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PURPOSE: To explore the abnormality score trends of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD) in the serial mammography of patients until a final diagnosis of breast cancer. METHOD: From 2015 to 2019, 126 breast cancer patients who had at least two previous mammograms obtained from 2008 up to cancer diagnosis were included. AI-CAD was retrospectively applied to 487 previous mammograms and all the abnormality scores calculated by AI-CAD were obtained. The contralateral breast of each affected breast was defined as the control group. We divided all mammograms by 6-month intervals from cancer diagnosis in reverse chronological order. The random coefficient model was used to estimate whether the chronological trend of AI-CAD abnormality scores differed between cancer and normal breasts. Subgroup analyses were performed according to mammographic visibility, invasiveness and molecular subtype of the invasive cancer. RESULTS: Mean period from initial examination to cancer diagnosis was 6.0 years (range 1.7-10.7 years). The abnormality scores of breasts diagnosed with cancer showed a significantly increasing trend during the previous examination period (slope 0.6 per 6 months, p for the slope < 0.001), while the contralateral normal breast showed no trend (slope 0.03, p = 0.776). The difference in slope between the cancerous and contralateral breasts was significant (p < 0.001). For mammography-visible cancers, the abnormality scores in cancerous breasts showed a significant increasing trend (slope 0.8, p < 0.001), while for mammography-occult cancers, the trend was not significant (slope 0.1, p = 0.6). For invasive cancers, the slope of the abnormality scores showed a significant increasing trend (slope 1.4, p = 0.002), unlike ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) which showed no significant trend. There was no significant difference in the slope of abnormality scores among the subtypes of invasive cancers (p = 0.418). CONCLUSION: Breasts diagnosed with cancer showed an increase in AI-CAD abnormality scores in previous serial mammograms, suggesting that AI-CAD could be useful for early detection of breast cancer.
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Inteligência Artificial , Neoplasias da Mama , Mamografia , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Mamografia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Adulto , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodosRESUMO
Background: Data-driven digital learning could improve the diagnostic performance of novice students for thyroid nodules. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of digital self-learning and artificial intelligence-based computer-assisted diagnosis (AI-CAD) for inexperienced readers to diagnose thyroid nodules. Methods: Between February and August 2023, a total of 26 readers (less than 1 year of experience in thyroid US from various departments) from 6 hospitals participated in this study. Readers completed an online learning session comprising 3,000 thyroid nodules annotated as benign or malignant independently. They were asked to assess a test set consisting of 120 thyroid nodules with known surgical pathology before and after a learning session. Then, they referred to AI-CAD and made their final decisions on the thyroid nodules. Diagnostic performances before and after self-training and with AI-CAD assistance were evaluated and compared between radiology residents and readers from different specialties. Results: AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) improved after the self-learning session, and it improved further after radiologists referred to AI-CAD (0.679 vs 0.713 vs 0.758, p<0.05). Although the 18 radiology residents showed improved AUC (0.7 to 0.743, p=0.016) and accuracy (69.9% to 74.2%, p=0.013) after self-learning, the readers from other departments did not. With AI-CAD assistance, sensitivity (radiology 70.3% to 74.9%, others 67.9% to 82.3%, all p<0.05) and accuracy (radiology 74.2% to 77.1%, others 64.4% to 72.8%, all p <0.05) improved in all readers. Conclusion: While AI-CAD assistance helps improve the diagnostic performance of all inexperienced readers for thyroid nodules, self-learning was only effective for radiology residents with more background knowledge of ultrasonography. Clinical Impact: Online self-learning, along with AI-CAD assistance, can effectively enhance the diagnostic performance of radiology residents in thyroid cancer.
