RESUMO
Trees in the genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) are known as lign aloes, and are native to the forests of southeast Asia. Lign aloes produce agarwood as an antimicrobial defence. Agarwood has a long history of cultural and medicinal use, and is of considerable commercial value. However, due to habitat destruction and over collection, lign aloes are threatened in the wild. We present a chromosomal-level assembly for Aquilaria sinensis, a lign aloe endemic to China known as the incense tree, based on Illumina short-read, 10X Genomics linked-read, and Hi-C sequencing data. Our 783.8 Mbp A. sinensis genome assembly is of high physical contiguity, with a scaffold N50 of 87.6 Mbp, and high completeness, with a 95.8% BUSCO score for eudicotyledon genes. We include 17 transcriptomes from various plant tissues, providing a total of 35,965 gene models. We reveal the first complete set of genes involved in sesquiterpenoid production, plant defence, and agarwood production for the genus Aquilaria, including genes involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids via the mevalonic acid (MVA), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP), and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. We perform a detailed repeat content analysis, revealing that transposable elements account for ~61% of the genome, with major contributions from gypsy-like and copia-like LTR retroelements. We also provide a comparative analysis of repeat content across sequenced species in the order Malvales. Our study reveals the first chromosomal-level genome assembly for a tree in the genus Aquilaria and provides an unprecedented opportunity to address a variety of applied, genomic and evolutionary questions in the Thymelaeaceae more widely.
Assuntos
Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Árvores/genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS), a Chinese herbal decoction comprising Astragali Radix (AR; Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR; Baizhu), and Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR; Fangfeng), has been used clinically to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Previously, we demonstrated a dual role of YPFS in regulating cytokine release in cultured macrophages. In this study, we elucidated the anti-inflammatory effect of YPFS that is mediated through modulating the expression of three key enzymes involved in IBD: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP). In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic-inflammation model of cultured murine macrophages, YPFS treatment suppressed the activation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, application of YPFS in cultured small intestinal enterocytes markedly induced the expression of IALP in a time-dependent manner, which might strengthen the intestinal detoxification system. A duality of YPFS in modulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2 was determined here. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages was induced by YPFS, and this activation was partially blocked by the NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082, indicating a role of NF-κB signaling. These YPFS-induced changes in gene regulation strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of YPFS are mediated through the regulation of inflammatory enzymes.
Assuntos
Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Enterócitos/citologia , Enterócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismoRESUMO
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as jujube or Chinese date, is commonly consumed as a health supplement or herbal medicine worldwide. To study the beneficial role of jujube in regulating immune response, we investigated its roles on the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophages. Application of chemically standardized jujube water extract for 24 h stimulated the transcriptional expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. In contrast, the pretreatment with jujube water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1ß and IL-6, but not for TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The IL-1ß and IL-6 cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages were suppressed by jujube water extract in both mRNA and protein levels. In parallel, the inhibition of jujube water extract on the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B was revealed in LPS-induced macrophages. These results verified the bidirectional immune-modulatory roles of jujube by regulating the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ziziphus/química , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Frutas/química , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Chinese date or jujube, is consumed as a health supplement worldwide. To study the role of jujube in brain benefits, its effects on neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells were studied. Application of jujube water extract induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, >25% of which were differentiated; this effect was similar to that of nerve growth factor. In parallel, the expressions of neurofilaments (NFs) in jujube-treated cultures showed a dose-dependent increase, with the highest inductions by â¼150% for NF68 and NF160 and by â¼100% for NF200. Application of H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, attenuated jujube-induced neurite outgrowth of the cultures. Besides, using jujube extract induced the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein on PC12 cells, which was blocked by H89. These results support the use of jujube as a food supplement for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases in which neurotrophin deficiency is involved.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/enzimologia , Ziziphus/química , Animais , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Células PC12 , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS), a Chinese herbal decoction, is composed of Astragali Radix (AR; Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR; Baizhu) and Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR; Fangfeng) in a weight ratio of 1â¶2â¶1. Clinically, YPFS has been widely used to regulate immune functions; however, the action mechanism of it is not known. Here, we addressed this issue by providing detail analyses of chemical and biological properties of YPFS. By using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, fifteen chemicals deriving from different herbs of YPFS were determined, and which served as a control for the standardization of the herbal extract of YPFS. In general, the amounts of chosen chemical markers were higher in a preparation of YPFS as compared to that of single herb or two-herb compositions. In order to reveal the immune functions of YPFS, the standardized extract was applied onto cultured murine macrophages. The treatment of YPFS stimulated the mRNA and protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines via activation of NF-κB by enhancing IκBα degradation. In contrast, the application of YPFS suppressed the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic inflammation model. In addition, YPFS could up regulate the phagocytic activity in cultured macrophages. These results therefore supported the bi-directional immune-modulatory roles of YPFS in regulating the releases of cytokines from macrophages.
