Os discursos protetivos e punitivos acerca dos adolescentes em medida de internação no Brasil / Protective and punitive discourses on adolescents in detention in Brazil / Los discursos protectivos y punitivos acerca de los adolescentes en medida de internación en Brasil

Resumo (analítico): Objetiva-se apreender os sentidos de proteção integral no atendimento ao adolescente em medida de internação, modalidade de medida socioeducativa mais aplicada no Brasil na atualidade. Esta pesquisa foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada com oito trabalhadores e análise documental do PIA, RTA, evolução do caso, sentença, relatório de avaliação in loco e medida socioeducativa pública, no Centro Educacional Masculino (CEM) em Teresina-PI, Brasil. Sob a perspectiva da análise do discurso, apreendeu-se, com base nos resultados, que os sentidos de proteção integral adquirem caráter de punição, pela compreensão do ato infracional pela ótica individual, naturalizando os processos de violência e culpabilizando a família. Nessa lógica, os discursos protetivo e punitivo alternaram-se, como se fizessem parte de uma mesma lógica de intervenção.

Abstract (analytical): The present article aims to capture the meaning of comprehensive protection that is present in the treatment of adolescents who are in detention for having committed criminal acts. This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with eight workers and a documental analysis of Individual Assistance Plans, Technical Evaluation Reports, files detailing the progress of cases, sentences, on-site evaluation reports and public socio-educational measures in the Male Educational Centre (MEC) in Teresina-PI, Brazil. Using a discourse analysis perspective, the results showed that the meanings around comprehensive protection were related to punishment, through the understanding of the infraction as the responsibility of the individual, the presence of violence in the young offenders' lives and blaming the family. In this logic, protective and punitive discourses were alternated, as if they were part of the same intervention logic.

Resumen (analítico): El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aprehender los sentidos de protección integral en la atención al adolescente que cumple la medida de internación en el Centro Educativo Masculino (CEM) en Teresina-PI, Brasil. Esta investigación fue desarrollada a través de una entrevista semiestructurada con ocho trabajadores y el análisis documental del Plan Individual de Atención (PIA), del Informe Técnico Evaluativo (ITE), de las fichas de evolución del caso, de la sentencia, del informe de evaluación sobre in locus y de la medida socioeducativa pública. En la perspectiva del análisis del discurso, se aprehendió, con base en los resultados, que los sentidos de protección integral adquieren carácter de castigo, por la comprensión del acto infractor de la óptica individual, naturalizando los procesos de violencia y culpabilizando a la familia. En esa lógica, los discursos protector y punitivo se alternaron, como si formaran parte de una misma lógica de intervención.

Smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes per day and remaining abstinent for more than 12 hours reduces carboxyhemoglobin levels in packed red blood cells for transfusion.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of smokers among blood donors and the effect of smoking on the quality of donated blood have not been extensively explored. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of smoker donors in a large blood bank in Southern Brazil and evaluated the quality of packed red blood cells (RBCs) from these donors through recommended quality control tests and measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels. We then assessed the influence of smoking habits and abstinence before donation on these parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking donors, while a prospective cohort study compared conventional hematological and serological parameters and COHb levels at 0, 15, and 30 days after donation in RBCs donated by smokers (N = 31) and nonsmokers (N = 31) and their association with smoking habits and abstinence before donation. RESULTS: Of 14,428 blood donations received in 1 year, 5.9% were provided by smokers. Storage over time slightly altered some quality parameters, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, hemolysis, and COHb levels, in RBC packs. COHb levels were higher in RBC packs from smokers (8%) than from non-smokers (2%), and increased as a function of the number of cigarettes smoked daily and time elapsed since the last cigarette smoked before donation. Lower levels were found in RBC packs from donors who smoked fewer than 20 cigarettes per day or remained abstinent for more than 12h before giving blood. CONCLUSION: Although cigarette smoke had no significant effect on blood quality parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, or hemolysis, it quadrupled COHb levels in packed RBCs. Abstinence from smoking for more than 12h or smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes daily helped decrease COHb levels. IMPLICATIONS: Given the increasing prevalence of tobacco use worldwide, we suggest blood banks recommend 12h of tobacco abstinence before donation and analyze COHb levels in donated blood as an approach to reduce risk for high-risk recipients.

