Ground-Based Mobile Measurements to Track Urban Methane Emissions from Natural Gas in 12 Cities across Eight Countries.

To mitigate methane emission from urban natural gas distribution systems, it is crucial to understand local leak rates and occurrence rates. To explore urban methane emissions in cities outside the U.S., where significant emissions were found previously, mobile measurements were performed in 12 cities across eight countries. The surveyed cities range from medium size, like Groningen, NL, to large size, like Toronto, CA, and London, UK. Furthermore, this survey spanned across European regions from Barcelona, ES, to Bucharest, RO. The joint analysis of all data allows us to focus on general emission behavior for cities with different infrastructure and environmental conditions. We find that all cities have a spectrum of small, medium, and large methane sources in their domain. The emission rates found follow a heavy-tailed distribution, and the top 10% of emitters account for 60-80% of total emissions, which implies that strategic repair planning could help reduce emissions quickly. Furthermore, we compare our findings with inventory estimates for urban natural gas-related methane emissions from this sector in Europe. While cities with larger reported emissions were found to generally also have larger observed emissions, we find clear discrepancies between observation-based and inventory-based emission estimates for our 12 cities.

The effects of gestational age on neonatal cholestasis: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Reference guidelines for neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (cholestasis) management use a uniform approach regardless of gestational age (GA). We hypothesize that the clinical pattern of neonatal cholestasis is tightly related to GA. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of GA on neonatal cholestasis. METHODS: A retrospective 4-year cohort study in a 70-bed neonatal care unit. Neonates with conjugated bilirubin≥34.2µmol/L (2 mg/dL) were identified. The incidence, clinical characteristics, etiology, treatment, and prognosis were compared between infants <32 and≥32 weeks GA. RESULTS: Overall incidence of cholestasis was 4% (125/3402). It was >5 times higher and the mean duration was >1.5 times longer in neonates <32 weeks GA (10% versus 1.8%, p <0.01 and 49 versus 31 days, p <0.01, respectively). The onset of cholestasis was later in neonates <32 weeks (22 versus 10 days of life, p <0.001). This later onset of cholestasis was associated with parenteral nutrition, whereas the earlier onset was associated with other causes. Treatment using fish oil lipids was more frequently administrated to infants <32 weeks GA, whereas Ursodeoxycholic acid was administrated more frequently in≥32 weeks GA. Cholestasis resolved during hospitalization in 73% of <32 versus 38% in≥32 weeks GA infants (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence, clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and clinical evolution of neonatal cholestasis were all significantly affected by GA. Our results support the use of a GA-oriented approach for the management of neonatal cholestasis.

Quantum circuits with many photons on a programmable nanophotonic chip.

Growing interest in quantum computing for practical applications has led to a surge in the availability of programmable machines for executing quantum algorithms1,2. Present-day photonic quantum computers3-7 have been limited either to non-deterministic operation, low photon numbers and rates, or fixed random gate sequences. Here we introduce a full-stack hardware-software system for executing many-photon quantum circuit operations using integrated nanophotonics: a programmable chip, operating at room temperature and interfaced with a fully automated control system. The system enables remote users to execute quantum algorithms that require up to eight modes of strongly squeezed vacuum initialized as two-mode squeezed states in single temporal modes, a fully general and programmable four-mode interferometer, and photon number-resolving readout on all outputs. Detection of multi-photon events with photon numbers and rates exceeding any previous programmable quantum optical demonstration is made possible by strong squeezing and high sampling rates. We verify the non-classicality of the device output, and use the platform to carry out proof-of-principle demonstrations of three quantum algorithms: Gaussian boson sampling, molecular vibronic spectra and graph similarity8. These demonstrations validate the platform as a launchpad for scaling photonic technologies for quantum information processing.

Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and nonclassical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device.

