Blood pressure targets, medication consideration and unique concerns in elderly hypertension IV: Focus on frailty, orthostatic hypotension, and resistant hypertension.

Hypertension increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Although treating hypertension can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and its related mortality, it is also challenging because these patients could have frailty, orthostatic hypotension (OH) and resistant hypertension (RHTN), which makes them more susceptible to treatment-related adverse events. Identifying such patients and tailoring the choice of drugs and blood pressure targets is crucial to balance the harms and benefits. The Clinical Frailty Scale is recommended to assess elderly patients with hypertension and frailty. For very frail patients, unnecessary medications should be deprescribed to avoid adverse events. Hypertension and OH frequently co-occur in the elderly, and recognizing and managing OH is essential to prevent falls and adverse events. The management of blood pressure in elderly patients with frailty, OH, and RHTN is complex, requiring the patients, their family and caregivers to be involved in decision-making to ensure that treatment plans are well-informed and aligned with the patient's needs.

Left Atrial Hemodynamics and Clinical Utility in Heart Failure.

Comprehensive knowledge of the left atrium (LA) and its pathophysiology has emerged as an important clinical and research focus in the heart failure (HF) arena. Although studies on HF focusing on investigating left ventricular remodeling are numerous, those on atrial structural and functional changes have received comparatively less attention. Studies on LA remodeling have recently received increasing attention, and LA pressure (LAP) has become a novel target for advanced monitoring and is a potential therapeutic approach for treating HF. Various devices specifically designed for the direct measurement of LAP have been developed to optimize HF treatment by reducing LAP. This review focuses on LA hemodynamic monitoring and effective LAP decompression.

Patient Preference for Catheter-Based Hypertension Therapy and Subgroup Analysis: A Pilot Study Based on Taiwan Consensus on Renal Denervation.

Ojective: To understand hypertensive patients' preference for catheter-based therapy to manage hypertension. Methods: Survey data regarding catheter-based therapies performed at MacKay Memorial Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan, between 2019-2020 were analyzed. The questionnaire was circulated either in the clinics or during admission. A total of 46 patients completed the questionnaire. Results: A total of 46 patients (mean age 53.4 ± 13.5 years, 78.3% male) completed the questionnaire. In subgroup analysis according to Taiwan renal denervation (RDN) consensus, patients with drug intolerance (61.8% vs. 31.3%, p = 0.02) were more likely to choose RDN. Moreover, although lacking statistical significance, it is noteworthy that numerically more of the resistant hypertension group (55.6% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.09) and non-adherence group (38.5% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.20) were willing to undergo RDN. Conversely, numerically fewer patients with hypertension-mediated organ damage accepted RDN compared to those who did not have hypertension-mediated organ damage (26.1% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.21), although this disparity did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Approximately one-third of the patients expressed interest in considering RDN in this study. The most influential factor in patients' preference for RDN was drug intolerance due to medication-related side effects.

Reduced-Dose Rivaroxaban Is Associated with Lower All-Cause Mortality in Older Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Reduced-dose rivaroxaban (10 mg) was used in the J-ROCKET AF trial, demonstrating safety in the Asian population. It remains unclear whether treatment with reduced-dose versus full-dose rivaroxaban (20 mg/15 mg) is associated with all-cause mortality in older patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Proposed: To evaluate the effects of reduced-dose rivaroxaban on all-cause mortality in patients over 85. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled medical records representing the period from October 2012 to November 2016. The 2 × 2 factorial design incorporated age (≥85 vs. <85) and rivaroxaban use (reduced vs. full dose). The primary study outcomes were all-cause and cardiac-related mortality. RESULTS: The study enrolled 2386 patients with a mean age of 76.6 ± 10.4 years; 51.8% were male. In the ≥85 group (n = 593), the reduced-dose subgroup had lower all-cause (5.3% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.02) and cardiac-related mortality (1.9% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.04), whereas the younger patients receiving reduced-dose rivaroxaban had higher all-cause mortality (3.7% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.01) but no difference in cardiac-related mortality (1.2% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.33). The rate of hospitalization for heart failure was significantly lower in the elderly group with reduced-dose rivaroxaban (7.2% vs. 15.7%, p < 0.01) but not in the younger group. After adjusting for confounders in the older group, treatment with reduced-dose rivaroxaban was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR (aHR): 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21-0.74, p < 0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (aHR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29-0.99, p = 0.05). No associations were found between rivaroxaban dose and cardiac-related mortality in either group, nor between younger age and any outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-dose rivaroxaban was associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for heart failure in older patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Future studies can investigate the effect of reduced-dose rivaroxaban on prognoses in elderly individuals ≥85 years in the west.

