Satisfaction Amongst Drug-dependent Population with Methadone Maintenance Treatment Services, A Comparison between Public and Private Clinics: Implications for Private Sector Engagement in the Delivery of Methadone Maintenance Programs Across Vietnam.

In Vietnam, the public sector has largely been responsible for delivering methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) services. However, with foreign aid anticipated to decline in the coming years, the involvement of the private sector in delivering MMT services is critical to ensure the continued sustainability of MMT programs across Vietnam. This study aims to evaluate patient satisfaction and identify correlated factors among Vietnamese drug users undergoing MMT in both public and private methadone clinics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in one private and two public methadone facilities in Nam Dinh, a province in the North of Vietnam. A convenience sampling technique was applied to recruit 395 participants. Data was collected through 20-minute face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Multivariate Tobit regression was utilized to measure associated factors with patient satisfaction. Results showed that patients were highly satisfied with MMT services in both public and private; however, they expected a higher degree of comprehensive care services. Compared with public facilities, the satisfaction level of patients in private facilities was significantly lower in the following aspects: health administration and professional capacity of health workers. However, there were insignificant differences in regard to infrastructure, equipment, and availability of medical services resources, supporting a promising role of the private sector in supporting the expansion of the MMT programs in Vietnam. Integrating MMT with other physical and mental healthcare services, along with strategies for improving administrative procedures and health workers' capacity in private clinics, are critical implications of this study.

Coupling between 2-pyridyl-selenyl chloride and phenyl-seleno-cyanate: synthesis, crystal structure and non-covalent inter-actions.

A new pyridine-fused seleno-diazo-lium salt, 3-(phenyl-selan-yl)[1,2,4]selena-diazolo[4,5-a]pyridin-4-ylium chloride di-chloro-methane 0.352-solvate, C12H9N2Se2 +·Cl-·0.352CH2Cl2, was obtained from the reaction between 2-pyridyl-selenenyl chloride and phenyl-seleno-cyanate. Single-crystal structural analysis revealed the presence of C-H⋯N, C-H⋯Cl-, C-H⋯Se hydrogen bonds as well as chalcogen-chalcogen (Se⋯Se) and chalcogen-halogen (Se⋯Cl-) inter-actions. Non-covalent inter-actions were explored by DFT calculations followed by topological analysis of the electron density distribution (QTAIM analysis). The structure consists of pairs of seleno-diazo-lium moieties arranged in a head-to-tail fashion surrounding disordered di-chloro-methane mol-ecules. The assemblies are connected by C-H⋯Cl- and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming layers, which stack along the c-axis direction connected by bifurcated Se⋯Cl-⋯H-C inter-actions.

Assessing Vodka Authenticity and Origin in Vietnam's Market: An Analytical Approach Using FTIR and ICP-MS with Multivariate Statistics.

Vodka constitutes a significant sector of Vietnam's alcohol industry, including both domestic and imported varieties. However, this diversity faces challenges from illegal imports and adulterated products, threatening consumer health and brand integrity. This study employs Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze 300 vodka samples from five brands collected across Hanoi. Significant variations were found in elemental compositions, with sodium concentrations ranging from 205.67 µg/L to 1269.24 µg/L and magnesium levels from 65.57 µg/L to 1453.34 µg/L. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the FTIR and ICP-MS data effectively differentiated the samples, with the first two principal components explaining 84.78% and 73.02% of the total variance, respectively. The PCA plots revealed distinct chemical profiles, notably isolating Rocket Vodka. These findings enhance food safety enforcement, protect consumer rights, and preserve brand reputations. The study underscores the importance of advanced analytical tools in combating beverage adulteration, ensuring public health, and maintaining market integrity, offering a replicable model for similar research in other regions.

Differential response of IgM and IgG memory B cell populations to CD40L: insights of T cell - memory B cell interactions.