We report demonstrations of both quadrature-squeezed vacuum and photon number difference squeezing generated in an integrated nanophotonic device. Squeezed light is generated via strongly driven spontaneous four-wave mixing below threshold in silicon nitride microring resonators. The generated light is characterized with both homodyne detection and direct measurements of photon statistics using photon number-resolving transition-edge sensors. We measure 1.0(1) decibels of broadband quadrature squeezing (~4 decibels inferred on-chip) and 1.5(3) decibels of photon number difference squeezing (~7 decibels inferred on-chip). Nearly single temporal mode operation is achieved, with measured raw unheralded second-order correlations g (2) as high as 1.95(1). Multiphoton events of over 10 photons are directly detected with rates exceeding any previous quantum optical demonstration using integrated nanophotonics. These results will have an enabling impact on scaling continuous variable quantum technology.

Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer risk perception and vaccine acceptability among adolescent girls and young women in Durban, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between HIV and cervical cancer is well established. Interventions that focus on creating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer prevention messaging for adolescents, caregivers and educators will increase uptake of HPV vaccinations, HPV testing and cervical cancer screening for high-risk adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). In order to effectively develop appropriate interventions, it is important to examine AGYW's perceptions regarding their personal risk of acquiring HPV, as well as vaccine acceptability. OBJECTIVES: To measure the level of perceived personal risk of acquiring HPV and developing cervical cancer; examine the sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with perceived risk; and assess HPV vaccine acceptability. METHODS: AGYW aged 16 - 24 years participating in the AYAZAZI study in Durban, South Africa (SA), were invited to participate in the AYA-HPV Prevention Project (AHPP), and were administered a questionnaire that assessed HPV, cervical cancer and vaccine awareness and knowledge, self-perceived HPV and cervical cancer risk, HPV vaccine uptake and acceptability, and participation in cervical cancer screening. The questionnaire measured self-perceived risk of acquiring HPV and developing cervical cancer for the respondent and other young women, as well as vaccine acceptability. Data from the main AYAZAZI study (12-month) visit were linked to AHPP substudy data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic variables at the 12-month time point. Self-perceived HIV, HPV and cervical cancer risk was measured using an ordinal scale. Chi-square analyses were used to examine differences in sociodemographic and behavioural factors according to self-perceived risk of HPV and cervical cancer. RESULTS: Only a small portion of participants (14.3%) had heard of HPV. Overall, 43.0% (n=49) perceived themselves as at low HPV risk. There were significant differences in self-perceived risk of cervical cancer by age group, income and pregnancy status. The highest proportion of AGYW who perceived themselves as at high risk of cervical cancer reported being sexually active (p=0.002). Although many participants reported not knowing about HPV prior to the study, after learning about it during the study, most said that they would be willing to receive the vaccine (97.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Most young women in SA do not have access to the national HPV vaccine programme, as only girls in grade 4 in some public schools qualify. Almost all participants indicated that if the vaccine was free and recommended by a healthcare professional, they would accept it. Availability of the HPV vaccine and timely treatment of HPV infections are key issues to address in efforts to decrease cervical cancer worldwide.

Valuing All Voices: refining a trauma-informed, intersectional and critical reflexive framework for patient engagement in health research using a qualitative descriptive approach.