Iron deficiency in Taiwanese patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is a common comorbidity among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and is associated with poorer outcomes independent of anemia. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of ID in Taiwanese patients with HFrEF. METHODS: We included HFrEF patients from two multicenter cohorts at different periods. The multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to assess the risk of outcomes associated with ID, accounting for the varying risk of death. RESULTS: Of the 3612 patients with HFrEF registered from 2013 to 2018, 665 patients (18.4%) had available baseline iron profile measurements. Of these, 290 patients (43.6%) were iron deficient; 20.2% had ID+/anemia+, 23.4% ID+/anemia-, 21.5% ID-/anemia+, and 34.9% ID-/anemia-. Regardless of anemia status, patients with coexisting ID had a higher risk than those without ID (all-cause mortality: 14.3 vs 9.5 per 100 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.85; p = 0.091; cardiovascular mortality: 10.5 per 100 patient-years vs 6.1, adjusted HR 1.54 [95% CI, 1.03-2.30; p = 0.037]; cardiovascular mortality or first unplanned hospitalization for HF: 36.7 vs 19.7 per 100 patient-years, adjusted HR 1.57 [95% CI, 1.22-2.01; p < 0.001]). Among patients eligible for treatment in the IRONMAN trial design (43.9%), parenteral iron therapy was estimated to reduce heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths by 13.7 per 100 patient-years. CONCLUSION: Iron profiles were tested in less than one-fifth of the Taiwanese HFrEF cohort. ID was present in 43.6% of tested patients and was independently associated with poor prognosis in these patients.

Early detection of myocardial ischemia in resting ECG: analysis by HHT.

BACKGROUND: Exercise electrocardiography (ECG) is a noninvasive test aiming at producing ischemic changes. However, resting ECG cannot be adopted in diagnosing myocardial ischemia till ST-segment depressions. Therefore, this study aimed to detect myocardial energy defects in resting ECG using the Hilbert-Huang transformation (HHT) in patients with angina pectoris. METHODS: Electrocardiographic recordings of positive exercise ECG by performing coronary imaging test (n = 26) and negative exercise ECG (n = 47) were collected. Based on the coronary stenoses severity, patients were divided into three categories: normal, < 50%, and ≥ 50%. During the resting phase of the exercise ECG, all 10-s ECG signals are decomposed by HHT. The RT intensity index, composed of the power spectral density of the P, QRS, and T components, is used to estimate the myocardial energy defect. RESULTS: After analyzing the resting ECG using HHT, the RT intensity index was significantly higher in patients with positive exercise ECG (27.96%) than in those with negative exercise ECG (22.30%) (p < 0.001). In patients with positive exercise ECG, the RT intensity index was gradually increasing with the severity of coronary stenoses: 25.25% (normal, n = 4), 27.14% (stenoses < 50%, n = 14), and 30.75% (stenoses ≥ 50%, n = 8). The RT intensity index of different coronary stenoses was significantly higher in patients with negative exercise ECG, except for the normal coronary imaging test. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with coronary stenoses had a higher RT index at the resting stage of exercise ECG. Resting ECG analyzed using HHT could be a method for the early detection of myocardial ischemia.

