Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Sous-Vide Beef Marinated with Kiwiberry Fruit Pulp: Effects of Level Addition and Refrigerated Storage.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. 'Ananasnaya') fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage.

In vitro anticholinergic and antiglycaemic properties of frost-hardy Actinidia fruit extracts and their polyphenol profile, L-ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Actinidia arguta ('Weiki', 'Skarlet September Kiwi') and Actinidia kolomikta ('Lande') fruit extracts against advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The extracts were also tested regarding polyphenol profile and Lascorbic acid content (UHPLC-DAD-MS), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS). 'Scarlet September Kiwi' showed the strongest anti-AGEs activity studied with BSAGLU (IC50 = 2.68) and BSA-MGO (IC50 = 18.06) models. The highest anti-AChE activity was found for the 'Lande' extract (IC50 = 4.56). 'Lande' showed the highest L-ascorbic acid content (8271.96 µg/g dw), ABTS (312.42 µmol TE/g dw) and DPPH (282.01 µmol TE/g dw) values. 'Scarlet September Kiwi' revealed the highest individual phenolics concentration (2321.43 µg/g dw). The contents of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid were significantly correlated with anti-AChE activity. This research sheds new light on the bioactivity of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia kolomikta fruit elucidating the role of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid in prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

An Efficient Method of Pennisetum × advena 'Rubrum' Plantlets Production Using the Temporary Immersion Bioreactor Systems and Agar Cultures.

The aim of this study is to develop an efficient method for micropropagation of Pennisetum × advena 'Rubrum'. Agar cultures containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BAP) in various concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L) and a temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS) using liquid medium MS with an addition of 1 mg/L BAP were tested. Rooting was performed using ½ MS medium supplemented with different auxin combinations (indole-3-butyric acid IBA and α-naphthalene acetic acid NAA) and activated charcoal. The TIS method was found to be the most efficient, producing 36.9 new plants within four weeks. The resulting plantlets were thin and bright green in color, with no signs of hyperhydricity. The most suitable agar medium yielded 19.5 new plants within eight weeks. For rooting, ½ MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L NAA exhibited an 84% rooting rate, whereas the addition of activated charcoal inhibited rooting.

Variation of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) in a Three-Year Study.

The quality of fruit as a source of bioactive ingredients is related to the genetic characteristics of plants, but it can also be modified by growing conditions. Therefore, long-term research can be extremely valuable in evaluating various crop plants, especially novel ones. The aim of the research was to test four popular European kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) cultivars ('Geneva', 'Bingo', 'Weiki', 'Anna') in terms of selected morphological features, yield, and chemical composition as well as their variability over 3 years. It can be concluded that the studied genotypes were very diverse in terms of the biochemical compounds' concentration in individual seasons. The cultivars 'Anna' and 'Weiki' were the most similar ones with respect to each other in terms of morphology and chemical composition. The cultivars 'Bingo' and 'Geneva' were definitely different. 'Bingo' was characterized by the largest and most uniform fruits in each season and had the highest concentration of vitamin C but the lowest carotenoid concentration. In turn, 'Geneva' produced the smallest fruit in each season with the highest concentration of polyphenols and a high concentration of carotenoids and displayed the highest antioxidant capacity regardless of the determination method. The research was performed with the application of computer-supported statistical analysis.

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Kiwiberries (Actinidia arguta) Exposed to High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing by HS-SPME/GC-MS.

HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis was carried out to characterize the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in kiwiberry cultivars (Geneva and Weiki) exposed to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (450-550-650/5 and 15 min). The sum of individual VOCs in Geneva (6.493 mg/kg) and Weiki (11.939 mg/kg) samples was found to be significantly reduced after processing, particularly for pressurization conditions of 650 MPa/15 min (decrease of 62%) and 550 MPa/15 min (decrease of 84%), respectively. On the other hand, Geneva and Weiki exposed to 450 MPa/5 min manifested the lowest loss in the sum of the VOCs. Geneva exposure to 450 MPa/5 min led to an increase in the hexanal (r = 0.782) and linalool (r = 0.806) content. Sample pressurization (450 MPa/15 min) promoted the formation of methyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and cis-geraniol, simultaneously increasing the benzaldehyde (r = 0.886) concentration. However, the treatment of Weiki at 450 MPa/5 min favored trans-2-heptenal (r = 0.999) and linalool (r = 0.970) formation, as well as the (-)-terpinen-4-ol (r = 0.848) and geraniol (r = 0.694) content. Ethyl butanoate, hexanal, and 1-octen-3-ol were highly concentrated in the HHP-treated (450 MPa/5 or 15 min) Weiki. Pressurization decreased the terpenoid contribution, but also increased the contribution of alcohols and aldehydes to the overall VOC number in both tested cultivars.