BACKGROUND: Critical stakeholder-identified gaps in current health research engagement strategies include the exclusion of voices traditionally less heard and a lack of consideration for the role of trauma in lived experience. Previous work has advocated for a trauma-informed, intersectional, and critical reflexive approach to patient and public involvement in health research. The Valuing All Voices Framework embodies these theoretical concepts through four key components: trust, self-awareness, empathy, and relationship building. The goal of this framework is to provide the context for research teams to conduct patient engagement through the use of a social justice and health equity lens, to improve safety and inclusivity in health research. The aim of this study was to revise the proposed Valuing All Voices Framework with members of groups whose voices are traditionally less heard in health research. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to conduct a thematic analysis of participant input on the proposed framework. Methods were co-developed with a patient co-researcher and community organizations. RESULTS: Group and individual interviews were held with 18 participants identifying as Inuit; refugee, immigrant, and/or newcomer; and/or as a person with lived experience of a mental health condition. Participants supported the proposed framework and underlying theory. Participant definitions of framework components included characterizations, behaviours, feelings, motivations, and ways to put components into action during engagement. Emphasis was placed on the need for a holistic approach to engagement; focusing on open and honest communication; building trusting relationships that extend beyond the research process; and capacity development for both researchers and patient partners. Participants suggested changes that incorporated some of their definitions; simplified and contextualized proposed component definitions; added a component of "education and communication"; and added a 'how to' section for each component. The framework was revised according to participant suggestions and validated through member checking. CONCLUSIONS: The revised Valuing All Voices Framework provides guidance for teams looking to employ trauma-informed approaches, intersectional analysis, and critical reflexive practice in the co-development of meaningful, inclusive, and safe engagement strategies. PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARY: Patient engagement in health research continues to exclude many people who face challenges in accessing healthcare, including (but not limited to) First Nations, Inuit, and Metis people; immigrants, refugees, and newcomers; and people with lived experience of a mental health condition. We proposed a new guide to help researchers engage with patients and members of the public in research decision-making in a meaningful, inclusive, and safe way. We called this the Valuing All Voices Framework, and met with people who identify as members of some of these groups to help define the key parts of the framework (trust; self-awareness; empathy; and relationship building), to tell us what they liked and disliked about the proposed framework, and what needed to be changed. Input from participants was used to change the framework, including clarifying definitions of the key parts, adding another key part called "education and communication", and providing action items so teams can put these key parts into practice.

Intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide improves lung function in horses with severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Locally administered corticosteroids are commonly used to treat joint diseases in sport and racehorses. As they are also the most potent drugs for the treatment of equine asthma, we hypothesised that the intra-articular corticosteroids used to treat joint diseases also improve the lung function in horses with severe asthma, thus potentially delaying the diagnosis of this common lung condition. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) and intramuscular (IM) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on lung function in horses with severe asthma. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised and controlled experiment on asthma-prone research animals. METHODS: Horses with severe asthma in clinical exacerbation were given either 20 mg of TA in both tarsocrural joints (n = 5; 40 mg/horse) or 40 mg of TA intramuscularly (n = 5). Lung function and TA serum concentrations were measured weekly for 35 days. TA serum concentrations were also evaluated on day 3. RESULTS: The pulmonary resistance (RL ) and elastance (EL ) values decreased by day 7 in the IA group (P<0.0001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and by day 14 in the IM group (P = 0.002 and 0.03, respectively). Lung function was improved up to days 21 and 28 in the IA and IM groups, respectively, when compared with baseline. TA serum levels were below the quantification limit (100 pg/ml) for 4 and 3 of the 5 horses in the IA and IM groups, respectively, on day 7. The area under the curve for RL , EL and the serum concentrations of TA were similar in both groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The response of horses with severe asthma might differ from that of high-performance horses with mild/moderate asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-articular administration of TA improves lung function in horses with severe asthma, an effect that persists when TA serum concentration is below the quantification level that is employed as a threshold by the International Association of Racing Commissioners.

Impact of 5-week high-intensity interval training on indices of cardio metabolic health in men.

PURPOSE: To compare the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on indices of cardio-metabolic health: (HDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, heart ratio, and phase angle/PhA) in physically active men. METHODS: Twenty active men were randomly allocated to HIIT (n = 10), or MICT (n = 10) for 5 weeks, three times per week. HIIT consisted of running 5 km with 1-min at 100% of maximal aerobic speed interspersed by 1-min passive recovery while subjects in MICT group ran continuously the same 5 km at 70% of maximal aerobic speed. Blood samples were collected at different moments during the first and last exercise session. Before and after 5 weeks of both exercise training protocols, heart ratio (during exercise session) and PhA were measured pre and post-exercise training. RESULTS: Fasting HDL-c levels did not change after 5 weeks of HIIT or MICT. Perceptual variation of HDL pre and post training (fed state) tended to differ between HIIT and MICT (p = 0.09). All lipoproteins parameters (HDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and non-HDL) were increased in post-acute exercise session compared to pre-exercise during the first and last training session, these being observed after both training protocols. PhA and heart rate measured at different times during the first and last training session were not affected in both training protocols. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that HIIT and MICT modify the post-exercise lipoprotein profile acutely. On the other hand, only HIIT tended to increase HDL-c levels chronically.