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Inteligência Artificial , Diagnóstico por Computador , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Masculino , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Competência Clínica , Adulto , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Radiologia/educação , Curva ROC , Internato e Residência/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD) is increasingly used in mammography. While the continuous scores of AI-CAD have been related to malignancy risk, the understanding of how to interpret and apply these scores remains limited. We investigated the positive predictive values (PPVs) of the abnormality scores generated by a deep learning-based commercial AI-CAD system and analyzed them in relation to clinical and radiological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2020 to May 2022, 656 breasts from 599 women (mean age 52.6 ± 11.5 years, including 0.6% [4/599] high-risk women) who underwent mammography and received positive AI-CAD results (Lunit Insight MMG, abnormality score ≥ 10) were retrospectively included in this study. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between the AI-CAD abnormality scores and clinical and radiological factors. The breasts were subdivided according to the abnormality scores into groups 1 (10-49), 2 (50-69), 3 (70-89), and 4 (90-100) using the optimal binning method. The PPVs were calculated for all breasts and subgroups. RESULTS: Diagnostic indications and positive imaging findings by radiologists were associated with higher abnormality scores in the multivariable regression analysis. The overall PPV of AI-CAD was 32.5% (213/656) for all breasts, including 213 breast cancers, 129 breasts with benign biopsy results, and 314 breasts with benign outcomes in the follow-up or diagnostic studies. In the screening mammography subgroup, the PPVs were 18.6% (58/312) overall and 5.1% (12/235), 29.0% (9/31), 57.9% (11/19), and 96.3% (26/27) for score groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The PPVs were significantly higher in women with diagnostic indications (45.1% [155/344]), palpability (51.9% [149/287]), fatty breasts (61.2% [60/98]), and certain imaging findings (masses with or without calcifications and distortion). CONCLUSION: PPV increased with increasing AI-CAD abnormality scores. The PPVs of AI-CAD satisfied the acceptable PPV range according to Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System for screening mammography and were higher for diagnostic mammography.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Mamografia , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mamografia/métodos , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inteligência Artificial , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodos , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , ComputadoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We assessed the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin (0.3 mg), a newly developed SGLT-2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on kidney function via pooled analysis of two 24-week, randomized, double-blind phase III trials. METHODS: Data from 470 patients were included (enavogliflozin: 0.3 mg/day, n = 235; dapagliflozin: 10 mg/day, n = 235). The subjects were classified by mildly reduced (60 ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m², n = 247) or normal eGFR (≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m², n = 223). RESULTS: In the mildly reduced eGFR group, enavogliflozin significantly reduced the adjusted mean change of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels at week 24 compared to dapagliflozin (- 0.94% vs. -0.77%, P = 0.0196). Enavogliflozin exhibited a more pronounced glucose-lowering effect by HbA1c when combined with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors than that observed in their absence. Enavogliflozin showed potent blood glucose-lowering effects regardless of renal function. Conversely, dapagliflozin showed a significant decrease in the glucose-lowering efficacy as the renal function decreased. Enavogliflozin showed a higher urinary glucose excretion rate in both groups. The homeostatic model assessment showed that enavogliflozin markedly decreased the insulin resistance. The blood pressure, weight loss, or homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function values did not differ significantly between enavogliflozin and dapagliflozin. Adverse events were similar between both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The glucose-lowering efficacy of enavogliflozin is superior to that of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild renal function impairment; this is attributed to its potent urinary glucose excretion-promoting ability. The emergence of new and potent SGLT-2 inhibitors is considered an attractive option for patients with inadequate glycemic control and decreased renal function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable (pooled analysis).
