. They also identified several novel findings in the genomic analysis that highlight the role of precision medicine in this population of patients. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate these hypothesis-generating data.

Cognitive inflexibility moderates the relationship between relief-driven drinking motives and alcohol use.

Introduction: Drinking motives and neurocognition play significant roles in predicting alcohol use. There is limited research examining how relief-driven drinking motives interact with neurocognition in alcohol use, which would help to elucidate the neurocognitive-motivational profiles most susceptible to harmful drinking. This study investigated the interactions between neurocognition (response inhibition and cognitive flexibility) and relief-driven drinking, in predicting problem drinking. Methods: Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption items (AUDIT-C) to measure drinking behaviour, and online cognitive tasks, including the Value-Modulated Attentional Capture and Reversal Task (VMAC-R) and the Stop Signal Task (SST). The sample (N = 368) were individuals who drink alcohol, which included a subsample (N = 52) with problematic drinking, as defined by self-identifying as having a primary drinking problem. Drinking motives were assessed using a binary coping question in the overall sample, and the Habit, Reward, and Fear Scale (HRFS) in the subsample. Moderation analyses were conducted to investigate whether cognitive flexibility and response inhibition moderated relationships between relief-driven motives and drinking. Results: Cognitive flexibility moderated the relationship between relief-driven motives and drinking (overall sample: ß = 13.69, p = 0.017; subsample: ß = 1.45, p = 0.013). Greater relief-driven motives were associated with heavier drinking for individuals with low cognitive flexibility. There was no significant interaction between response inhibition and relief-driven motives. Conclusions: Relief-driven drinking motives interact with cognitive inflexibility to drive heavier drinking. Greater understanding of these neurocognitive-motivational mechanisms may help to develop more targeted and effective interventions for reducing harmful drinking.

REV1 coordinates a multi-faceted tolerance response to DNA alkylation damage and prevents chromosome shattering in Drosophila melanogaster.

When replication forks encounter damaged DNA, cells utilize damage tolerance mechanisms to allow replication to proceed. These include translesion synthesis at the fork, postreplication gap filling, and template switching via fork reversal or homologous recombination. The extent to which these different damage tolerance mechanisms are utilized depends on cell, tissue, and developmental context-specific cues, the last two of which are poorly understood. To address this gap, we have investigated damage tolerance responses in Drosophila melanogaster. We report that tolerance of DNA alkylation damage in rapidly dividing larval tissues depends heavily on translesion synthesis. Furthermore, we show that the REV1 protein plays a multi-faceted role in damage tolerance in Drosophila. Larvae lacking REV1 are hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and have highly elevated levels of γ-H2Av (Drosophila γ-H2AX) foci and chromosome aberrations in MMS-treated tissues. Loss of the REV1 C-terminal domain (CTD), which recruits multiple translesion polymerases to damage sites, sensitizes flies to MMS. In the absence of the REV1 CTD, DNA polymerases eta and zeta become critical for MMS tolerance. In addition, flies lacking REV3, the catalytic subunit of polymerase zeta, require the deoxycytidyl transferase activity of REV1 to tolerate MMS. Together, our results demonstrate that Drosophila prioritize the use of multiple translesion polymerases to tolerate alkylation damage and highlight the critical role of REV1 in the coordination of this response to prevent genome instability.

Treatment of varicose veins using the Cryo laser after foam technique.

Sclerotherapy is the treatment of choice for telangiectasias and reticular veins. The most common side effects of this procedure are hyperpigmentation and matting, which are feared owing to their aesthetic damage and difficulty of treatment. Combined treatments with laser and hypertonic glucose sclerotherapy have been described with excellent results, but limited to treatment of veins of ≤2 mm in diameter. Cryo laser after foam sclerotherapy is a procedure to treat reticular veins in the lower extremities that utilizes first foam sclerotherapy with polidocanol than immediately followed by transdermal Nd:YAG 1064 laser treatment and we can treat veins ≤5 mm. This report presents a successful case of varicose vein treatment using combined transdermal laser and sclerotherapy with foam sclerotherapy with polidocanol to treat veins >2.5 mm in diameter.