Memory B cells (mBCs) are characterized by their long-term stability, fast reactivation, and capability to rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, the role of T cells in the differentiation of mBCs, in contrast to naive B cells, remains to be delineated. We study the role of T cells in mBC responses, using CD40L stimulation and autologous T-B co-cultures. Our results showed that increased CD40L levels led to a selective increased proliferation of IgM+ mBC, which did not class-switched, resulting in higher frequencies of IgM+ ASCs and a lower frequency of IgG+ ASCs. The IgG+/IgA+ mBCs were unaffected. We further compared the transcription of immune-related genes in IgM+ and IgG+ pre-plasmablasts cultured at high (500 ng/mL) and low (50 ng/mL) CD40L levels. In response to increased CD40L levels, both populations exhibited a core response to genes related to activation (TRAF1, AKT3, CD69, and CD80). However, they differed in genes related to cytokine/chemokine/homing interactions (CCL3/4/17, LTA, NKX2-3, BCL2 and IL21R) and cell-cell interactions (HLADR, CD40, and ICOSL), which were largely confined to IgG+ cells. Our findings revealed that in co-cultures with a high T-ratio, the response was similar to that found in cultures with high CD40L levels. These results suggest that IgG+ mBCs have a greater capacity for proliferation and T cell interaction, and weaker migration capabilities, leading to a preference for an IgG response over IgM in the short term. This adaptable response could fine-tune the memory repertoire with different functions of IgG versus IgM mBCs.

Towards human-scale magnetic particle imaging: development of the first system with superconductor-based selection coils.

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging tomographic modality that allows for precise three-dimensional (3D) mapping of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) concentration and distribution. Although significant progress has been made towards improving MPI since its introduction, scaling it up for human applications has proven challenging. High-quality images have been obtained in animal-scale MPI scanners with gradients up to 7 T/m/µ0, however, for MPI systems with bore diameters around 200 mm the gradients generated by electromagnets drop significantly to below 0.5 T/m/µ0. Given the current technological limitations in image reconstruction and the properties of available MNPs, these low gradients inherently impose limitations on improving MPI resolution for higher precision medical imaging. Utilizing superconductors stands out as a promising approach for developing a human-scale MPI system. In this study, we introduce, for the first time, a human-scale amplitude-modulated (AM) MPI system with superconductor-based selection coils. The system achieves an unprecedented magnetic field gradient of up to 2.5 T/m/µ0 within a 200 mm bore diameter, enabling large fields of view of 100 × 130 × 98 mm3 at 2.5 T/m/µ0 for 3D imaging. While obtained spatial resolution is in the order of previous animal-scale AM MPIs, incorporating superconductors for achieving such high gradients in a 200 mm bore diameter marks a major step toward clinical MPI.

Real-world analysis of afatinib as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer with uncommon EGFR mutations: a multicenter study in Vietnam.

Background: Afatinib is indicated for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and uncommon mutations. However, real-world studies on this topic are limited. This study aimed to evaluate afatinib as first-line therapy for locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients and methods: A retrospective study included 92 patients with advanced NSCLC with uncommon and compound EGFR mutations, treated with afatinib as first-line therapy. Patients were followed up and evaluated every 3 months or when symptoms of progressive disease arose. The endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and adverse events. Results: The G719X EGFR mutation had the highest occurrence rate (53.3% for both monotherapy and the compound). By contrast, the compound mutation G719X-S768I was observed at a rate of 22.8%. The ORR was 75%, with 15.2% of patients achieving complete response. The overall median TTF was 13.8 months. Patients with the G719X EGFR mutation (single and compound) had a median TTF of 19.3 months, longer than that of patients with other mutations, who had a median TTF of 11.2 months. Patients with compound EGFR mutations (G719X and S768I) demonstrated a median TTF of 23.2 months compared to that of 12.3 months for other mutations. Tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg achieved a longer median TTF of 17.1 months compared to 11.2 months with 40 mg. Median TTF differed between patients with and without brain metastasis, at 11.2 and 16.9 months, respectively. Rash (55.4%) and diarrhea (53.3%) were the most common adverse events, primarily grades 1 and 2. Other side effects occurred at a low rate. Conclusion: Afatinib is effective for locally advanced metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients with G719X, compound G719X-S768I mutations, and tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg had a longer median TTF than those with other mutations.