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Glucosídeos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Resultado do Tratamento , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Compostos Benzidrílicos/efeitos adversos , Glicemia , Glucose , Rim , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
Purpose: To evaluate artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD) for screening mammography, we analyzed the diagnostic performance of radiologists by providing and withholding AI-CAD results alternatively every month. Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board with a waiver for informed consent. Between August 2020 and May 2022, 1819 consecutive women (mean age 50.8 ± 9.4 years) with 2061 screening mammography and ultrasound performed on the same day in a single institution were included. Radiologists interpreted screening mammography in clinical practice with AI-CAD results being provided or withheld alternatively by month. The AI-CAD results were retrospectively obtained for analysis even when withheld from radiologists. The diagnostic performances of radiologists and stand-alone AI-CAD were compared and the performances of radiologists with and without AI-CAD assistance were also compared by cancer detection rate, recall rate, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC). Results: Twenty-nine breast cancer patients and 1790 women without cancers were included. Diagnostic performances of the radiologists did not significantly differ with and without AI-CAD assistance. Radiologists with AI-CAD assistance showed the same sensitivity (76.5%) and similar specificity (92.3% vs 93.8%), AUC (0.844 vs 0.851), and recall rates (8.8% vs. 7.4%) compared to standalone AI-CAD. Radiologists without AI-CAD assistance showed lower specificity (91.9% vs 94.6%) and accuracy (91.5% vs 94.1%) and higher recall rates (8.6% vs 5.9%, all p < 0.05) compared to stand-alone AI-CAD. Conclusion: Radiologists showed no significant difference in diagnostic performance when both screening mammography and ultrasound were performed with or without AI-CAD assistance for mammography. However, without AI-CAD assistance, radiologists showed lower specificity and accuracy and higher recall rates compared to stand-alone AI-CAD.
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BACKGROUND. Screening mammography has decreased performance in patients with dense breasts. Supplementary screening ultrasound is a recommended option in such patients, although it has yielded mixed results in prior investigations. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to compare the performance characteristics of screening mammography alone, standalone artificial intelligence (AI), ultrasound alone, and mammography in combination with AI and/or ultrasound in patients with dense breasts. METHODS. This retrospective study included 1325 women (mean age, 53 years) with dense breasts who underwent both screening mammography and supplementary breast ultrasound within a 1-month interval from January 2017 to December 2017; prior mammography and prior ultrasound examinations were available for comparison in 91.2% and 91.8%, respectively. Mammography and ultrasound examinations were interpreted by one of 15 radiologists (five staff; 10 fellows); clinical reports were used for the present analysis. A commercial AI tool was used to retrospectively evaluate mammographic examinations for presence of cancer. Screening performances were compared among mammography, AI, ultrasound, and test combinations, using generalized estimating equations. Benign diagnoses required 24 months or longer of imaging stability. RESULTS. Twelve cancers (six invasive ductal carcinoma; six ductal carcinoma in situ) were diagnosed. Mammography, standalone AI, and ultrasound showed cancer detection rates (per 1000 patients) of 6.0, 6.8, and 6.0 (all p > .05); recall rates of 4.4%, 11.9%, and 9.2% (all p < .05); sensitivity of 66.7%, 75.0%, and 66.7% (all p > .05); specificity of 96.2%, 88.7%, and 91.3% (all p < .05); and accuracy of 95.9%, 88.5%, and 91.1% (all p < .05). Mammography with AI, mammography with ultrasound, and mammography with both ultrasound and AI showed cancer detection rates of 7.5, 9.1, and 9.1 (all p > .05); recall rates of 14.9, 11.7, and 21.4 (all p < .05); sensitivity of 83.3%, 100.0%, and 100.0% (all p > .05); specificity of 85.8%, 89.1%, and 79.4% (all p < .05); and accuracy of 85.7%, 89.2%, and 79.5% (all p < .05). CONCLUSION. Mammography with supplementary ultrasound showed higher accuracy, higher specificity, and lower recall rate in comparison with mammography with AI and in comparison with mammography with both ultrasound and AI. CLINICAL IMPACT. The findings fail to show benefit of AI with respect to screening mammography performed with supplementary breast ultrasound in patients with dense breasts.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Mamografia , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mamografia/métodos , Densidade da Mama , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inteligência Artificial , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodosRESUMO
Mammography is currently the most commonly used modality for breast cancer screening. However, its sensitivity is relatively low in women with dense breasts. Dense breast tissues show a relatively high rate of interval cancers and are at high risk for developing breast cancer. As a supplemental screening tool, ultrasonography is a widely adopted imaging modality to standard mammography, especially for dense breasts. Lately, automated breast ultrasound imaging has gained attention due to its advantages over hand-held ultrasound imaging. However, automated breast ultrasound imaging requires considerable time and effort for reading because of the lengthy data. Hence, developing a computer-aided nodule detection system for automated breast ultrasound is invaluable and impactful practically. This study proposes a three-dimensional breast nodule detection system based on a simple two-dimensional deep-learning model exploiting automated breast ultrasound. Additionally, we provide several postprocessing steps to reduce false positives. In our experiments using the in-house automated breast ultrasound datasets, a sensitivity of [Formula: see text] with 8.6 false positives is achieved on unseen test data at best.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Mamografia/métodos , Densidade da Mama , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Mamária/métodos , Redes Neurais de Computação , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodosRESUMO
Purpose: To evaluate the stand-alone diagnostic performances of AI-CAD and outcomes of AI-CAD detected abnormalities when applied to the mammographic interpretation workflow. Methods: From January 2016 to December 2017, 6499 screening mammograms of 5228 women were collected from a single screening facility. Historic reads of three radiologists were used as radiologist interpretation. A commercially-available AI-CAD was used for analysis. One radiologist not involved in interpretation had retrospectively reviewed the abnormality features and assessed the significance (negligible vs. need recall) of the AI-CAD marks. Ground truth in terms of cancer, benign or absence of abnormality was confirmed according to histopathologic diagnosis or negative results on the next-round screen. Results: Of the 6499 mammograms, 6282 (96.7%) were in the negative, 189 (2.9%) were in the benign, and 28 (0.4%) were in the cancer group. AI-CAD detected 5 (17.9%, 5 of 28) of the 9 cancers that were intially interpreted as negative. Of the 648 AI-CAD recalls, 89.0% (577 of 648) were marks seen on examinations in the negative group, and 267 (41.2%) of the AI-CAD marks were considered to be negligible. Stand-alone AI-CAD has significantly higher recall rates (10.0% vs. 3.4%, P < 0.001) with comparable sensitivity and cancer detection rates (P = 0.086 and 0.102, respectively) when compared to the radiologists' interpretation. Conclusion: AI-CAD detected 17.9% additional cancers on screening mammography that were initially overlooked by the radiologists. In spite of the additional cancer detection, AI-CAD had significantly higher recall rates in the clinical workflow, in which 89.0% of AI-CAD marks are on negative mammograms.
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To evaluate the consistency in the performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic support software in short-term digital mammography reimaging after core needle biopsy. Of 276 women who underwent short-term (<3 mo) serial digital mammograms followed by breast cancer surgery from Jan. to Dec. 2017, 550 breasts were included. All core needle biopsies for breast lesions were performed between serial exams. All mammography images were analyzed using a commercially available AI-based software providing an abnormality score (0-100). Demographic data for age, interval between serial exams, biopsy, and final diagnosis were compiled. Mammograms were reviewed for mammographic density and finding. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the distribution of variables according to biopsy and to test the interaction effects of variables with the difference in AI-based score according to biopsy. AI-based score of 550 exams (benign or normal in 263 and malignant in 287) showed significant difference between malignant and benign/normal exams (0.48 vs. 91.97 in first exam and 0.62 vs. 87.13 in second exam, P<0.0001). In comparison of serial exams, no significant difference was found in AI-based score. AI-based score difference between serial exams was significantly different according to biopsy performed or not (-0.25 vs. 0.07, P = 0.035). In linear regression analysis, there was no significant interaction effect of all clinical and mammographic characteristics with mammographic examinations performed after biopsy or not. The results from AI-based diagnostic support software for digital mammography was relatively consistent in short-term reimaging even after core needle biopsy.