Proposal for an optimised definition of adverse pathology (unfavourable histology) that predicts metastatic risk in prostatic adenocarcinoma independent of grade group and pathological stage.

AIMS: Histological grading of prostate cancer is a powerful prognostic tool, but current criteria for grade assignment are not fully optimised. Our goal was to develop and test a simplified histological grading model, based heavily on large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma, with optimised sensitivity for predicting metastatic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two separate non-overlapping cohorts were identified: a 419-patient post-radical prostatectomy cohort with long term clinical follow-up and a 209-patient post-radical prostatectomy cohort in which all patients had pathologically confirmed metastatic disease. All prostatectomies were re-reviewed for high-risk histological patterns of carcinoma termed 'unfavourable histology'. Unfavourable histology is defined by any classic Gleason pattern 5 component, any large cribriform morphology (> 0.25 mm) or intraductal carcinoma, complex intraluminal papillary architecture, grade 3 stromogenic carcinoma and complex anastomosing cord-like growth. For the outcome cohort, Kaplan-Meier analysis compared biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death between subjects with favourable and unfavourable histology, stratified by pathological stage and grade group. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated adding unfavourable histology to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) post-prostatectomy nomogram and stratification by percentage of unfavourable histology. At 15 years unfavourable histology predicted biochemical recurrence, with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 88%, metastatic disease at 100 and 48% and death at 100 and 46%. Grade group 2 prostate cancers with unfavourable histology were associated with metastasis independent of pathological stage, while those without had no risk. Histological models for prediction of metastasis based on only large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma or increasing diameter of cribriform size improved specificity, but with lower sensitivity. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models demonstrated that unfavourable histology significantly improved discriminatory power of the MSKCC post-prostatectomy nomogram for biochemical failure (likelihood ratio test P < 0.001). In the retrospective review of a separate RP cohort in which all patients had confirmed metastatic disease, none had unequivocal favourable histology. CONCLUSIONS: Unfavourable histology at radical prostatectomy is associated with metastatic risk, predicted adverse outcomes better than current grading and staging systems and improved the MSKCC post-prostatectomy nomogram. Most importantly, unfavourable histology stratified grade group 2 prostate cancers into those with and without metastatic potential, independent of stage. While unfavourable histology is driven predominantly by large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma, the recognition and inclusion of other specific architectural patterns add to the sensitivity for predicting metastatic disease. Moreover, a simplified dichotomous model improves communication and could increase implementation.

Perineural Invasion is an Important Prognostic Factor in Patients With Radically Resected (R0) and Node-negative (pN0) Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between perineural invasion (PNI) and overall survival (OS) in a nationwide cohort of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), stratified for margin negative (R0) or positive (R1) resection and absence or presence of lymph node metastasis (pN0 or pN1-N2, respectively). BACKGROUND: Patients with R0 and pN0 resected PDAC have a relatively favorable prognosis. As PNI is associated with worse OS, this might be a useful factor to provide further prognostic information for patients counselling. METHODS: A nationwide observational cohort study was performed including all patients who underwent PDAC resection in the Netherlands (2014-2019) with complete information on relevant pathological features (PNI, R status, and N status). OS was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox-proportional hazard analyses were performed to calculate hazard ratio's (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: In total, 1630 patients were included with a median follow-up of 43 (interquartile range 33-58) months. PNI was independently associated with worse OS in both R0 patients (HR 1.49 [95%CI 1.18-1.88]; P<0.001) and R1 patients (HR 1.39 [95% CI 1.06-1.83]; P=0.02), as well as in pN0 patients (HR 1.75 [95%CI 1.27-2.41]; P<0.001) and pN1-N2 patients (HR 1.35 [95% CI 1.10-1.67]; P<0.01). In 315 patients with R0N0, multivariable analysis showed that PNI was the strongest predictor of OS (HR 2.24 [95% CI 1.52-3.30]; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: PNI is strongly associated with worse survival in patients with resected PDAC, in particular in patients with relatively favorable pathological features. These findings may aid patient stratification and counselling and help guide treatment strategies.