Bioavailability of Macro- and Microelements in Rats Fed Hypercholesterolemic Diets Containing Actinidia arguta Fruits.

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different cultivars of Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) on the bioavailability of mineral elements and to examine the mineral profile of rats fed atherogenic diets enriched with kiwiberries. The following cultivars of Actinidia arguta were used: Bingo, M1, Anna, Weiki, Jumbo, and Geneva. Kiwiberry has recently become popular in the market. It is a precious source of biologically active components, vitamins, and minerals. The livers, spleens, and kidneys were examined for mineral contents using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The bioavailability of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu was evaluated. The addition of kiwiberries in atherogenic diets increased the contents of Fe in the rat liver. The bioavailability of Mn, Zn, and Cu, calculated on the basis of the contents in the livers, was significantly decreased in rats fed diets with 5% additional kiwiberries. We supposed that the effect of kiwiberry on the bioavailability of the studied minerals may be related to the diet components of bioactive substances present in fruits (polyphenols, vitamins, dietary fiber, and tannins).

Innovation as a Factor Increasing Fruit Consumption: The Case of Poland.

Due to the low level of fruit consumption in relation to dietary recommendations in many European countries, including Poland, multidirectional actions should be taken to increase the consumption of these products. One of the ideas could be the introduction of innovative products. The main goal of the study is to determine the relationship between consumer propensity to purchase innovative products and the frequency of consumption of fruits and their preserves of consumers. The research sample consisted of 600 respondents who declared to consume fruit and were responsible for food shopping in their households. The results obtained indicate that consumers with a higher propensity to purchase innovative products consumed fruit and fruit preserves more. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between innovators and non-innovators in terms of income, expenditures on fruit purchases, places where fruit and fruit preserves were purchased and product characteristics that determined the purchase decision. The logistic regression results indicate that a higher frequency of supermarket/hypermarket and online shopping, a higher weekly spending on fruit and a greater importance attributed to the biodegradability of the packaging increased the favorability of innovation relatively to fruit products (by 23.8%, 31.4%, 32.7% and 21.6%, respectively). The relationships found may have important implications for both private and public stakeholders in the fruit and vegetable sector.

The impact of high-pressure processing on the polyphenol profile and anti-glycaemic, anti-hypertensive and anti-cholinergic activities of extracts obtained from kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) fruits.

This study analysed the impact of high pressure processing (HHP) on the inhibitory effects (IC50) of kiwiberries (cv. 'Weiki'), on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the activity of angiotenisn-converting enzyme (ACE) and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The polyphenol profile (HPLC-MS/MS) and antioxidant capacity (PCLACW, ABTS, FRAP) were also studied. HHP-treated 'Weiki' (450 MPa/5 min and 650 MPa/5 min) was the most potent inhibitor of AGEs in the BSA-GLU model (6.52 mg/mL on average) relative to other materials (12.09-7.21 mg/mL). Among all samples assayed in the BSA-MGO model (61.97-14.48 mg/mL), HHP-treated 'Weiki' (450 MPa/5 min) showed the highest anti-AGE activity (12.37 mg/mL). Pressurization (450 MPa/5 min) significantly enhanced the anti-ACE (14.09 mg/mL) and anti-AChE (16.95 mg/mL) potentials of the tested extract relative to the other materials (23.75-14.50 mg/mL and 37.88-19.69 mg/mL, respectively). Pressurization increased polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the samples analysed.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Flowers of Different Actinidia Species.

Among the actinidia genus (Actinidia spp.) native to China, few species are grown commercially for their edible and healthy fruits. As they are dioecious plants, a lot of interest is paid to effective pollination and to insects as the most efficient pollinators. In this study we have concentrated on the composition of volatile compounds in male flowers of four different actinidia species (A. chinensis var. deliciosa, A. arguta, A. kolomikta and A. polygama) and on the diversity between male and female flower volatiles for the two most winter-hardy species (A. arguta and A. kolomikta) with growing commercial value. Analyses were provided using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 120 compounds were found in 15 actinidia genotypes. However, the number of identified compounds varied between species. Different main compounds or groups of volatile compounds characterised flowers of every species. Smaller differences were observed between male and female flowers of the same species. Our results suggest that actinidia flowers could be attractive to pollinating insects.