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Inteligência Artificial , Neoplasias da Mama , Feminino , Humanos , Biópsia com Agulha de Grande Calibre , Mamografia/métodos , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Software , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
AIMS: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, versus dapagliflozin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and gemigliptin. METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized study, patients with inadequate response to metformin (≥ 1000 mg/day) plus gemigliptin (50 mg/day) were randomized to receive enavogliflozin 0.3 mg/day (n = 134) or dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (n = 136) in addition to the metformin plus gemigliptin therapy. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. RESULTS: Both treatments significantly reduced HbA1c at week 24 (-0.92% in enavogliflozin group, -0.86% in dapagliflozin group). The enavogliflozin and dapagliflozin groups did not differ in terms of changes in HbA1c (between-group difference: -0.06%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.19, 0.06) and fasting plasma glucose (between-group difference: -3.49 mg/dl [-8.08;1.10]). An increase in urine glucose-creatinine ratio was significantly greater in the enavogliflozin group than in the dapagliflozin group (60.2 g/g versus 43.5 g/g, P < 0.0001). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups (21.64% versus 23.53%). CONCLUSIONS: Enavogliflozin, added to metformin plus gemigliptin, was well tolerated and as effective as dapagliflozin in the treatment of patients with T2DM.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metformina , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Metformina/efeitos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Glicemia , Resultado do Tratamento , Compostos Benzidrílicos/efeitos adversos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate employees' attitudes toward cancer, patients with cancer, and cancer survivors' return to work. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey with online questionnaires to collect data during a 1-month period in April 2022. A stratified sampling method was used to select 237 participants. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and an independent t-test. Results: The following trends were observed regarding attitudes toward cancer and patients with cancer: impossibility of recovery: 9.00 â± â2.10 (4-16); stereotypes: 8.08 â± â2.12 (4-16); discrimination: 6.98 â± â2.26 (4-16); and financial instability: 7.37 â± â1.87 (3-12). Regarding public attitudes toward cancer survivors' return to work, the following results were confirmed: gender and living with family members/acquaintances who had survived cancer significantly impacted perceptions toward cancer survivors' return to work.For both variables (gender and job type), a significant difference was observed. Men had significantly higher negative perceptions of patients with cancer and their return to work than women, and there were significant differences between professional group and labor group. Moreover, participants living with cancer survivors (either among their family members or acquaintances) showed a significant difference in terms of attitudes toward cancer and patients with cancer and a greater recognition of such survivors' return to the workplace. Conclusions: Despite a reduction in social stigma attached to cancer and cancer survivors, survivors may find returning to the workplace difficult. Public efforts and strategies are necessary for increasing awareness and reducing discrimination in society. This study's results could be used as basic data for establishing a social support system in the workplace and developing policies and educational programs to increase awareness about cancer survivors' issues.
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Cosmetics, especially rinse-off personal care products (PCPs), such as shampoo, facial cleanser, and body wash, are composed of various chemicals and are one of the sources of chemicals released into aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the cosmetic industry strives to reduce the impact of their products on the aquatic environment. In this study, we proposed an algorithm based on persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity (PBT) for the environmental risk assessment of cosmetics. PBT features are generally used in the evaluation of the environmental impact of chemicals. Based on the PBT assessment, it is possible to predict the short- and long-term effects of chemicals on the environment. Our algorithm derives substance and product scores from PBT features, allowing for the risk assessment of each ingredient in the product. Furthermore, we proposed a criterion for the environmental impact grade through which each component can be classified. We intend to use this grade and factors determined through the algorithm to manufacture products with low environmental impact.
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BACKGROUND: Mammography yields inevitable recall for indeterminate findings that need to be confirmed with additional views. PURPOSE: To explore whether the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for mammography can reduce false-positive recall in patients who undergo the spot compression view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January to December 2017, 236 breasts from 225 women who underwent the spot compression view due to focal asymmetry, mass, or architectural distortion on standard digital mammography were included. Three readers who were blinded to the study purpose, patient information, previous mammograms, following spot compression views, and any clinical or pathologic reports retrospectively reviewed 236 standard mammograms and determined the necessity of patient recall and the probability of malignancy per breast, first without and then with AI assistance. The performances of AI and the readers were evaluated with the recall rate, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. RESULTS: Among 236 examinations, 8 (3.4%) were cancers and 228 (96.6%) were benign. The recall rates of all three readers significantly decreased with AI assistance (P < 0.05). The reader-averaged recall rates significantly decreased with AI assistance regardless of breast composition (fatty breasts: 32.7% to 24.1%m P = 0.002; dense breasts: 33.6% to 21.2%, P < 0.001). The reader-averaged AUC increased with AI assistance and was comparable to that of standalone AI (0.835 vs. 0.895; P = 0.234). The reader-averaged specificity (71.2% to 79.8%, P < 0.001) and accuracy (71.3% to 79.7%, P < 0.001) significantly improved with AI assistance. CONCLUSION: AI assistance significantly reduced false-positive recall without compromising cancer detection in women with focal asymmetry, mass, or architectural distortion on standard digital mammography regardless of mammographic breast density.
