Effects of 4 Different Velocity-Based Resistance-Training Programming Models on Physical Performance.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of 4 programming models (linear [LP], undulating [UP], reverse [RP], and constant [CP]) on physical performance. METHODS: Forty-eight moderately strength-trained men were randomly assigned to LP, UP, RP, and CP groups according to their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the full-squat exercise (SQ) and followed an 8-week training intervention using the SQ and monitoring movement velocity for every repetition. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM), number of repetitions (240), sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) throughout the training program. Pretraining and posttraining measurements included, in the SQ, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pretests and posttests (AV), and the average velocity for loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s-1 at pretraining tests. Moreover, countermovement jump height and 20-m running sprint time were measured. RESULTS: A significant time effect was found for all variables analyzed (P < .05), except for 20-m running sprint time. Significant group × time interactions were observed for 1RM, AV > 1, and AV (P < .05). After training, all groups attained significant strength gains on 1RM, AV, AV > 1, and AV < 1 (P < .001-.01). LP and RP groups improved their countermovement jump height (P < .01), but no significant changes were observed for UP and CP. No significant improvements were achieved in 20-m running sprint time for any groups. CONCLUSIONS: These different programming models are all suitable for improving physical performance. LP and RP induce similar or greater gains in physical performance than UP and CP.

Comparison of load-velocity relationships in two bench press variations: weight stack machine vs Smith machine.

Performing the bench-press (BP) exercise in a weight stack machine (WSM) is a common practice. However, no previous studies have analysed the load-velocity relationship in this BP variant. The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the load-velocity relationship during BP exercise using a WSM; and 2) to compare the load-velocity relationship in this exercise in two conditions: WSM vs. Smith machine (SM). Twenty-six young men performed a BP progressive loading test to determine their one-repetition maximum and load-velocity relationship using a WSM. Additionally, 19 participants performed two progressive loading tests (WSM and SM). A high relationship was found between the relative load (%1RM) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) (R2 = 0.97; SEE = 0.07 m/s) in the WSM. Moreover, significant differences were observed (p <.05) in the MPV values attained in every %1RM in WSM and SM from 30 to 75% 1RM. The close relationship between the MPV values and the %1RM in BP exercise using a WSM enables coaches to use the MPV to accurately monitor their athletes on a daily basis. The differences observed between WSM and SM in the %1RM and their respective MPVs indicate that different equations must be used for each exercise mode.

Effect of Velocity Loss on Strength Performance in Bench Press Using a Weight Stack Machine.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of three different velocity loss thresholds (10%: VL10, 30%: VL30 and 50%: VL50) on maximal strength and velocity at different intensities during bench press using a weight stack machine (WSM-BP). Forty-five men were randomly assigned to three groups: VL10 (n=15), VL30 (n=15) and VL50 (n=15), which followed a 5-week (15 sessions) velocity-based WSM-BP program. Assessments performed Pre- and Post-training included: a) estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) in WSM-BP; b) average velocity attained against all absolute loads common to Pre- and Post-training tests in WSM-BP; c) average velocity attained against all absolute loads that were lifted equal to or faster than 0.8 m·s-1 at Pre-training (light loads); and d) average velocity attained against all absolute loads that were lifted slower than 0.8 m·s-1 at Pre-training (heavy loads). All groups showed significant improvements in 1RM, velocity against all loads, and velocity against heavy loads (P<0.001-0.01). However, only the VL10 group showed significant enhancements in velocity against light loads (P=0.05). Therefore, the VL10 group showed a higher training efficiency compared to VL30 and VL50 interventions, since it obtained similar benefits by performing fewer repetitions.

Relationships between rating-of-perceived-exertion- and heart-rate-derived internal training load in professional soccer players: a comparison of on-field integrated training sessions.