Effect of different doses of inhaled ciclesonide on lung function, clinical signs related to airflow limitation and serum cortisol levels in horses with experimentally induced mild to severe airway obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of equine asthma but they induce cortisol suppression with potential side effects. OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of ciclesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid with an improved safety profile, on lung function, clinical signs related to airway obstruction, and serum cortisol levels in asthmatic horses exposed to a mouldy hay challenge. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-over placebo controlled, blinded, randomised experiment. METHODS: Sixteen horses were enrolled in three subsequent dose-titration studies (8 horses/study) to investigate the effects of inhaled ciclesonide administered for 2 weeks at doses ranging from 450 to 2700 µg twice daily or 3712.5 µg once daily. Systemic dexamethasone (0.066 mg/kg per os) was our positive control. A placebo group was also studied. Lung function and clinical scores were blindly performed before and after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Serum cortisol was measured before and after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days of treatment as well as 3 and 7 days post treatment. RESULTS: After 7 days, dexamethasone induced a significant reduction in pulmonary resistance (from 2.5 ± 0.6 at day 0 to 1.1 ± 0.7 cm H2 O/L/s), pulmonary elastance (5.0 ± 2.6 to 1.2 ± 1.0 cm H2 O/L), and of the weighted clinical score (14.8 ± 4.7 to 8.0 ± 4.4). Similarly, ciclesonide 1687.5 µg twice daily significantly improved pulmonary resistance (2.7 ± 1.1 to 1.6 ± 0.8 cm H2 O/L/s), pulmonary elastance (5.2 ± 3.1 to 2.2 ± 1.3 cm H2 O/L), and weighted clinical score (13 ± 2.9 to 10.8 ± 4.2). Serum cortisol suppression (<50 nmol/L) systematically occurred with dexamethasone from day 3 of treatment up to day 3 post treatment, but not with ciclesonide at any tested doses. Placebo did not exert any significant beneficial effect. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Experimentally induced asthma exacerbations in horses might respond differently to treatment than naturally occurring exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled ciclesonide is an effective treatment for horses with equine asthma. Serum cortisol was unaffected by treatment.

Nebulisation of dexamethasone sodium phosphate for the treatment of severe asthmatic horses.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids are effective in the treatment of equine asthma. A recent study reported that nebulisation of injectable dexamethasone had low systemic bioavailability in healthy horses and could represent a cost-effective therapy for equine inflammatory lung diseases. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of dexamethasone nebulisation on lung function in severe asthmatic horses. It was hypothesised that dexamethasone administered by nebulisation would be more effective than the same dose administered orally. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised blinded experimental study in severe asthmatic horses. METHODS: Twelve severe asthmatic horses in clinical exacerbation were randomly assigned to treatment with 5 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate by nebulisation (n = 6) or by oral administration (n = 6), once daily for 7 days. Lung function was evaluated at baseline, after four treatment days (D4) and 24 h after the last dose (D8). The presence of residual bronchospasm was assessed on D8 with N-butylscopolammonium bromide administration (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). A respiratory clinical score was performed daily. Serum cortisol concentration was measured at baseline, D4 and D8. RESULTS: The pulmonary elastance was unchanged in both groups while pulmonary resistance was significantly improved in the oral group on D8 (mean reduction in 1 cm H2 O/L/s [CI: 0.34-1.65, P = 0.003]). All horses had residual bronchospasm at the end of the study. There was a group difference in the respiratory clinical score as it was significantly reduced in the oral group, from D5 to D8. Serum cortisol concentration decreased in all subjects. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Low number of horses and lack of placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the lack of improvement of lung function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, the results of this study do not support aerosolisation of an injectable form of dexamethasone for the treatment of severe equine asthma at the dose and with the nebuliser evaluated.