Optimal Heart Rate Control Improves Long-Term Prognosis of Decompensated Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background and Objectives: An elevated heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship between heart rate control and the long-term outcomes of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains unclear. This study explored the long-term prognostic importance of heart rate control in patients hospitalized with HFrEF. Materials and Methods: We retrieved the records of patients admitted for decompensated heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40%, from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2019. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) during follow-up. We analyzed the outcomes using Cox proportional hazard ratios calculated using the patients' heart rates, as measured at baseline and approximately 3 months later. The mean follow-up duration was 49.0 ± 38.1 months. Results: We identified 5236 eligible patients, and divided them into five groups on the basis of changes in their heart rates. The mean LVEFs of the groups ranged from 29.1% to 30.6%. After adjustment for all covariates, the results demonstrated that lesser heart rate reductions at the 3-month screening period were associated with long-term cardiovascular death, HHF, and all-cause mortality (p for linear trend = 0.033, 0.042, and 0.003, respectively). The restricted cubic spline model revealed a linear relationship between reduction in heart rate and risk of outcomes (p for nonlinearity > 0.2). Conclusions: Greater reductions in heart rate were associated with a lower risk of long-term cardiovascular death, HHF, and all-cause mortality among patients discharged after hospitalization for decompensated HFrEF.

The Removal, Excision, Sterilization, and Quarantine (RESQ) Method is a Feasible Alternative Treatment for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections.

Background: Current guidelines recommend that all infected cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) should be removed. However, financial or anatomical concerns can lead to management of infection with simple debridement, as opposed to complete removal. In this observational study, we report the outcomes of our modified procedure for this real-world dilemma. Methods and Results: The Quarantine (RESQ) method is characterized as follows: the removal (R) of all non-essential foreign materials, including old sutures and leads; the excision (E) of all non-viable, chronically inflamed, granulation, or scar tissue; the sterilization (S) of the remaining generator; and the quarantine (Q) of a new pocket in the sub-muscular layer for reimplantation. From a review of electronic medical records, 30 patients were selected and divided into three groups according to the intervention used: RESQ (n = 9) in group A, simple debridement (n = 16) in group B, and guideline-recommended replacement (n = 5) in group C. Patient baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. After analyzing the proportion of patients that were free from infection one year following their respective interventions, we found that group A performed better than group B (100% and 31.2% infection-free, respectively, p = 0.001), and was comparable to group C (both 100% infection-free, p = not applicable). Conclusions: The RESQ method is a feasible and beneficial alternative for selected patients with CIED infections who are unable to receive a generator replacement according to the recommended guideline.

Real-World Experience of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure Patients With Advanced Kidney Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) in real-world patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and advanced chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2), which have been excluded from the landmark trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study examined 3281 patients pooled from two multicenter HFrEF cohorts, and 661 patients with baseline eGFR less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 were further analyzed (the Taiwan Society of Cardiology - Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (TSOC-HFrEF) registry: May 1, 2013 to October 31, 2014, and the Treatment with Angiotensin Receptor neprilysin inhibitor fOr Taiwan Heart Failure patients (TAROT-HF) study: March 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018). Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for confounders. At 1-year follow-up, all-cause mortality, total heart failure hospitalizations, renal function, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were used as the endpoints. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, 510 patients (age, 69.8±13.9 years; male, 61.0%; mean LVEF, 29.8±7.3%; mean eGFR, 19.8±9.0 mL/min per 1.73 m2) were included in the final analysis, including 278 patients receiving ARNI treatment (ARNI group) and 232 patients not on ARNI treatment (non-ARNI group). Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. At 1 year, eGFR and LVEF measurements were significantly higher in the ARNI group than in the non-ARNI group (25.0±17.1 mL/min per 1.73 m2 vs 21.4±17.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P=.04; and 40.1±12.9% vs. 33.1±10.8%, P<.001, respectively). The ARNI group had significantly lower risks of 1-year all-cause mortality (19.4 vs 30.9 per 100-person year; P=.02), and total HF rehospitalizations (70.0 vs 110.4 per 100-person year; P=.01) than non-ARNI users. CONCLUSION: Our results show the effectiveness of ARNIs in HFrEF patients with advanced chronic kidney disease in a real-world setting.