A penalização da miséria no Brasil: os adolescentes "em conflito com a lei" / The penalization through misery in Brazil: adolescents "in conflict with the law"

A criminalização da questão social está intrinsecamente vinculada às estruturas sociais do capital. Responde, portanto, a interesses hegemônicos de desvinculação das estruturas capitalistas do processo de sua produção e reprodução. Este artigo analisa o processo social subjacente ao surgimento da questão social. Explica a naturalização da mesma como instrumento deste processo, que conduz à crescente criminalização da questão social dentro de um contexto de afastamento do Estado das demandas sociais. Trata, especificamente, da penalização da miséria no Brasil, com foco no adolescente "em conflito com a lei". Esta análise permite evidenciar as estruturas sociais reprodutoras da ordem social hegemônica e aponta a radicalidade da sociabilidade capitalista, que na atualidade se mostra ainda mais perversa.

The criminalization of the social issue is intrinsically related to the social structures of capital. Thus, it answers for hegemonic interests of untying capitalist structures of its process of production and reproduction. This paper analyses the social process underlying the appearance of the social issue. It explains its naturalization as an instrument of this process, which leads to increasing criminalization of the social issue in a context of alienation of the State from social demands. Specifically, this paper addresses the penalization of misery in Brazil, focusing on "adolescents in conflict with the law". This analysis allows to highlight social structures that reproduce the hegemonic social order and points to the extremism of the capitalist society, that currently is showing itself as even more cruel.

Characterization of Hepatozoon spp. in Leptodactylus chaquensis and Leptodactylus podicipinus from two regions of the Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Hepatozoon sp. are parasites that commonly infect frogs and arthropod vectors. This species has variability in the morphological and morphometric characteristics. Due to these variations, the naming of the species is thus impaired and only by visualizing the sporogonic cycle in vector and by molecular studies this problem can be solved. Recently, the use of molecular genetics has helped the species denomination. In this work, we collected 145 frogs (68 Leptodactylus chaquensis and 77 Leptodactylus podicipinus) in different sampling sites, where were found 18 (26.47%) L. chaquensis and 24 (31.17%) L. podicipinus parasitized; besides of gamonts, schizogonic forms were also seen in animals organs. The positivity difference between the collection sites for both frog species was not significant (p = 0.958). Comparing gamonts found in each species of anuran, we observed differences in morphology. The comparison in the molecular level for L. podicipinus was not possible due to small amount of blood obtained, just L. chaquensis had their parasites DNA sequenced. The amplified and sequenced samples, named HEP1 to HEP10, are presented in the phylogenetic tree as a different branch from other haemogregarines described on other hosts. Therefore, we have seen that, although the morphology and morphometry of the collected parasites at each site showed differences, the sequencing of these samples revealed identical species of Hepatozoon, and different compared to those from GenBank, thereby demonstrating that the species of Hepatozoon in L. chaquensis observed in this study probably represent a new species.

Morphological, morphometric, and molecular characterization of Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) from naturally infected Caudisona durissa terrifica (Serpentes, Viperidae).

Hepatozoon spp. are the most frequent intracellular protozoa in snakes. Considering the variety of parasites infecting specimens of Caudisona durissa terrifica and the divergent data in literature where only two species, Hepatozoon romani and Hepatozoon capsulata, are described, the aim of this study was to morphologically, morphometrically, and molecularly characterize Hepatozoon spp. from some naturally infected specimens of C. durissa terrifica, and observe changes caused by these protozoa in parasitized erythrocytes. Four snakes were examined. Two of them had two morphological distinct gamonts, while the other two had only one type of gamont. The six distinct gamonts were provisionally named gamonts A, B, C, D, E, and F. Statistical analysis, however, confirmed the existence of only four parasite populations, those which were capable of inducing significant alterations in determined red blood cells variables. Attempts to infect Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were done for each snake specimen. Some mosquitoes became infected and oocysts were recovered and measured. The detection of Hepatozoon DNA was obtained with success but the molecular characterization was unable to differentiate species of the samples, with respect to the fragment studied.