Identifying Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a Public Health Concern and Opportunity.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders with significant individual and societal negative impacts of the disorder continuing into adulthood (Danielson et al. in Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, in press; Landes and London in Journal of Attention Disorders 25:3-13, 2021). Genetic and environmental risk (e.g., modifiable exposures such as prenatal tobacco exposure and child maltreatment) for ADHD is likely multifactorial (Faraone et al. in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 128:789-818, 2021). However, the evidence for potentially modifiable contextual risks is spread across studies with different methodologies and ADHD criteria limiting understanding of the relationship between early risk factors and later childhood ADHD. Using common methodology across six meta-analyses (Bitsko et al. in Prevention Science, 2022; Claussen et al. in Prevention Science 1-23, 2022; Dimitrov et al. in Prevention Science, 2023; Maher et al. in Prevention Science, 2023; Robinson, Bitsko et al. in Prevention Science, 2022; So et al. in Prevention Science, 2022) examining 59 risk factors for childhood ADHD, the papers in this special issue use a public health approach to address prior gaps in the literature. This introductory paper provides examples of comprehensive public health approaches focusing on policy, systems, and environmental changes across socio-ecological contexts to improve health and wellbeing through prevention, early intervention, and support across development using findings from these meta-analyses. Together, the findings from these studies and a commentary by an author independent from the risk studies have the potential to minimize risk conditions, prioritize prevention efforts, and improve the long-term health and wellbeing of children and adults with ADHD.

The EORTC QLU-C10D is a valid cancer-specific preference-based measure for cost-utility and health technology assessment in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Cost-utility analysis typically relies on preference-based measures (PBMs). While generic PBMs are widely used, disease-specific PBMs can capture aspects relevant for certain patient populations. Here the EORTC QLU-C10D, a cancer-specific PBM based on the QLQ-C30, is validated using Dutch trial data with the EQ-5D-3L as a generic comparator measure. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from four Dutch randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comprising the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the EQ-5D-3L. Respective Dutch value sets were applied. Correlations between the instruments were calculated for domains and index scores. Bland-Altman plots and intra-class correlations (ICC) displayed agreement between the measures. Independent and paired t-tests, effect sizes and relative validity indices were used to determine the instruments' performance in detecting clinically known-group differences and health changes over time. RESULTS: We analysed data from 602 cancer patients from four different trials. In overall, the EORTC QLU-C10D showed good relative validity with the EQ-5D-3L as a comparator (correlations of index scores r = 0.53-0.75, ICCs 0.686-0.808, conceptually similar domains showed higher correlations than dissimilar domains). Most importantly, it detected 63% of expected clinical group differences and 50% of changes over time in patients undergoing treatment. Both instruments showed poor performance in survivors. Detection rate and measurement efficiency were clearly higher for the QLU-C10D than for the EQ-5D-3L. CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch EORTC QLU-C10D showed good comparative validity in patients undergoing treatment. Our results underline the benefit that can be achieved by using a cancer-specific PBM for generating health utilities for cancer patients from a measurement perspective.

