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Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe) is economically important pest in East Asia including Korea, Japan, and China where they infest wooden structures in urban areas. Previously, it has been reported that R. speratus consists of 5 subspecies, R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, R. speratus speratus Kolbe, R. speratus leptolabralis Morimoto, R. speratus okinawanus Morimoto, R. speratus yaeyamanus Morimoto, while only R. speratus kyushuensis was recorded in Korea in the past. However, it remains elusive if different subspecies of R. speratus other than R. speratus kyushuensis are present in Korea. In this study, we report the first record of R. speratus speratus from Korea, which was verified using soldier morphology and molecular characteristics obtained from a mitochondrial gene. R. speratus speratus Kolbe, 1885 (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) are found in several provinces, mainly southern regions in Korea, whereas R. speratus kyushuensis are distributed throughout the country. Our morphological comparison showed that R. speratus speratus can be distinguishable from R. speratus kyushuensis by the ratio of the posterior postmentum width to length. In the molecular comparison, R. speratus speratus revealed genetic differences of 3.06% (range 2.60-4.10%) from R. speratus kyushuensis using cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene sequences.
Assuntos
Baratas , Isópteros , Animais , Japão , China , República da Coreia , Isópteros/genéticaRESUMO
Background: The genus Froggattiella Leonardi, 1900 belongs to the family Diaspididae, and five species of Froggattiella have been recorded worldwide. In this study, Froggattiellapenicillata (Green, 1905), which attacks bamboos, is newly recorded in South Korea. The colonies of F.penicillata were collected on a bamboo forest located in Gajwa-dong, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea (35.1599, 128.1029). Description of the adult female, host plant, adult female illustrations, and global distribution of this species are provided. New information: Froggattiellapenicillata (Green, 1905) is reported for the first time in South Korea. This species occurrs under sheathing bases of the leaves and is observed attached on the stem and not on the leaf.
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Gall-forming aphid species Tetraneura nigriabdominalis and T. fusiformis and its closely related species are taxonomically revised. By referring to the original descriptions, the name T. nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) is discarded as an erroneous combination, and T. akinire Sasaki, 1904 is adopted as a valid name. The T. akinire species group is defined as having long claws in the first instar nymphs of the root generation. Of the T. akinire species group distributed in Korea and Japan, T. ovaliformis sp. nov., which induces globular galls on the leaves of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, is described, and T. akinire and T. sorini Hille Ris Lambers, 1970 are redescribed. A molecular phylogeny based on partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) indicates that T. akinire is composed of two clusters, one (type A) which is distributed widely from Europe to East Asia on Ulmus spp., and the other (type B) which is found in Hokkaido, northern Japan on U. davidiana var. japonica and in tropical regions as anholocyclic lineages. Tetraneura fusiformis Matsumura, 1917, which has often been treated as a junior synonym of T. nigriabdominalis, likely corresponds to type B. The taxonomic status of T. fusiformis is discussed and this species is tentatively considered as a junior synonym of T. akinire sensu novo.
Assuntos
Afídeos , Ulmus , Animais , Afídeos/genética , Ninfa , Filogenia , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Aclees taiwanensis collected in Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. taiwanensis is 17,435 bp, longer than that of Aclees cribratus, and includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a control region/D-loop. The AT ratio is 75.4%. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees showed that A. taiwanensis was clustered with A. cribratus with full-support values for both trees.
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We have sequenced mitochondrial genome of Uroleucon erigeronense (Thomas, 1878) isolated from Erigeron canadensis in Korea. The circular mitogenome of U. erigeronense is 15,691 bp long including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single control region of 968 bp. AT ratio is 84.2%. Additional phylogenetic studies of aphid mitogenomes are required due to the inconsistency found in the three phylogenetic trees.