Assuntos
Apiaceae/química , Atractylodes/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Macrófagos/patologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Chinese date, the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., has thousands of years cultivation history, and about 700 cultivars of dates in China. Two types of dates are commonly found in the market: (i) fresh immature dates consumed as fruits, and (ii) dried mature dates used as Chinese medicines. Here, chemical and biological properties of these dates were revealed. Different sources of dates showed similar chemical profiles; however, the amounts of identified chemicals showed a great variation. The amount of nucleotides, flavonoids and polysaccharides in dates could be affected by its maturity and drying process. In parallel, the antioxidative functions of their extracts were compared. The date extracts protected PC12 cells against tBHP-induced cytotoxicity, and which also stimulated the transcriptional activity of antioxidant response element. The antioxidative effects were varied among different dates. The current results suggested the optimization of sources and specific usage of different maturity dates.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ziziphus/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , China , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Controle de Qualidade , Ziziphus/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Roots of Angelica sinensis (Danggui) have been used in promoting blood circulation as herbal medicine for over 2000 years in China. Another species of Angelica roots called A. gigas is being used in Korea. To reveal the efficiency of different Angelica roots, the chemical and biological properties of Angelica roots from different cultivated regions were compared. Roots of A. sinensis contained higher levels of ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide, and senkyunolide A, while high amounts of butylphthalide and Z-butylenephthalide were found in A. gigas roots. The extracts deriving from A. gigas roots showed better effects in osteogenic and estrogenic properties than that of A. sinensis from China. However, this difference was markedly reduced when the Angelica roots were being prepared in a Chinese herbal decoction together with Astragali Radix as Danggui Buxue Tang. In contrast, the herbal decoction prepared from A. sinensis roots showed better responses in cell cultures. In addition, the extracts of A. gigas roots showed strong cell toxicity both as single herb and as Danggui Buxue Tang. This result revealed the distinct properties of Angelica roots from China and Korea suggesting the specific usage of herb in preparing a unique herbal decoction.
RESUMO
Si Wu Tang (Four Agents Decoction), a traditional Chinese decoction composed of Angelica Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, has been used to treat women's diseases for more than a thousand years. According to the original description of Si Wu Tang, Angelica Sinensis Radix should be treated with wine. However, the importance of this wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix in Si Wu Tang's function has not been identified. In this article, the chemical and biological properties of two decoctions processed in different ways (Si Wu Tang with crude Angelica Sinensis Radix and Si Wu Tang with wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix) were compared for examination. The herbal decoction Si Wu Tang prepared from wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix contained much different amounts of its active compounds. Compared with Si Wu Tang using crude Angelica Sinensis Radix, Si Wu Tang prepared from wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix had better biological responses. Therefore, these findings accentuate the functional importance of herbs treated with wine in the Chinese decoction.
Assuntos
Angelica sinensis/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Fitoterapia , Vinho , Saúde da Mulher , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Raízes de Plantas , CoelhosRESUMO
AIM: Fostamatinib (R788) is an orally dosed prodrug designed to deliver the active metabolite R940406 (R406), a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The objectives were to evaluate the human pharmacokinetic properties of fostamatinib and R406. METHOD: Three clinical studies were conducted in healthy subjects: (A) A single ascending dose study for R406 with doses ranging from 80-600 mg, (B) a single- and multiple-dose study of fostamatinib in aqueous suspension, with single doses ranging from 80-400 mg and multiple doses at 160 mg twice daily and (C) a study comparing suspension and tablet of fostamatinib, with the latter tested in both fed and fasted states. RESULTS: These studies demonstrated that when administered as a solution, R406 was rapidly absorbed. Increases in exposure were observed with doses up to 400 mg. A terminal half-life of 12-21 h was observed. Similar R406 exposure could be achieved with fostamatinib suspension and steady-state was achieved after 3-4 days following twice daily administration. Fostamatinib tablet and suspension exhibited similar R406 exposure. Upon co-administration with food, a delay in peak time and lower peak concentrations of R406 were observed but at the same time the overall exposure did not change. CONCLUSION: Fostamatinib demonstrates rapid and extensive conversion to R406, an inhibitor of SYK. Solid dosage forms of fostamatinib overcome the challenge of low aqueous solubility of R406. The PK profile of R406 could potentially allow once daily or twice daily oral administration of fostamatinib.
Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Oxazinas/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Aminopiridinas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Interações Alimento-Droga , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morfolinas , Oxazinas/administração & dosagem , Soluções Farmacêuticas , Pró-Fármacos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas , Suspensões , Quinase Syk , Comprimidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Flavonoids, a group of compounds mainly derived from vegetables and herbal medicines, share a chemical resemblance to estrogen, and indeed some of which have been used as estrogen substitutes. In searching for possible functions of flavonoids, the neuroprotective effect in brain could lead to novel treatment, or prevention, for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, different subclasses of flavonoids were analyzed for its inductive role in neurite outgrowth of cultured PC12 cells. Amongst the tested flavonoids, a flavonol aglycone, isorhamnetin that was isolated mainly from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. showed robust induction in the expression of neurofilament, a protein marker for neurite outgrowth, of cultured PC12 cells. Although isorhamnetin by itself did not show significant inductive effect on neurite outgrowth of cultured PC12 cells, the application of isorhamnetin potentiated the nerve growth factor- (NGF-)induced neurite outgrowth. In parallel, the expression of neurofilaments was markedly increased in the cotreatment of NGF and isorhamnetin in the cultures. The identification of these neurite-promoting flavonoids could be very useful in finding potential drugs, or food supplements, for treating various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and depression.
RESUMO
A microfluidic chip based nano-HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-HPLC-Chip-MS/MS) has been developed for simultaneous measurement of abused drugs and metabolites: cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, norcocaine, morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, phencyclidine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, MDEA, and methadone in the hair of drug abusers. The microfluidic chip was fabricated by laminating polyimide films and it integrated an enrichment column, an analytical column and a nanospray tip. Drugs were extracted from hairs by sonication, and the chromatographic separation was achieved in 15 min. The drug identification and quantification criteria were fulfilled by the triple quardropule tandem mass spectrometry. The linear regression analysis was calibrated by deuterated internal standards with all of the R(2) at least over 0.993. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were from 0.1 to 0.75 and 0.2 to 1.25 pg/mg, respectively. The validation parameters including selectivity, accuracy, precision, stability, and matrix effect were also evaluated here. In conclusion, the developed sample preparation method coupled with the nano-HPLC-Chip-MS/MS method was able to reveal the presence of drugs in hairs from the drug abusers, with the enhanced sensitivity, compared with the conventional HPLC-MS/MS.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cabelo/química , Drogas Ilícitas/análise , Microfluídica/métodos , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cabelo/metabolismo , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/metabolismo , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
Fo Shou San (FSS) is an ancient herbal decoction comprised of Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR; Chuanxiong) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR; Danggui) in a ratio of 2:3. Previous studies indicate that FSS promotes blood circulation and dissipates blood stasis, thus which is being used widely to treat vascular diseases. Here, we aim to determine the cellular mechanism for the vascular benefit of FSS. The treatment of FSS reversed homocysteine-induced impairment of acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings, isolated from rats. Like radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenger tempol, FSS attenuated homocysteine-stimulated ROS generation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and it also stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) as measured by fluorescence dye and biochemical assay. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of both Akt kinase and endothelial NO synthases (eNOS) were markedly increased by FSS treatment, which was abolished by an Akt inhibitor triciribine. Likewise, triciribine reversed FSS-induced NO production in HUVECs. Finally, FSS elevated intracellular Ca(2+) levels in HUVECs, and the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM inhibited the FSS-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation. The present results show that this ancient herbal decoction benefits endothelial function through increased activity of Akt kinase and eNOS; this effect is causally via a rise of intracellular Ca(2+) and a reduction of ROS.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Animais , Aorta/citologia , Aorta/efeitos dos fármacos , Aorta/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Cálcio/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Homocisteína/farmacologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/citologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/enzimologia , Humanos , Luminescência , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Fo Shou San (FSS) is an ancient herbal decoction composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR; Danggui) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR; Chuanxiong) in a ratio of 3:2. FSS is mainly prescribed for patients having a deficiency of blood supply, and it indeed has been shown to stimulate the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in cultured cells. In order to reveal the mechanism of this FSS-induced EPO gene expression, the upstream regulatory cascade, via hypoxia-induced signaling, was revealed here in cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B. The induction of EPO gene expression, triggered by FSS, was revealed in cultured hepatocytes by: (i) the increase of EPO mRNA; and (ii) the activation of the hypoxia response element (HRE), an upstream regulator of the EPO gene. The FSS-induced EPO gene expression was triggered by an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) protein; however, the mRNA expression of HIF-1 α was not altered by the treatment of FSS. The increased HIF-1 α was a result of reduced protein degradation after the FSS treatment. The current results therefore provide one of the molecular mechanisms of this ancient herbal decoction for its hematopoietic function.