Bioactive compounds, total antioxidant capacity and yield of kiwiberry fruit under different nitrogen regimes in field conditions.

BACKGROUND: Actinidia arguta known as the 'kiwiberry' or 'mini kiwi' is relatively new among the cultivated berry species. Recent studies indicate the kiwiberry fruit could be an important source of many health-promoting compounds. A knowledge-based fertilisation concept was evolved to define optimal strategies for feeding Actinidia with nitrogen (N) because a deficit and excess of N both have a negative impact on plants and the surrounding environment. RESULTS: Kiwiberry yield and fruit internal quality significantly depended on soil N level, cultivar and growing season. A higher soil N led to an increase in carotenoid content and a decrease in phenolic content, whereas ascorbic acid and glutathione contents were not affected by soil N fertility. Under the highest N dose, enzymatic antioxidants were activated. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity clearly decreased with an increasing N level. CONCLUSIONS: Competent and skilful fertilisation management should focus on balancing a high fruit yield and maintaining their high quality. Based on yield level and fruit antioxidant potential, the N guide values for A. arguta vary between 30 and 50 mg N per kg-1 of soil. The recommended N dose may depend on overall soil quality traits and cultivar N demand, as well as on weather conditions. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mass Transfer in Osmotic Dehydration of Kiwiberry: Experimental and Mathematical Modelling Studies.

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of osmotic solutions and temperature on the osmotic dehydration (OD) of two cultivars of kiwiberry. OD was carried out in sucrose, xylitol and maltitol solutions at 30 °C and 50 °C, respectively. The process of osmotic dehydration was described by the means of water loss (WL), solid gain (SG), weight reduction (WR), and water content changes. Moreover, dehydration was described by mathematical models often used in the literature. The highest WL, WR and SG values were observed for samples treated by xylitol and maltitol at 50 °C. The statistical analysis of the mathematical modelling of the process showed that in most cases, the Peleg's equation exhibits better fitting for the experimental data.

The Nutritional and Health Benefits of Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) - a Review.

The kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) is a new product on the market that is enjoying growing consumer acceptance around the world. This widespread interest has created increased demand for identification of the kiwiberry's nutritional health benefits. Containing over 20 essential nutrients and a range of vitamins, the kiwiberry comes near the top of fruits classed as superfoods. It is one of the richest sources of vitamin C with up to 430 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) and is considered the richest dietary source of myo-inositol (up to 982 mg/100 g FW). The kiwiberry is also one of the richest sources of lutein (up to 0.93 mg/100 g FW) in commonly consumed fruit. Furthermore, containing up to 1301.1 mg/100 g FW phenolics and significant amounts of the essential minerals of potassium, calcium and zinc, the kiwiberry rates very highly as a 'healthy food'. The type and number of this fruit's medicinally promising nutrients have motivated ongoing investigations into its antioxidant, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory properties. Early research has pointed to the kiwiberry being a very promising treatment for some cancers and health issues involving the gastrointestinal system, hypercholesterolemia and certain cancers. A pharmaceutical composition of A. arguta, A. kolomikta, and A. polygama extracts has already been registered for the prevention and treatment of some immune (inflammatory) mediated diseases, as well as the treatment of some non-allergic inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews and highlights the limited nutritional and therapeutic information currently available on the kiwiberry, a minor fruit possessing such major properties.

Actinidia arguta supplementation protects aorta and liver in rats with induced hypercholesterolemia.

There are no published results focusing on the study of hardy kiwifruit as a supplementation to the atherogenic diet. We hypothesized that hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta (A. arguta)) from Poland possess better pro-healthy action than two Asian varieties (Hayward and Bidan). We tested this hypothesis by measuring the metabolic reactions of rats loaded with 1% cholesterol and supplemented with 5% of hardy kiwifruit (A. arguta), Hayward, or Bidan in their diets. The experiment was performed on 71 male Wistar rats. Cholesterol showed a significant impact on the rise of liver somatic index, while lipid profile improved by decreasing the levels of TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, AI, TG, and increasing HDL-C in the serum of rats (P<.05). Total plasma antioxidant capacity determined by ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays was increased. ALP in rat serum was higher in groups receiving cholesterol diets and kiwifruit. A decrease in fibrinogen as well as prolonged prothrombin time and a reduction of the MPO in serum were estimated. The smallest percentage of lesions in the aortic arch was in the ChGeneva, ChWeiki, and ChAnna. Similarly, the smallest fatty liver disease was recorded in the ChGeneva and ChAnna groups. The distribution of lipids in the liver from these groups had a character of "mosaic," in hardy/mini kiwifruit (Jumbo), Hayward, and Bidan was distributed uniformly. The longest villi were in ChWeiki, and significantly lower in ChHayward and ChBidan. The present results support our hypothesis that A. arguta showed better pro-health impacts in rats loaded with cholesterol than Hayward and Bidan kiwifruit, and, for the first time, the positive nutritional effects of supplemented A. arguta for hypercholesterolemia are noted.