Hemoparasites of the genus Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and hemogregarines in Anurans of the São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul States - Brazil.

Wild animals are exposed to numerous pathogens, including hemoparasites. The Trypanosoma and hemogregarinegroup are frequently reported as parasites in anurans (frogs, tree frogs and toads). The identification of these hemoparasites is usually made through stage observation of their morphology in the peripheral blood of the host. There areno studies, however, based on the biological cycle of these hemoparasites. The objective of the present study was toevaluate the presence of hemogregarines and Trypanosoma spp. in anurans captured in the States of São Paulo andMato Grosso do Sul- Brazil and to perform the morphological and morphometric characterization of these hemoparasites. The species of anurans examined were: Dendropsophus nanus, D. minutus, Leptodactylus chaquensis L. podicipinus, L. labyrinthicus, L. fuscus, Bufo granulosus, B. schneideri, Phyllomedusa hypocondrialis, Trachicephalus venulosus, Scinax fuscovarius and Hypsiboas albopunctatus. Of the total of 40 animals studied, four (10%)were positive for hemogregarines and eight (20%) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. Hemogregarine gamontsshowed variable morphology and, in addition to intraerythrocytic forms, extraerythrocytic forms were also observed.Extremely different forms of Trypanosoma were observed, as described in the literature, with the broad and oval forms being the most common.

Hemoparasites of the genus Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and hemogregarines in Anurans of the São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul States - Brazil

Wild animals are exposed to numerous pathogens, including hemoparasites. The Trypanosoma and hemogregarinegroup are frequently reported as parasites in anurans (frogs, tree frogs and toads). The identification of these hemoparasites is usually made through stage observation of their morphology in the peripheral blood of the host. There areno studies, however, based on the biological cycle of these hemoparasites. The objective of the present study was toevaluate the presence of hemogregarines and Trypanosoma spp. in anurans captured in the States of São Paulo andMato Grosso do Sul- Brazil and to perform the morphological and morphometric characterization of these hemoparasites. The species of anurans examined were: Dendropsophus nanus, D. minutus, Leptodactylus chaquensis L. podicipinus, L. labyrinthicus, L. fuscus, Bufo granulosus, B. schneideri, Phyllomedusa hypocondrialis, Trachicephalus venulosus, Scinax fuscovarius and Hypsiboas albopunctatus. Of the total of 40 animals studied, four (10 percent)were positive for hemogregarines and eight (20 percent) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. Hemogregarine gamontsshowed variable morphology and, in addition to intraerythrocytic forms, extraerythrocytic forms were also observed.Extremely different forms of Trypanosoma were observed, as described in the literature, with the broad and oval forms being the most common.

Os animais silvestres estão expostos a inúmeros patógenos,dentre eles estão os hemoparasitas. Podem-se destacar espécies do gênero Trypanosoma e do grupo das hemogregarinas,que ocorrem com freqüência parasitando anuros (rãs, pererecas e sapos). Normalmente, a descrição destes hemoparasitas é feita através da morfologia dos estágios observados nosangue periférico do hospedeiro e as pesquisas sobre o ciclobiológico desses hemoparasitas são escassas. Os objetivos dopresente estudo foram avaliar a presença de hemogregarinas eTrypanosoma spp. em anuros capturados nos Estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul e fazer a caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos seus hemoparasitas. As espécies deanuros examinadas foram: Dendropsophus nanus, D. minutus, Leptodactylus chaquensis, L. podicipinus, L. labyrinthicus, L. fuscus, Bufo granulosus, B. schneideri, Phyllomedusahypocondrialis, Trachicephalus venulosus, Scinax fuscovarius e Hypsiboas albopunctatus. Dos 40 animais estudados, foramencontrados quatro (10 por cento) positivos para hemogregarinas e oito(20 por cento) positivos para Trypanosoma spp. Foram observadosgamontes de hemogregarinas com morfologia variável e, alémdas formas intraeritrocíticas, também foram observados gamontes fora das hemácias. As formas de Trypanosoma encontradas eram muito polimórficas, conforme é descrito na literatura, sendo na sua maioria, larga e oval.