Inhibitory nitric oxide production and cytotoxic activities of phenolic compounds from Gnetum montanum Markgr.

One new compound, styrene dimer-type listeanol-4-O-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (1), and four known compounds namely listeanol (2), isorhapotigenin (3), genetifolin E (4), gnetifolin K (5) were isolated from the methanolic extract from the aerial part of the Gnetum montanum Markgr. in Viet Nam. Their chemical structures were determined by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and HR-ESI-MS) and comparison with those of published data. These compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Among them, compound 3 exhibited the NO inhibitory production on the RAW264.7 cell line, and inhibited the HepG2 cell line with respective IC50 values of 79.88 ± 5.51 (µg/mL) (L-NMMA 7.90 ± 0.63 µg/mL), and 63.48 ± 3.63 (µg/mL) (Ellipticine 0.40 ± 0.01 µg/mL).

Withaperuvin O, a new withanolide from Physalis peruviana L.

Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) has been used in tropical and subtropical countries of the world as medicinal and fruit trees. In this study, a new withanolide named withaperuvin O (1) and seven known ones, including physalolactone B-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), withanolide J (3), physapruin A (4), physaperuvin G (5), withaperuvin (6), withaperuvin C (7) and 28-hydroxywithaperuvin C (8), were isolated from the whole plants of P. peruviana. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The bioactivities of these compounds against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells and cytotoxicity against HepG2 were tested. Compound 3 showed strong anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 3.55 ± 0.12 µM (compared to positive control L-NMMA 7.72 ± 0.46 µM). Compounds 3 and 4 inhibited HepG2 cell line with the IC50 values of 2.01 ± 0.12 µM, 0.96 ± 0.05 µM, respectively (Ellipticine, 0.32 ± 0.02 µM). Our study indicated that compounds 3 and 4 could be new potential natural products for the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis for the Classification of Sausages Based on Physicochemical Attributes, Using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Sausage is a convenient food that is widely consumed in the world and in Vietnam. Due to the rapid development of this product, the authenticity of many famous brands has faded by the rise of adulteration. Therefore, in this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was combined with chemical analysis to identify 6 sausage brands. Sausage samples were dried and then ground to a fine powder for both instrumental analyses of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dried measurements of ATR-FTIR was performed directly on the ZnSe crystal, while elemental data were obtained through microwave digestion before the ICP-MS analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) within the framework software of XLSTAT and STATISTICA 12 was performed on the spectroscopy and elemental dataset of sausage samples. PCA visualized the distinction of 6 sausage brands on both datasets of ATR-FTIR and ICP-MS. The classification on the spectroscopy profile showed that although more than 90% variation of the dataset was explained on the first two PCs, the difference between several brands was not detected as the distribution of data overlapped with one another. The PCA observation of the elemental composition on PC1 and PC3 has separated the sausage brands into 6 distinctive groups. Besides, several key elements contributed to the brands' identification have been detected, and the most distinctive elements are Na, K, Ca, and Ba. PCA visualization showed the feasibility of the classification of sausage samples from different brands when combined with the results of FT-IR and ICP-MS methods. The experiment was able to differentiate the sausages from the 5 brands using multivariate statistics.

Cardiovascular disease risk assessment and multidisciplinary care in prostate cancer treatment with ADT: recommendations from the APMA PCCV expert network.