Efficacy of inhaled budesonide for the treatment of severe equine asthma.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroids are the most potent drugs for the control of severe equine asthma, but adverse effects limit their chronic systemic administration. Inhaled medications allow for drug delivery directly into the airways, reducing the harmful effects of these drugs. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of inhaled budesonide specifically formulated for the equine use and administered by a novel inhalation device in horses with severe asthma. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental studies in horses with naturally occurring asthma with cross-over, randomised, blinded experimental designs. METHODS: In Study 1, budesonide (1800 µg twice daily) administered using a novel Respimat® based inhaler was compared to i.v. dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg). In Study 2, 3 doses of budesonide (450, 900, and 1800 µg) were compared to oral dexamethasone (0.066 mg/kg). Lung function, bronchoalveolar fluid cytology (Study 1), CBC, serum chemistry, and serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values were evaluated. RESULTS: In Study 1, there was a marked and significant improvement in the lung function of all horses treated with budesonide and dexamethasone. Neutrophil percentages in bronchoalveolar fluid decreased in all horses treated with dexamethasone and in four of six horses treated with budesonide. Serum cortisol and blood ACTH concentrations decreased with both treatments. In Study 2, there was a significant improvement in the lung function with all dosages of budesonide, and the effects of higher dosages were comparable to those of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone and budesonide at the two higher dosages induced a significant decrease of cortisol concentrations. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The Respimat® based inhaler is not currently commercially available. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of budesonide with the Respimat® based inhaler provided dose-dependent relief of airway obstruction in horses with severe asthma, but also a suppression of serum cortisol.

Two weeks of high-fat feeding disturb lipid and cholesterol molecular markers.

Metabolic disorders are often associated with liver steatosis and increased plasma cholesterol levels. However, the link between excessive lipid accumulation and impairments in cholesterol metabolism remains uninvestigated in the liver. Short term of high-fat diet (HFD) was previously shown to promote excessive lipid accumulation prior to the development of metabolic disorders. The present study intended to characterize how increases in liver fat alter the expression of several key regulators of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in response to a short-term HFD. Wistar rats were randomly submitted either to HFD (n = 8) or a regular chow diet (n = 8) for 14 days. Increases in triglycerides were highly significant (P < 0.01) in the liver but marginal in the plasma of HFD rats. In contrast, the HFD resulted in higher (P < 0.01) cholesterol levels in plasma but not in liver samples. Gene expression of key markers involved in cholesterol uptake (LDL particles) including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) and protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) along with ATP-binding cassette, superfamily G, member 5 (ABCG5) involved in cholesterol exportation via bile ducts was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in response to the HFD. In contrast, expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), involved in cholesterol synthesis, was downregulated in the liver. The data support the concept that excessive accumulation of lipids promptly alters the expression of key genes regulating cholesterol metabolism in the liver. On a clinical point of view, this indicates that increases in plasma cholesterol occur after a short-term HFD.