Multiple genetic loci influence vaccine-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse mice.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) infection leads to over 1.5 million deaths annually, despite widespread vaccination with BCG at birth. Causes for the ongoing tuberculosis endemic are complex and include the failure of BCG to protect many against progressive pulmonary disease. Host genetics is one of the known factors implicated in susceptibility to primary tuberculosis, but less is known about the role that host genetics plays in controlling host responses to vaccination against M.tb. Here, we addressed this gap by utilizing Diversity Outbred (DO) mice as a small animal model to query genetic drivers of vaccine-induced protection against M.tb. DO mice are a highly genetically and phenotypically diverse outbred population that is well suited for fine genetic mapping. Similar to outcomes in people, our previous studies demonstrated that DO mice have a wide range of disease outcomes following BCG vaccination and M.tb. challenge. In the current study, we used a large population of BCG-vaccinated/M.tb.-challenged mice to perform quantitative trait loci mapping of complex infection traits; these included lung and spleen M.tb. burdens, as well as lung cytokines measured at necropsy. We found sixteen chromosomal loci associated with complex infection traits and cytokine production. QTL associated with bacterial burdens included a region encoding major histocompatibility antigens that are known to affect susceptibility to tuberculosis, supporting validity of the approach. Most of the other QTL represent novel associations with immune responses to M.tb. and novel pathways of cytokine regulation. Most importantly, we discovered that protection induced by BCG is a multigenic trait, in which genetic loci harboring functionally-distinct candidate genes influence different aspects of immune responses that are crucial collectively for successful protection. These data provide exciting new avenues to explore and exploit in developing new vaccines against M.tb.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Endemic Mycoses After Solid Organ Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review.

Background: Geographically endemic fungi can cause significant disease among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We provide an update on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of 5 endemic mycoses in SOT recipients. Methods: Multiple databases were reviewed from inception through May 2023 using key words for endemic fungi (eg, coccidioidomycosis or Coccidioides, histoplasmosis or Histoplasma, etc). We included adult SOT recipients and publications in English or with English translation. Results: Among 16 cohort studies that reported on blastomycosis (n = 3), coccidioidomycosis (n = 5), histoplasmosis (n = 4), and various endemic mycoses (n = 4), the incidence rates varied, as follows: coccidioidomycosis, 1.2%-5.8%; blastomycosis, 0.14%-0.99%; and histoplasmosis, 0.4%-1.1%. There were 204 reports describing 268 unique cases of endemic mycoses, including 172 histoplasmosis, 31 blastomycosis, 34 coccidioidomycosis, 6 paracoccidioidomycosis, and 25 talaromycosis cases. The majority of patients were male (176 of 261 [67.4%]). Transplanted allografts were mostly kidney (192 of 268 [71.6%]), followed by liver (n = 39 [14.6%]), heart (n = 18 [6.7%]), lung (n = 13 [4.9%]), and combined kidney-liver and kidney-pancreas (n = 6 [2.7%]). In all 5 endemic mycoses, most patients presented with fever (162 of 232 [69.8%]) and disseminated disease (179 of 268 [66.8%]). Cytopenias were frequently reported for histoplasmosis (71 of 91 [78.0%]), coccidioidomycosis (8 of 11 [72.7%]) and talaromycosis (7 of 8 [87.5%]). Graft loss was reported in 12 of 136 patients (8.8%). Death from all-causes was reported in 71 of 267 (26.6%); half of the deaths (n = 34 [50%]) were related to the underlying mycoses. Conclusions: Endemic mycoses commonly present with fever, cytopenias and disseminated disease in SOT recipients. There is a relatively high all-cause mortality rate, including many deaths that were attributed to endemic mycoses.

Applying the Somatic Symptom Disorder Diagnosis to Individuals with Fibromyalgia: Strengths and Limitations.

Amidst broad changes to the somatic disorder diagnoses, DSM-IV pain disorder was absorbed into DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as a specifier. However, clinical research testing of its use for the chronic pain population has been limited and its utility remains inconclusive. Using the exemplar of fibromyalgia, this article evaluates the validity, reliability, clinical utility, and acceptability of the SSD pain specifier. The diagnosis appears to have moderate validity but low specificity for the fibromyalgia population. The pain specifier has neither undergone sufficient field testing nor been evaluated for use by medical providers, with available data suggesting low reliability. Further research is needed to establish clinical utility via assessment of differential treatment outcomes. Concerns about social, legal, and economic consequences of classifying pain patients with a mental health diagnosis are outstanding. The current SSD criteria should be used with caution among the fibromyalgia patient population until its application for chronic pain has been further researched.