PURPOSE: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay approach for prostate cancer (PCa) management. However, the most commonly used ADT modality, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: The PCa Cardiovascular (PCCV) Expert Network, consisting of multinational urologists, cardiologists and oncologists with expertise in managing PCa, convened to discuss challenges to routine cardiovascular risk assessment in PCa management, as well as how to mitigate such risks in the current treatment landscape. RESULTS: The experts identified several barriers, including lack of awareness, time constraints, challenges in implementing risk assessment tools and difficulties in establishing multidisciplinary teams that include cardiologists. The experts subsequently provided practical recommendations to improve cardio-oncology care for patients with PCa receiving ADT, such as simplifying cardiovascular risk assessment, individualising treatment based on CVD risk categories, establishing multidisciplinary teams and referral networks and fostering active patient engagement. A streamlined cardiovascular risk-stratification tool and a referral/management guide were developed for seamless integration into urologists' practices and presented herein. The PCCV Expert Network agreed that currently available evidence indicates that GnRH antagonists are associated with a lower risk of CVD than that of GnRH agonists and that GnRH antagonists are preferred for patients with PCa and a high CVD risk. CONCLUSION: In summary, this article provides insights and guidance to improve management for patients with PCa undergoing ADT.

Synthesis and crystal structure of the adduct between 2-pyridyl-selenyl chloride and isobutyro-nitrile.

The reaction between 2-pyridyl-selenenyl chloride and isobutyro-nitrile results in the formation of the corresponding cationic pyridinium-fused 1,2,4-seleno-diazole, namely, 3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,4-[1,2,4]selena-diazolo[4,5-a]pyridin-4-ylium chloride, C9H11N2Se+·Cl-, in high yield (89%). The structure of the compound, established by means of single-crystal X-ray analysis at 100 K, has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry and revealed the presence of bifurcated chalcogen-hydrogen bonding Se⋯Cl-⋯H-Cl, and these non-covalent contacts were analysed by DFT calculations followed by a topological analysis of the electron-density distribution (ωB97XD/6-311++G** level of theory).

A real-world cohort study of first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of first-line afatinib treatment in a real-world setting in Vietnam. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted across nine hospitals in Vietnam. Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received afatinib as first-line therapy between April 2018 and June 2022 were included, and patient medical records were reviewed. Key outcomes were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and tolerability. RESULTS: A total of 343 patients on first-line afatinib were eligible for the study. EGFR exon 19 deletion (Del19) alone was detected in 46.9% of patients, L858R mutation alone in 26.3%, and other uncommon EGFR mutations, including compound mutations, in 26.8%. Patients with brain metastases at baseline were 25.4%. Patients who received 40 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg as starting doses of afatinib were 58.6%, 39.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. The ORR was 78.1% in the overall population, 82.6% in the Del19 mutation subgroup, 73.3% in the L858R mutation subgroup, and 75.0% in the uncommon mutation subgroup (p > 0.05). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the ORR increased when the starting dose was 40 mg compared to starting doses below 40 mg (83.9% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.034). The median TTF (mTTF) was 16.7 months (CI 95%: 14.8-18.5) in all patients, with a median follow-up time of 26.2 months. The mTTF was longer in patients in the common EGFR mutation subgroup (Del19/L858R) than in those in the uncommon mutation subgroup (17.5 vs. 13.8 months, p = 0.045) and in those without versus with brain metastases at baseline (17.5 vs. 15.1 months, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in the mTTF between subgroups based on the starting dose of 40 mg and < 40 mg (16.7 vs. 16.9 months, p > 0.05). The most common treatment-related adverse events (any grade/grade ≥ 3) were diarrhea (55.4%/3.5%), rash (51.9%/3.2%), paronychia (35.3%/5.0%), and stomatitis (22.2%/1.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Afatinib demonstrated clinical effectiveness and good tolerability in Vietnamese EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. In our real-world setting, administering a starting dose below 40 mg might result in a reduction in ORR; however, it might not have a significant impact on TTF.