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Inteligência Artificial , Neoplasias da Mama , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Mamografia , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Densidade da Mama , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Detecção Precoce de CâncerRESUMO
Virtual screening has significantly improved the success rate of early stage drug discovery. Recent virtual screening methods have improved owing to advances in machine learning and chemical information. Among these advances, the creative extraction of drug features is important for predicting drug-target interaction (DTI), which is a large-scale virtual screening of known drugs. Herein, we report Kullbeck-Leibler divergence (KLD) as a DTI feature and the feature-driven classification model applicable to DTI prediction. For the purpose, E3FP three-dimensional (3D) molecular fingerprints of drugs as a molecular representation allow the computation of 3D similarities between ligands within each target (Q-Q matrix) to identify the uniqueness of pharmacological targets and those between a query and a ligand (Q-L vector) in DTIs. The 3D similarity matrices are transformed into probability density functions via kernel density estimation as a nonparametric estimation. Each density model can exploit the characteristics of each pharmacological target and measure the quasi-distance between the ligands. Furthermore, we developed a random forest model from the KLD feature vectors to successfully predict DTIs for representative 17 targets (mean accuracy: 0.882, out-of-bag score estimate: 0.876, ROC AUC: 0.990). The method is applicable for 2D chemical similarity.
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As thyroid and breast cancer have several US findings in common, we applied an artificial intelligence computer-assisted diagnosis (AI-CAD) software originally developed for thyroid nodules to breast lesions on ultrasound (US) and evaluated its diagnostic performance. From January 2017 to December 2017, 1042 breast lesions (mean size 20.2 ± 11.8 mm) of 1001 patients (mean age 45.9 ± 12.9 years) who underwent US-guided core-needle biopsy were included. An AI-CAD software that was previously trained and validated with thyroid nodules using the convolutional neural network was applied to breast nodules. There were 665 benign breast lesions (63.0%) and 391 breast cancers (37.0%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of AI-CAD to differentiate breast lesions was 0.678 (95% confidence interval: 0.649, 0.707). After fine-tuning AI-CAD with 1084 separate breast lesions, the diagnostic performance of AI-CAD markedly improved (AUC 0.841). This was significantly higher than that of radiologists when the cutoff category was BI-RADS 4a (AUC 0.621, P < 0.001), but lower when the cutoff category was BI-RADS 4b (AUC 0.908, P < 0.001). When applied to breast lesions, the diagnostic performance of an AI-CAD software that had been developed for differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules was not bad. However, an organ-specific approach guarantees better diagnostic performance despite the similar US features of thyroid and breast malignancies.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Inteligência Artificial , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ultrassonografia , Diagnóstico por Computador , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study evaluated how artificial intelligence-based computer-assisted diagnosis (AICAD) for breast ultrasonography (US) influences diagnostic performance and agreement between radiologists with varying experience levels in different workflows. METHODS: Images of 492 breast lesions (200 malignant and 292 benign masses) in 472 women taken from April 2017 to June 2018 were included. Six radiologists (three inexperienced [<1 year of experience] and three experienced [10-15 years of experience]) individually reviewed US images with and without the aid of AI-CAD, first sequentially and then simultaneously. Diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement were calculated and compared between radiologists and AI-CAD. RESULTS: After implementing AI-CAD, the specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy significantly improved, regardless of experience and workflow (all P<0.001, respectively). The overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve significantly increased in simultaneous reading, but only for inexperienced radiologists. The agreement for Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS) descriptors generally increased when AI-CAD was used (κ=0.29-0.63 to 0.35-0.73). Inexperienced radiologists tended to concede to AI-CAD results more easily than experienced radiologists, especially in simultaneous reading (P<0.001). The conversion rates for final assessment changes from BI-RADS 2 or 3 to BI-RADS higher than 4a or vice versa were also significantly higher in simultaneous reading than sequential reading (overall, 15.8% and 6.2%, respectively; P<0.001) for both inexperienced and experienced radiologists. CONCLUSION: Using AI-CAD to interpret breast US improved the specificity, PPV, and accuracy of radiologists regardless of experience level. AI-CAD may work better in simultaneous reading to improve diagnostic performance and agreement between radiologists, especially for inexperienced radiologists.