FAS A-670G and Fas ligand IVS2nt A 124G polymorphisms are significantly increased in women with pre-eclampsia and may contribute to HELLP syndrome: a case-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between the Fas-670A/G and the Fas ligand FasL IVS2nt 124 A/G polymorphisms and the risk of pre-eclampsia and its complications. DESIGN: A case-controlled study. SETTING: University Hospitals in most areas of Tunisia. POPULATION: We recruited 300 pregnant women who developed pre-eclampsia and 300 age-matched healthy pregnant women from the same hospital. METHODS: Genotyping of Fas-670A/G and the FasL IVS2nt 124A/G gene polymorphisms were conducted using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism among our cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fisher's exact test was used to compare the statistical differences between groups for categorical variables and Student t tests were used for continuous variables. RESULTS: The frequency of the Fas-670G gene variant was significantly increased in women with pre-eclampsia (42%) compared with control women (30%; P < 0.001). Also, a statistically significant difference was obtained in the distribution of the FasL IVS2nt 124G gene variant when comparing women with pre-eclampsia (43%) with controls (30%; P < 0.001). Interestingly, we found that the carriage of Fas-670G was associated with increased liver enzymes, suggesting an increased prevalence of the haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, a pre-eclampsia complication. CONCLUSION: The Fas-670G and FasL IVS2nt 124G polymorphisms are associated with a higher risk of pre-eclampsia and its complications. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Polymorphisms in the Fas and FasL genes are associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.

Interleukin-10 rs1800871 (-819C/T) and ATA haplotype are associated with preeclampsia in a Tunisian population.

OBJECTIVES: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is implicated in several aspects of pregnancy. As genetic predisposition can be involved in the development of preeclampsia, the association between IL-10's promoter region polymorphisms and this pathology has been investigated, although with conflicting results. To date, only a small cohort study (total n = 40) has evaluated this association in the African continent, and none have been conducted in Tunisia. Hence, we evaluated the association between these polymorphisms and the risk of preeclampsia in a large Tunisian cohort. STUDY DESIGN: 345 preeclampsia patients and 300 controls were genotyped for the IL-10 promoter region variants -1082A/G, -819C/T and -592A/C using real-time PCR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in means were determined by Student's t-test, while intergroup significance was assessed by Pearson χ2 or 2-way ANOVA. Genotypes were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the control and cases. Logistic regression analysis was performed in order to determine the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with the linkage disequilibrium risk. RESULTS: An increased frequency of the -819 T (minor) allele and the -819 T/T genotype was seen in preeclampsia cases. Also, three-locus haplotype (-1082AG/-819CT/-592AC) analysis identified the ATA haplotype as having a higher incidence in women with preeclampsia (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.03-2.11) and this was confirmed by multivariate regression analysis (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.13-2.43) after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the IL-10 -819 T/T variant and the ATA haplotype, which are associated with low production of IL 10, represent genetic risk factors for preeclampsia in Tunisian women.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophilia is associated with the severity of pulmonary lesions during equine asthma exacerbations.

BACKGROUND: The severe form of equine asthma is associated with pathological changes of the peripheral airways and pulmonary parenchyma that are only partly described. Also, the relationship between these structural alterations and the percentage of neutrophils found within the airway lumen, assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, remains ill-defined. OBJECTIVE: To examine the histological lesions associated with equine asthma during disease exacerbation and remission, and their relationship with lung function and BALF neutrophilia. STUDY DESIGN: Observational retrospective study. METHODS: Peripheral lung tissues, BALF cytology and lung function data from 61 horses (22 controls, 24 asthma exacerbations and 15 asthma remission) were obtained from an equine pulmonary tissue bank. Two pathologists semi-quantitatively assessed histological features, including airway wall inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, mucus cell hyperplasia, mucostasis, peribronchiolar metaplasia, presence of granuloma and the overall severity of these lesions. RESULTS: Mucostasis, mucus cell hyperplasia, peribronchiolar metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis were associated with disease exacerbation (P≤0.05), and these changes were all attenuated during remission. Airway wall inflammation was greater in horses with asthma in exacerbation compared with horses with asthma in remission and control horses (P≤0.05). Acute (neutrophilic) airway wall inflammation was more frequently detected in asthmatic cases compared with control horses (P<0.0001) and was associated with BALF neutrophilia >5% in control horses (P = 0.002). The degree of bronchiolar inflammation was higher in asthmatic horses in remission stabled and treated pharmacologically compared with those kept on pasture (P = 0.04). MAIN LIMITATIONS: Samples obtained from a convenient cohort of horses were studied. CONCLUSIONS: Severely asthmatic horses present parenchymal and peribronchial/peribronchiolar lesions possibly contributing to the obstructive nature of the disease.