Assuntos
Angelica , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Eritropoetina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Ligusticum , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Rizoma , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The roots of Angelica sinensis [Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR)] have been used as a common health food supplement for women's care for thousands of years in China. According to Asian tradition, ASR could be processed with the treatment of wine, which subsequently promoted the biological functions of ASR. By chemical and biological assessments, an orthogonal array design was employed here to determine the roles of three variable parameters in the processing of ASR, including oven temperature, baking time, and flipping frequency. The results suggested that oven temperature and baking time were two significant factors, while flipping frequency was a subordinate factor. The optimized condition of processing with wine therefore was considered to be heating in an oven at 80 °C for 90 min with flipping twice per hour. Under the optimized processing conditions, the solubilities of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide from ASR were markedly increased and decreased, respectively. In parallel, the biological functions of processed ASR were enhanced in both anti-platelet aggregation and estrogenic activation; these increased functions could be a result of the altered levels of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide in wine-processed ASR. Thus, the chemical and biological assessment of the processed ASR was in full accordance with the Chinese old tradition.
Assuntos
Angelica sinensis/química , Culinária/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Culinária/instrumentação , Humanos , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Coelhos , Temperatura , Vinho/análiseRESUMO
Radix Astragali (RA) is commonly used as a health food supplement to reinforce the body vital energy. Flavonoids, including formononetin, ononin, calycosin, and calycosin-7-O-ß-d-glucoside, are considered to be the major active ingredients within RA. Here, we provided different lines of evidence that the RA flavonoids stimulated the expression of erythropoietin (EPO), the central regulator of red blood cell mass, in cultured human embryonic kidney fibroblasts (HEK293T). A plasmid containing hypoxia response element (HRE), a critical regulator for EPO transcription, was tagged upstream of a firefly luciferase gene, namely, pHRE-Luc, which was being transfected into fibroblasts. The application of RA flavonoids onto the transfected cells induced the transcriptional activity of HRE. To account for the transcriptional activation after the treatment of flavonoids, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was markedly increased: The increase was in both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the degradation of HIF-1α was reduced under the effect of flavonoids. The regulation of HIF-1α therefore could account for the activation of EPO expression mediated by the RA flavonoids. The current results therefore reveal the function of this herb in enhancing hematopoietic functions.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Eritropoetina/genética , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Astrágalo/química , Astragalus propinquus , Linhagem Celular , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/análise , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , RNA Mensageiro/análise , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Fostamatinib (R788) is being investigated as an add-on therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX). This study evaluated the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between R788 and MTX. Sixteen RA subjects on a stable weekly MTX regimen were enrolled and received MTX on days 1 and 8. Twelve subjects received 100 mg of R788 orally, and 4 subjects received a matching placebo twice daily from days 4 to 8 and once daily on days 3 and 9. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 8 for MTX and 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), and days 3 and 9 for R788 and its active metabolite, R406. MTX and 7-OH-MTX pharmacokinetic parameters were similar on days 1 and 8. In the R788 group, the mean day 8 to day 1 ratios (90% confidence intervals) of maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve estimates were 1.01 (0.85-1.20) and 1.12 (0.90-1.40) for MTX and 1.06 (0.82-1.35) and 1.06 (0.83-1.36) for 7-OH-MTX, respectively. Urinary excretion of MTX and 7-OH-MTX was also similar with or without R788, averaging 58% to 69% and 4% to 5% of the MTX dose, respectively. The data suggest that there is no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction of R788 and MTX in RA patients.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Metotrexato/farmacocinética , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Oxazinas/farmacocinética , Oxazinas/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Aminopiridinas , Antirreumáticos/farmacocinética , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/enzimologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Interações Medicamentosas/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morfolinas , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Pirimidinas , Quinase SykRESUMO
An effective way to reveal the history of drug abuse is to determine the parental drug and its metabolites in hair. Here, a quantitative HPLC-Chip-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous measurement of ketamine and its metabolite norketamine in human hair. Ketamine and norketamine were extracted from hair by acid hydrolysis, and then enriched by organic solvent extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved in 15 min, with the drug identification and quantification by a tandem mass spectrometer. The linear regression analysis was calibrated by deuterated internal standards with a R(2) of over 0.996. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for ketamine and norketamine were 0.5 and 1 pg/mg of hair, respectively. The standard curves were linear from the value of LOQ up to 100 pg/mg of hair. The validation parameters including selectivity, accuracy, precision, stability and matrix effect were also determined. In conclusion, this method was able to reveal the present of ketamine and norketamine with less hair from the drug abusers, and which had the sensitivity of â¼1000-fold higher than the conventional method. In addition, the amount of ketamine and norketamine being detected in different hair segments would be useful in revealing the historical record of ketamine uptake in the drug abusers.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/análise , Cabelo/química , Ketamina/análogos & derivados , Ketamina/análise , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Toxicologia Forense , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/instrumentação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Ketamina/química , Limite de Detecção , Estrutura Molecular , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