Bioactivity and nutritional properties of hardy kiwi fruit Actinidia arguta in comparison with Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' and Actinidia eriantha 'Bidan'.

The aim of this research is to identify and compare the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacities and binding potentials to human protein in different varieties of hardy kiwi (Actinidia (A.) arguta), 'Hayward' (Actinidia deliciosa) and less - known 'Bidan' (Actinidia eriantha). Polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin and dietary fibers were significantly higher in cultivar 'M1' among the A. arguta than in 'Hayward'. The binding properties of studied kiwi fruits were determined by interaction of polyphenols with human serum albumin (HSA). An internal standard FTIR technique allowed the quantitative comparison of specific IR absorption bands (Amides I, II, III) of different kiwi fruit samples after interaction with HSA. It was shown that the antioxidant and binding capacities and FTIR quantitative estimations of A. arguta fruits were significantly higher than in 'Hayward', but lower than the 'Bidan'. In MS spectra were found some slight differences in A. arguta kiwis in comparison with 'Hayward' and 'Bidan'. Two A. arguta cultivars were similar to 'Bidan'. The interaction of polyphenols with HSA, evaluated by fluorometry/FTIR, made it possible to compare the bioactivity of different cultivars and families. In conclusion, for the first time fruits A. arguta, cultivated in Poland, were compared with widely consumed kiwi fruits, using advanced analytical methods. The high bioactivity and nutritional value of A. arguta fruits from Polish ecological plantation enables us to recommend them for marketing and consumption.

Clonal differences in antioxidant activity and bioactive constituents of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) and its year-to-year variability.

BACKGROUND: Hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) is a new species, commercially grown in recent years. Total phenolics (TPC), vitamin C (TAA) content, antioxidant activity (AA) and their year-to-year variability in seven hardy kiwifruit clones were evaluated. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. TAA was estimated by determination of l-ascorbic acid and l-dehydroascorbic acid levels using high-performance liquid chromatography. AA was measured using diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and OH radicals. RESULTS: The highest content of vitamin C, in all seasons, was found in D11 (1447-2181 mg kg(-1) fresh weight) and phenolics for D11 and M1 clones (2583-3312 and 2228-3414 mg gallic acid equivalents kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively). TPC and TAA content showed significant differences between hardy kiwifruit clones and showed significant year-to-year variability. Each year, the level of AA was significantly higher for D11 (DPPH, ABTS). AA was strongly correlated with TPC and TAA content in Actinidia fruit. CONCLUSION: Hardy kiwifruit are an important source of vitamin C and phenolics, which resulted in their good antioxidant potential. A significantly higher content of these compounds was found in fruit of hybrid origin, which suggests that A. purpurea × A. arguta clones may be useful genetic resources for further interspecific hybridization.

Antioxidant activity and chemical difference in fruit of different Actinidia sp.

The present research aimed at evaluating the vitamin C, total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, as well as antioxidant activity (AAC) of six Actinidia species fruit. Vitamin C, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and chlorophylls were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, and AAC using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The highest concentrations of vitamin C and TPC were found for Actinidia kolomikta fruit (1008.3 and 634.1 mg/100 g fresh weight [FW], respectively). Among phenolic compounds, seven phenolic acids and three flavonoids were identified. The 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid prevailed in A. kolomikta (425.54 mg/100 g FW), while tannic acid dominated in other species (4.63-100.43 mg/100 g FW). The largest amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids were identified as Actinidia macrosperma (4.02 and 2.09 mg/100 g FW, respectively). The AAC of fruit extracts decreased in the order of A. kolomikta > Actinidia purpurea > Actinidia melanandra > A. macrosperma > Actinidia arguta > Actinidia deliciosa according to the DPPH assay.