Age associated changes in peripheral airway smooth muscle mass of healthy horses.

Peripheral airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is increased in severe equine asthma, but no information is available on age related changes in ASM. In this study, peripheral ASM dimensions were determined in healthy horses of different ages. The thickness of the peripheral ASM layer was constant in horses of different ages, but ASM occupied a greater proportion of the inner wall area in young horses compared to older horses. This finding suggests that equine airways experience a decrease in the relative abundance of ASM with age.

Molecular insights into the normal operation, regulation, and multisystemic roles of K+-Cl- cotransporter 3 (KCC3).

Long before the molecular identity of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters was uncovered in the mid-nineties, a Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport system was also known to exist. It was initially observed in sheep and goat red blood cells where it was shown to be ouabain-insensitive and to increase in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). After it was established between the early and mid-nineties, the expressed sequence tag (EST) databank was found to include a sequence that was highly homologous to those of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters. This sequence was eventually found to code for the Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport function that was described in red blood cells several years before. It was termed KCC1 and led to the discovery of three isoforms called KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4. Since then, it has become obvious that each one of these isoforms exhibits unique patterns of distribution and fulfills distinct physiological roles. Among them, KCC3 has been the subject of great attention in view of its important role in the nervous system and its association with a rare hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy (called Andermann syndrome) that affects many individuals in Quebec province (Canada). It was also found to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, the organ of Corti, and circulating blood cells. As will be seen in this review, however, there are still a number of uncertainties regarding the transport properties, structural organization, and regulation of KCC3. The same is true regarding the mechanisms by which KCC3 accomplishes its numerous functions in animal cells.

18F FDG positron-emission tomography findings of gliomatosis peritonei: A case report and review of the literature.

•Gliomatosis peritonei (GP) is a rare benign complication of ovarian teratomas that does not impact overall survival.•GP exhibits high 18-F FDG uptake unlike other non-malignant forms of mature teratoma.•The specific characteristics of GP on functional imaging may be used to follow it with active surveillance in select cases.

Development of a Semiquantitative Histological Score for the Diagnosis of Heaves Using Endobronchial Biopsy Specimens in Horses.

BACKGROUND: Remodeling of the peripheral airways persists during the asymptomatic phase of heaves. Assessing the histology of large bronchi could facilitate the diagnosis of heaves during remission of the disease. HYPOTHESIS: Airway inflammation and remodeling in endobronchial biopsy (EBB) specimens differentiate horses with heaves from controls, independently of their clinical status (exacerbation or remission). ANIMALS: Fourteen healthy horses and 24 horses with heaves. METHODS: A 14-point scoring system assessing central bronchial wall inflammation and remodeling was developed. The score was validated by 2 pathologists using specimens obtained from 18 horses (6 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission) in which lung function had been assessed with impulse oscillometry. Clinical and research application of the score was evaluated using biopsy specimens obtained from 20 additional horses (8 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission). RESULTS: The score was repeatable (interclass correlation coefficient = 69%). It differentiated horses with heaves in exacerbation (mean ± SD: 6.2 ± 2.2) from those in remission (4.0 ± 1.0) and controls (3.6 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001). The histological scores of horses with heaves correlated with the ratio of respiratory resistance (R) at 5 and 10 Hz (R5 : R10 ratio, r = 0.65, P = 0.03), a parameter assessing airway obstruction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The proposed histological scoring system correlates with the degree of airway obstruction measured by impulse oscillometry. However, it does not discriminate horses with heaves in remission from controls. Evaluation of EBB specimens might be considered in future research and clinical studies of respiratory diseases in horses.