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The complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two DNA barcode-defined haplotypes of Metcalfa pruinosa and one of Salurnis marginella (Hemiptera: Flatidae) were sequenced and compared to those of other Fulgoroidea species. Furthermore, the mitogenome sequences were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among fulgoroid families. The three mitogenomes, including that of the available species of Flatidae, commonly possessed distinctive structures in the 1702-1836 bp A+T-rich region, such as two repeat regions at each end and a large centered nonrepeat region. All members of the superfamily Fulgoroidea, including the Flatidae, consistently possessed a motiflike sequence (TAGTA) at the ND1 and trnS2 junction. The phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered the familial relationships of (((((Ricaniidae + Issidae) + Flatidae) + Fulgoridae) + Achilidae) + Derbidae) in the amino acid-based analysis, with the placement of Cixiidae and Delphacidae as the earliest-derived lineages of fulgoroid families, whereas the monophyly of Delphacidae was not congruent between tree-constructing algorithms.
Assuntos
Genoma Mitocondrial , Genômica , Hemípteros/classificação , Hemípteros/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Sequência Conservada , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico , Rearranjo Gênico , Genes de Insetos , Genes Mitocondriais , Variação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Motivos de NucleotídeosRESUMO
Ricania shantungensis Chou & Lu, 1977 (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae), is an invasive pest that attacks forest as well as agricultural trees. We sequenced the 15,358 bp long complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of this species; it consists of a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one major non-coding AT-rich region. The orientation and gene order of the R. shantungensis mitogenome are identical to that of the ancestral type found in majority of the insects. Bayesian inference (BI) phylogeny placed the R. shantungensis examined in our study, together with Ricania spp. in a group with the highest nodal support, forming the family Ricaniidae to which R. shantungensis belongs.
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We have determined the mitochondrial genome of A. gossypii isolated from Leonurus japonicus in Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. gossypii is 16,044 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single control region of 797 bp. AT ratio is 83.8%. 88 SNPs and 4 INDELs (175 bp) were identified against mitogenome of A. gossypii isolated from cotton species. Especially, largest INDEL (170 bp) was in the control region. Phylogenetic trees show that four A. gossypii mitogenomes were clustered in one clade.
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The flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae), which is an invasive species, is widespread in Korea. We sequenced a fragment of the COI from 536 individuals collected mainly in Korea and the European countries and combined these sequence data with the public data, totaling 830 individuals worldwide. The identification of one shared haplotype only between Korea and the USA, the presence of this haplotype only in the North-West region of Korea, and the highest haplotype diversity in this region suggested that the North-West region is another point of entry in addition to the South-East region, which is the presumed sole point of entry to Korea. Furthermore, it suggested that North-West entry involves the M. pruinosa originating from the USA. In an effort to find further variable regions in the mitochondrial genome, one region provided substantially increased variability compared to that of the fragment of COI. F ST estimation, PCoA, and BAPS analysis, using the concatenated sequences of COI and the newly detected variable region to infer the expansion pattern in Korea, indicates that the main highway, running obliquely between the North-West and South-East regions, appears to be responsible for the current population genetic structure of M. pruinosa in Korea, facilitating gene flow through this highway traffic.
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The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White, 1845 (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive pest that attacks forest as well as agricultural trees. We sequenced the 15,798-bp long complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of this species; it consists of a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one major non-coding A + T-rich region. The orientation and gene order of the L. delicatula mitogenome are identical to that of the ancestral type found in majority of the insects. Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogeny placed the L. delicatula examined in our study, together with other geographical samples of the species in a group with the highest nodal support, forming the subfamily Aphaeninae to which L. delicatula belongs.
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Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 is a major pest in poultry production and easily observed in poultry litter. We have determined mitochondrial genome of A. diaperinus collected in Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. diaperinus is 15,511 bp long which is longer than that of Z. atratus but shorter than that of T. obscurus. It includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (72.4%). Phylogenetic tree displays that tribe Alphitobiini is clustered with tribes Helopini and Diaperini with enough supportive values of three phylogenetic trees.
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We have determined a mitochondrial genome of Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851) collected in Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea. The circular mitogenome of R. speculum is 15,530 bp long which is shorter than that of the previous mitogenome of R. speculum by 199 bp. It includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. Intraspecific variation between two mitogenome of R. speculum was investigated: 171 SNPs and 18 INDELs were identified, presenting a high level of intraspecific variations on mitochondrial genome.