Associations between fears related to safety during sleep and self-reported sleep in men and women living in a low-socioeconomic status setting.

South Africans living in low socioeconomic areas have self-reported unusually long sleep durations (approximately 9-10 h). One hypothesis is that these long durations may be a compensatory response to poor sleep quality as a result of stressful environments. This study aimed to investigate whether fear of not being safe during sleep is associated with markers of sleep quality or duration in men and women. South Africans (n = 411, 25-50 y, 57% women) of African-origin living in an urban township, characterised by high crime and poverty rates, participated in this study. Participants are part of a larger longitudinal cohort study: Modelling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS)-Microbiome. Customised questions were used to assess the presence or absence of fears related to feeling safe during sleep, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index were used to assess daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and insomnia symptom severity respectively. Adjusted logistic regression models indicated that participants who reported fears related to safety during sleep were more likely to report poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) compared to participants not reporting such fears and that this relationship was stronger among men than women. This is one of the first studies outside American or European populations to suggest that poor quality sleep is associated with fear of personal safety in low-SES South African adults.

Measurement of body composition in postpartum South African women living with and without HIV infection.

Background: While several methodologies are available to measure adiposity, few have been validated in sub-Saharan African (SSA) and none in postpartum African women living with HIV (WLHIV). We compared bioelectrical impendence analysis (BIA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) against dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in South African women and examined differences by HIV and body mass index (BMI) status. Methods: Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) test was used to examine fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), and total body fat percent (%BF) difference between BIA vs. DXA, and ADP vs. DXA in women living with HIV (n = 57) and without HIV (n = 25). The Bland Altman test was used to assess mean differences and the direction of bias. Results: The median age was 31 years (IQR, 26-35) and months postpartum were 11 (IQR, 7-16), 44% of the women had obesity. Lin's CCC for BIA and ADP vs. DXA were both 0.80 for %BF and 0.97 for FM, and 0.86 and 0.80 for FFM, respectively. Mean differences (DXA-BIA and ADP estimates) were 0.22 ± 4.54% (p = 0.54) and 3.35 ± 3.27% (p < 0.01) for %BF, -0.82 ± 3.56 kg (p = 0.06) and 1.43 ± 2.68 kg (p = 0.01) for FM, -1.38 ± 3.61 kg (p = 0.01) and - 3.34 ± 2.37 kg (p < 0.01) for FFM, respectively. BIA overestimated %BF in WLHIV and underestimated it in women with obesity. Conclusion: Body composition measurements using BIA and ADP correlated well with DXA, thereby providing alternative, safe tools for measuring postpartum FM and FFM in SSA women, including WLHIV.

Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation Among COVID-19 Recovered Patients in a Single Transplant Center.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly lowered kidney transplantation (KT) rates worldwide, and studies regarding outcomes of patients who developed COVID-19 infection before KT are limited, especially in low to middle-income countries. BACKGROUND: To determine the 1-year graft and patient survival of kidney transplant recipients who recovered from COVID-19 infection before KT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all adult end-stage renal disease patients who underwent KT at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute from June 2020 through October 2021. Transplant parameters, graft and patient survival, pretransplant COVID-19 infection, and post-KT infectious complications were recorded. Data was analyzed using two-tailed descriptive statistical tests. RESULTS: Of the 219 recipients, 23 (11%) had COVID-19 infection within 1 to 16 months before KT. The mean age of KT recipients was 36 years (range, 25-57), and 61.9% had chronic glomerulonephritis as primary renal disease. The mean duration from COVID-19 recovery to KT was 79 days (range, 21-207). There was no significant difference in the 1-year biopsy-proven acute rejection in the 2 groups, at 4.5% vs 12.5% for the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 group, respectively. Both the 1-year graft and patient survival were similar in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups at 98.4% vs 100% and 100% vs 98.44%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in biopsy-proven acute rejection, 1-year graft, and patient survival among patients who had a prior COVID-19 infection vs those who did not. Kidney transplantation appears safe when performed at least 1 month from COVID-19 infection.