Specific binding of G-quadruplex in SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RHAU peptide.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are reported to present on the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome and control various viral activities. Specific ligands targeting those viral nucleic acid structures could be investigated as promising detection methods or antiviral reagents to suppress this menacing virus. Herein, we demonstrate the binding between a G4 structure in the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and a fluorescent probe created by fusing a parallel-G4 specific RHAU53 and a cyan fluorescent protein. The specific binding of G4 in SARS-CoV-2 by RHAU peptide was easily detected under the fluorescence spectrometer. The drawbacks of this approach and potential solutions are also discussed.

Magnetic particle image scanner based on asymmetric core-filled electromagnetic actuator.

Monitoring the distribution of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the vascular system is an important task for the advancement of precision therapeutics and drug delivery. Despite active targeting using active motilities, it is required to visualize the position and concentration of carriers that reach the target, to promote the development of this technology. In this work, a feasibility study is presented on a tomographic scanner that allows monitoring of the injected carriers quantitatively in a relatively short interval. The device is based on a small-animal-scale asymmetric magnetic platform integrated with magnetic particle imaging technology. An optimized isotropic field-free region (FFR) generation method using a magnetic manipulation system (MMS) is derived and numerically investigated. The in-vitro and in-vivo tracking performances are demonstrated with a high position accuracy of approximately 1 mm. A newly proposed tracking method was developed, specialized in vascular system, with quick scanning time (about 1s). In this paper, the primary function of the proposed system is to track magnetic particles using a magnetic manipulation system. Through this, proposed method enables the conventional magnetic actuation systems to upgrade the functionalities of both manipulation and localization of magnetic objects.

Stigmastane-type steroid saponins from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and their α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities.

Two new vernonioside K (1) and vernonioside L (2) and four known Δ7,9(11) stigmastane-type steroidal saponins-vernonioside B2 (3), vernoniacum B (4), vernonioside B1 (5), and vernoamyoside A (6)-were isolated from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis with one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All isolated compounds (1-6) were evaluated to determine their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. Among them, two new compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 78.56 ± 7.28 and 14.74 ± 1.57 (µM), respectively, comparable with acarbose as a positive control (127.53 ± 1.73 µM); none of these compounds inhibited xanthine oxidase activity. Compounds 1 and 2 are promising candidates for the development of antidiabetic agents from natural sources.

Classification of Vietnamese Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) Products Using Statistical Algorithms Based on ICP/MS Data: A Study of Food Categorization.

Fingerprinting techniques, which utilize the unique chemical and physical properties of food samples, have emerged as a promising approach for food authentication and traceability. Recent studies have demonstrated significant advancements in food authentication through the use of fingerprinting methods, such as multivariate statistical analysis techniques applied to trace elements and isotope ratios. However, further research is required to optimize these methods and ensure their validity and reliability in real-world applications. In this study, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical method was employed to determine the content of 21 elements in 300 cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) samples from 5 brands. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA), were employed to analyze the data obtained and establish the provenance of the cashew nuts. While cashew nuts are widely marketed in many countries, no universal method has been utilized to differentiate the origin of these nuts. Our study represents the initial step in identifying the geographical origin of commercial cashew nuts marketed in Vietnam. The analysis showed significant differences in the means of 21 of the 40 analyzed elements among the cashew nut samples from the 5 brands, including 7Li, 11B, 24Mg, 27Al, 44Ca, 48Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 57Fe, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 93Nb, 98Mo, 111Cd, 115In, 121Sb, 138Ba, 208Pb, and 209Bi. The PCA analysis indicated that the cashew nut samples can be accurately classified according to their original locations. This research serves as a prerequisite for future studies involving the combination of elemental composition analysis with statistical classification methods for the accurate establishment of cashew nut provenance, which involves the identification of key markers for the original discrimination of cashew nuts.

Automated scoring of nematode nictation on a textured background.