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We have determined mitochondrial genome of A. gossypii isolated from Plantago asiatica in Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. gossypii is 16,045 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single control region of 798 bp. Its AT ratio is 83.8%. In comparison this mitogenome to Chinese and Korean A. gossypii mitogenomes, 66 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 176 insertions and deletions (INDELs) and 11 SNPs and 173 INDELs are identified, respectively, presenting similar level to those of Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Spodoptera frugiperda and lower than that of Chilo suppresallis.
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We have determined the second mitochondrial genome of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 collected in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. diaperinus is 15,512 bp long which is slightly longer than that of the previous mitogenome of A. diaperinus. It includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (72.4%). Intraspecific variation between two mitogenome of A. diaperinus was investigated: one SNP and one INDEL were identified, presenting the low level of intraspecific variations on mitochondrial genome.
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Aphid gosypii Glover, 1877 is a widely recognized economically important aphid species in the world. We have determined mitochondrial genome of A. gossypii collected in Korean peninsula. The circular mitogenome of A. gossypii is 15,872 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single control region of 627 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (83.8%). In comparison of Chinese A. gossypii mitochondrial genomes with that of Korean sample, 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 insertions and deletions were identified, presenting lower level of those of Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Chilo suppresallis.
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We have determined the mitochondrial genome of Paracolopha morrisoni (Baker, 1919), a gall-forming aphid collected from Korea. The circular mitogenome of Paracolopha morrisoni is 16,330 bp long including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 932 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (84.9%). Gene order of P. morrisoni is identical to all other aphid mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic trees show that P. morrisoni is sister to Eriosoma lanigerum both belonging to tribe. The mitochondrial genome of P. morrisoni will be useful in understanding the genetic backgrounds of the species.
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Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham, 1802) is a serious pest of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Europe and the USA. We have determined a 20,124 bp mitogenome of C. obstrictus which includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 2,773 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (81.4%). Hypothetical ORFs are identified in the control region. Phylogenetic trees present that C. oibstricus is clustered with Alcides juglans (Alcidinae). It also shows polyphyletic manner for two tribes, requiring more mitogenomes to resolve it.
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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious pest in large numbers on more than 350 plant species in the world. We have determined a 15,388 bp mitogenome of S. frugiperda which includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (81.3%). Phylogenetic trees present that Korean S. frugiperda placed in basal position of S. frugiperda clade. S. frugiperda mitochondrial genome can be used for understanding recent active migration of S. frugiperda.
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Aphids are a species rich group comprising many important pests. However, species identification can be very difficult for aphids due to their morphological ambiguity. DNA barcoding has been widely adopted for rapid and reliable species identification as well as cryptic species detection. In this study, we investigated cryptic diversity in the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on 899 sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) for 115 morphospecies (78 species collected in this study and sequences of 73 species downloaded from Genbank). Among these 115 morphospecies, DNA barcoding results of 90 (78.3%) species were identical to results of morphological identification. However, 25 (21.7%) morphospecies showed discrepancies between DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy. Among these 25 discordances, a total of 15 cryptic species were identified from 12 morphospecies. We also found three morphologically distinct species pairs that sharing DNA barcoding. Based on molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) estimation, we discussed on species delimitation threshold value for these taxa. Our findings confirm that Calaphidinae has high cryptic diversity even though aphids are relatively well-studied.
Assuntos
Afídeos/genética , Animais , Afídeos/classificação , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Variação Genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
We have determined the mitochondrial genome of Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, 1968. The total length of the R. speratus kyushuensis is 15,898 bp with 65.3% A + T content. It consists of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes and an A + T-rich control region. All the protein-coding genes used ATN as start codon. But the stop codons were TAA, TAG, and an incomplete termination codon (T) abutting an adjacent tRNA gene. The A + T-rich control region was 1105 bp in length with 67.8% A + T content.