Kaixinsan is an ancient Chinese herbal decoction mainly prescribed for patients suffering from mental depression. This decoction was created by Sun Si-miao of Tang Dynasty (A.D. 600) in ancient China, and was composed of four herbs: Radix and Rhizome Ginseng, Radix Polygalae, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii and Poria. Historically, this decoction has three different formulations, each recorded at a different point in time. In this study, the chemical compositions of all three Kaixinsan formulae were analyzed. By using rapid resolution LC coupled with a diode-array detector and an ESI triple quadrupole tandem MS (QQQ-MS/MS), the Radix and Rhizome Ginseng-derived ginsenosides including Rb(1), Rd, Re, Rg(1), the Radix Polygalae-derived 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose, the Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii-derived α- and ß-asarone and the Poria-derived pachymic acid were compared among the three different formulations. The results showed variations in the solubility of different chemicals between one formula and the others. This systematic method developed could be used for the quality assessment of this herbal decoction.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Controle de Qualidade , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: Danggui buxue tang (DBT), a Chinese medicinal decoction that is being commonly used as hematopoietic medicine to treating woman menopausal irregularity, contains two herbs: radix Astragali and radix Angelicae Sinensis. Pharmacological results indicate that DBT can stimulate the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a specific hematopoietic growth factor, in cultured cells. AIM OF THE STUDY: In order to reveal the mechanism of DBT's hematopoietic function, this study investigated the activity of the DBT-induced EPO expression and the upstream regulatory cascade of EPO via hypoxia-induced signaling in cultured kidney fibroblasts (HEK293T). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DBT-induced mRNA expressions were revealed by real-time PCR, while the change of protein expressions were analyzed by Western blotting. For the analysis of hypoxia-dependent signaling, a luciferase reporter was used to report the transcriptional activity of hypoxia response element (HRE). RESULTS: The plasmid containing HRE, being transfected into HEK293T, was highly responsive to the challenge of DBT application. To account for the transcriptional activation of HRE, DBT treatment was shown to increase the mRNA and protein expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In addition, the activation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway by DBT could also enhance the translation of HIF-1α, suggesting the dual actions of DBT in stimulating the EPO expression in kidney cells. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that HIF pathway plays an essential role in directing DBT-induced EPO expression in kidney. These results provide one of the molecular mechanisms of this ancient herbal decoction for its hematopoietic function.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Eritropoetina/biossíntese , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/fisiologia , Angelica sinensis , Astrágalo/química , Astragalus propinquus , Western Blotting , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Linhagem Celular , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Eritropoetina/genética , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/biossíntese , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Luciferases/genética , Elementos de Resposta/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , TransfecçãoRESUMO
The metabolism of the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-pyrid[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethyoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (R406) and its oral prodrug N4-(2,2-dimethyl-4-[(dihydrogenphosphonoxy)methyl]-3-oxo-5-pyrid[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethyoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine disodium hexahydrate (R788, fostamatinib) was determined in vitro and in humans. R788 was rapidly converted to R406 by human intestinal microsomes, and only low levels of R788 were observed in plasma of human subjects after oral administration of (14)C-R788. R406 was the major drug-related compound in plasma from human subjects, and only low levels of metabolites were observed in plasma. The plasma metabolites of R406 were identified as a sulfate conjugate and glucuronide conjugate of the para-O-demethylated metabolite of R406 (R529) and a direct N-glucuronide conjugate of R406. Elimination of drug-related material into the urine accounted for 19% of the administered dose, and the major metabolite in urine from all the human subjects was the lactam N-glucuronide of R406. On average, 80% of the total drug was recovered in feces. Two drug-related peaks were observed; one peak was identified as R406, and the other peak was identified as a unique 3,5-benzene diol metabolite of R406. The 3,5-benzene diol metabolite appeared to result from the subsequent O-demethylations and dehydroxylation of R529 by anaerobic gut bacteria because only R529 was converted to this metabolite after the in vitro incubation with human fecal samples. These data indicate that the major fecal metabolite of R406 observed in humans is a product of a hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated O-demethylation and subsequent O-demethylations and dehydroxylation by gut bacteria.