Entomopathogenic nematodes, including Steinernema spp., play an increasingly important role as biological alternatives to chemical pesticides. The infective juveniles of these worms use nictation-a behavior in which animals stand on their tails-as a host-seeking strategy. The developmentally-equivalent dauer larvae of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also nictate, but as a means of phoresy or "hitching a ride" to a new food source. Advanced genetic and experimental tools have been developed for C. elegans, but time-consuming manual scoring of nictation slows efforts to understand this behavior, and the textured substrates required for nictation can frustrate traditional machine vision segmentation algorithms. Here we present a Mask R-CNN-based tracker capable of segmenting C. elegans dauers and S. carpocapsae infective juveniles on a textured background suitable for nictation, and a machine learning pipeline that scores nictation behavior. We use our system to show that the nictation propensity of C. elegans from high-density liquid cultures largely mirrors their development into dauers, and to quantify nictation in S. carpocapsae infective juveniles in the presence of a potential host. This system is an improvement upon existing intensity-based tracking algorithms and human scoring which can facilitate large-scale studies of nictation and potentially other nematode behaviors.

Ethnic minority women's empowerment in agriculture in the central region of Viet Nam.

Gender inequality and women's empowerment are two closely related issues. While the gender inequality index has been assessed by different studies, that of women's empowerment remained limited. In the present work, we attempted to evaluate the women's empowerment index by comparing it with the male partner's empowerment index in the same household. We used the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) as a framework for reference. A questionnaire was designed to interview 300 people including both men and women in the same ethnic minority household in central Vietnam. The difference in the empowerment level between men and women was assessed through five-component empowerment indicators: agricultural participation, resource ownership, financial control, social organizations participation, and time usage. The results showed that up to 70% of women were disempowered compared to only 15% of men. The binary logistic model revealed the age at first marriage, the level of children's education, education level, distance to the nearest urban area, and the number of children were associated with women's empowerment; whereas age, income, and the level of gender awareness did not show any correlation.

Population adjusted-indirect comparisons in health technology assessment: A methodological systematic review.

In health technology assessment (HTA), population-adjusted indirect comparisons (PAICs) are increasingly considered to adjust for the difference in the target population between studies. We aim to assess the conduct and reporting of PAICs in recent HTA practice, by performing, a methodological systematic review of studies implementing PAICs from PubMed, EMBASE Classic, Embase/Ovid Medline All, and Cochrane databases from January 1, 2010 to Feb 13, 2023. Four independent researchers screened the titles, abstracts, and full-texts of the identified records, then extracted data on methodological and reporting characteristics of 106 eligible articles. Most PAIC analyses (96.9%, n = 157) were conducted by (or received funding from) pharmaceutical companies. Prior to adjustment, 44.5% of analyses (n = 72) (partially) aligned the eligibility criteria of different studies to enhance the similarity of their target populations. In 37.0% of analyses (n = 60), the clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies were extensively assessed. In 9.3% of analyses (n = 15), the quality (or bias) of individual studies was evaluated. Among 18 analyses using methods that required an outcome model specification, results of the model fitting procedure were adequately reported in three analyses (16.7%). These findings suggest that the conduct and reporting of PAICs are remarkably heterogeneous and suboptimal in current practice. More recommendations and guidelines on PAICs are thus warranted to enhance the quality of these analyses in the future.

Dry-freezing Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles for robust preservation of stocks.

Cryopreservation allows strains to be stored, eliminating genetic drift and maintenance costs. Existing cryopreservation methods for the economically-important entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae involve multiple incubation and filtration steps to precondition the animals. The standard protocol for freezing the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans in buffer is simpler, and a recent C. elegans dry-freezing protocol allows stocks to survive multiple freeze-thaws, a possibility during a power failure. Here we report the efficacy of C. elegans cryopreservation protocols adapted for S. carpocapsae . We show that dry freezing with disaccharides, but not glycerol-based or trehalose-DMSO-based freezing buffer, allows reliable recovery of infective juveniles.