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how breast cancers are depicted by artificial intelligence-based computer-assisted diagnosis (AI-CAD) according to clinical, radiological, and pathological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2017 to December 2017, 896 patients diagnosed with 930 breast cancers were enrolled in this retrospective study. Commercial AI-CAD was applied to digital mammograms and abnormality scores were obtained. We evaluated the abnormality score according to clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics. False-negative results were defined by abnormality scores less than 10. RESULTS: The median abnormality score of 930 breasts was 87.4 (range 0-99). The false-negative rate of AI-CAD was 19.4% (180/930). Cancers with an abnormality score of more than 90 showed a high proportion of palpable lesions, BI-RADS 4c and 5 lesions, cancers presenting as mass with or without microcalcifications and invasive cancers compared with low-scored cancers (all p < 0.001). False-negative cancers were more likely to develop in asymptomatic patients and extremely dense breasts and to be diagnosed as occult breast cancers and DCIS compared to detected cancers. CONCLUSION: Breast cancers depicted with high abnormality scores by AI-CAD are associated with higher BI-RADS category, invasive pathology, and higher cancer stage. KEY POINTS: ⢠High-scored cancers by AI-CAD included a high proportion of BI-RADS 4c and 5 lesions, masses with or without microcalcifications, and cancers with invasive pathology. ⢠Among invasive cancers, cancers with higher T and N stage and HER2-enriched subtype were depicted with higher abnormality scores by AI-CAD. ⢠Cancers missed by AI-CAD tended to be in asymptomatic patients and extremely dense breasts and to be diagnosed as occult breast cancers by radiologists.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Calcinose , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Inteligência Artificial , Estudos Retrospectivos , Mamografia/métodos , Diagnóstico por Computador , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Background Low nuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) identified at biopsy can be upgraded to intermediate to high nuclear grade DCIS at surgery. Methods that confirm low nuclear grade are needed to consider nonsurgical approaches for these patients. Purpose To develop a preoperative model to identify low nuclear grade DCIS and to evaluate factors associated with low nuclear grade DCIS at biopsy that was not upgraded to intermediate to high nuclear grade DCIS at surgery. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 470 women (median age, 50 years; interquartile range, 44-58 years) with 477 pure DCIS lesions at surgical histopathologic evaluation were included (January 2010 to December 2015). Patients were divided into the training set (n = 330) or validation set (n = 147) to develop a preoperative model to identify low nuclear grade DCIS. Features at US (mass, nonmass) and at mammography (morphologic characteristics, distribution of microcalcification) were reviewed. The upgrade rate of low nuclear grade DCIS was calculated, and multivariable regression was used to evaluate factors for associations with low nuclear grade DCIS that was not upgraded later. Results A preoperative model that included lesions manifesting as a mass at US without microcalcification and no comedonecrosis at biopsy was used to identify low nuclear grade DCIS, with a high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.00) in the validation set. The upgrade rate of low nuclear grade DCIS at biopsy was 38.8% (50 of 129). Ki-67 positivity (odds ratio, 0.04; 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.43; P = .005) was inversely associated with constant low nuclear grade DCIS. Conclusion The upgrade rate of low nuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) at biopsy to intermediate to high nuclear grade DCIS at surgery occurred in more than a third of patients; low nuclear grade DCIS at final histopathologic evaluation could be identified if the mass was viewed at US without microcalcifications and had no comedonecrosis at histopathologic evaluation of biopsy. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Rahbar in this issue. An earlier incorrect version appeared online. This article was corrected on April 14, 2022.