PURPOSE: To describe the internal training load (ITL) of common training sessions performed during a typical week and to determine the relationships between different indicators of ITL commonly employed in professional football (soccer). METHODS: Session-rating-of-perceived-exertion TL (sRPE-TL) and heart-rate- (HR) derived measurements of ITL as Edwards TL and Stagno training impulses (TRIMPMOD) were used in 9 players during 3 periods of the season. The relationships between them were analyzed in different training sessions during a typical week: skill drills/circuit training + small-sided games (SCT+SSGs), ball-possession games+technical-tactical exercises (BPG+TTE), tactical training (TT), and prematch activation (PMa). RESULTS: HR values obtained during SCT+SSGs and BPG+TTE were substantially greater than those in the other 2 sessions, all the ITL markers and session duration were substantially greater in SCT+SSGs than in any other session, and all ITL measures in BPG+TTE were substantially greater than in TT and PMa sessions. Large relationships were found between HR>80% HRmax and HR>90% HRmax vs sRPE-TL during BPG+TTE and TT sessions (r=.61-.68). Very large relationships were found between Edwards TL and sRPE-TL and between TRIMPMOD and sRPE-TL in sessions with BPG+TTE and TT (r=.73-.87). Correlations between the different HR-based methods were always extremely large (r=.92-.98), and unclear correlations were observed for other relationships between variables. CONCLUSION: sRPE-TL provided variable-magnitude within-individual correlations with HR-derived measures of training intensity and load during different types of training sessions typically performed during a week in professional soccer. Caution should be applied when using RPE- or HR-derived measures of exercise intensity/load in soccer training interchangeably.

Efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la aptitud física metabólica en adultos mayores / Effects of two metabolic physical competence training Programs in the elderly / Efeitos de dois programas de treinamento sobre a aptidão física metabolica em adultos maiores

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la fuerza muscular, la glicemia y la presión arterial en adultos mayores. Material y método: se estudiaron dos grupos, Grupo Experimental Uno (G1) (n=11) con entrenamiento de fuerza muscular contra resistencia y Grupo Experimental Dos (G2) (n=20) con entrenamiento aeróbico basado en caminatas. Se evaluó la presión arterial (PA), la glucemia y la Fuerza Máxima estimada indirectamente con en un test de máximas repeticiones en los siguientes ejercicios: Prensa Sentado (PS), Press de Banca (PB) y Extensiones de Rodilla (ER). Se midieron todas las variables al inicio y al final del programa de entrenamiento. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron un mayor aumento de la fuerza en el G1; en PB (p<0,001), ER (p<0,001) y PS (p<0,05), mientras que el G2 no se registraron diferencias. En el G1, la PA sistólica pos-programa, disminuyó significativamente (p<0,001), mientras que en el G2 no se produjeron cambios. La glicemia intrasesión disminuyó significativamente en ambos grupos. El programa de fuerza muscular indujo mayores aumentos en la fuerza muscular y disminuyó más la Presión Arterial Sistólica que el entrenamiento aeróbico.

Objective: the aim of the study was to know the effects of two training programs on muscular strength, glycemia and blood pressure in the elderly. Material and Method: two groups were studied, Experimental Group 1, (G1) (n 11) with training in muscle strength against resistance, and Experi mental Group Two (G2) (n=20) with aerobic training based on walking. Blood pressure (BP) was evaluated, and glycemia and estimated Maximum Strength were indirectly estimated with a maximum repetitions test in the following exercises: Leg Press (LP), Bench Press (BP), and Knee Extension (KE). Al variables at the beginning and the end of the training program were measured. Results: the results obtained showed a higher increase in the strength in G1; in BP (p<0,001), KE (p<0,001) y PL (p<0,05): while in G2 there were no changes. In G1 the post-program systolic BP decreased significantly (p<0,001) while in G2 there were no changes. Intra-session glycemia diminished considerably in both groups. The muscle strength program induced a greater increase in muscle strength and decreased the Systolic Blood Pressure more than the aerobic training.

Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi conhecer os efeitos de dois programas de treinamento sobre a força muscular, a glicemia e a pressão arterial em adultos mais velhos. Material e métodos: pesquisaram se dois grupos, Grupo Experimental. (G1) (n=11) com treinamento de força muscular contra resistência e grupo experimental Dois (G2) (n=20) com treinamento aeróbico baseado em caminhadas. Avaliou se a pressão arterial (PA), a glicemia e a Força Máxima estimada indiretamente com um teste de máximas repetições nos seguintes exercícios: Prensa Sentada (PS), Press de Banca (PB) e extensões de Joelho (ER). Mediram se todas as variáveis ao inicio e ao final do programa de treinamento. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram um maior aumento da força no G1; em PB (p<0,001), ER (p<0,001) y PS (p<0,05), enquanto que o G2 não registraram se diferencias. No G1, a PA sistólica post – programa diminuiu significativamente (p<0,001), quanto que no G2 não produziram se câmbios. A glicemia intrasesão diminuiu significativamente nos dois grupos. O programa de força muscular induziu maiores aumentos na força muscular e diminuiu mais a Pressão Arterial Sistólica que o treinamento aeróbico.