The Autonomic Imbalance of Myocardial Ischemia during Exercise Stress Testing: Insight from Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Analysis.

Exercise stress testing (EST) has limited power in diagnosing obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). The heart rate variability (HRV) analysis might increase the sensitivity of CAD detection. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between short-term HRV and myocardial ischemia during EST, including the acceleration, maximum, and recovery stages of heart rate (HR). The HRV during EST from 19 healthy (RHC) subjects and 35 patients with CAD (25 patients with insignificant CAD (iCAD), and 10 patients with significant CAD (sCAD)) were compared. As a result, all HRV indices decreased at the maximum stage and no significant differences between iCAD and sCAD were found. The low-frequency power of heart rate signal (LF) of the RHC group recovered relatively quickly from the third to the sixth minutes after maximum HR, compared with that of the sCAD group. The relative changes of most HRV indices between maximum HR and recovery stage were lower in the sCAD group than in the RHC group, especially in LF, the standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN), and the standard deviation in the long axis direction of the Poincaré plot analysis (SD2) indices (p < 0.05). The recovery slope of LF was significantly smaller in the sCAD group than in the RHC group (p = 0.02). The result suggests that monitoring short-term HRV during EST provides helpful insight into the cardiovascular autonomic imbalance in patients with significant CAD. The relative change of autonomic tone, especially the delayed sympathetic recovery, could be an additional marker for diagnosing myocardial ischemia.

Utility of PREDICT-HF score in high-risk Asian heart failure patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the application of sacubitril/valsartan in clinical practice and the utility of PREDICT-HF score for outcome prediction in Asian heart failure patients with difference risk profiles. Methods: The TAROT-HF study was a multicenter, single-arm, observational study. Totally 1,187 outpatients with HFrEF treated with sacubitril/valsartan were enrolled and categorized by: (1) high-risk group with ≥1 of the following three risk factors: old age (≥80 years), low baseline systolic blood pressure (<100 mmHg), and renal impairment (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2), and (2) standard-risk group, those who did not have any risk factors. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the PREDICT-HF risk model. Results: A total of 305 (25.7%) patients matched the criteria for the high-risk group. The event rates of cardiovascular death or first unplanned heart failure hospitalization (HFH) among the overall population, high-risk, and standard-risk groups were 13.7, 24.9, and 10.8 events per 100 patient-years, respectively. The C statistics for the PREDICT-HF model in the overall cohort and high-risk group for cardiovascular death or first unplanned HFH at 2 years were 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.76) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.65-0.76), respectively. The permanent discontinuation rate among the high-risk patients was significantly higher than that among the standard-risk patients (8.3 vs. 2.5 per 100 patient-years, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Real-world outcomes of the TAROT-HF study demonstrated that the PREDICT-HF model performed well in Asian HFrEF patients. Three easily detected clinical profiles of age, renal function, and systolic BP could help to identify patients at risk before initiating sacubitril/valsartan.

Clinical impacts of sacubitril/valsartan on patients eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: Sacubitril/valsartan (SAC/VAL) has been used in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) could benefit the HFrEF patients with wide QRS durations. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impacts of SAC/VAL on reverse cardiac remodelling in CRT-eligible and CRT-ineligible HFrEF patients with different QRS durations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The TAROT-HF study was a multicentre, observational study enrolling patients who initiated SAC/VAL from 10 hospitals since 2017. Patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% were classified into two groups: (i) Group 1: CRT-eligible group, patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology plus QRS duration ≥130 ms or non-LBBB morphology plus QRS duration ≥150 ms; and (ii) Group 2: CRT-ineligible group. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for confounders, and 1168 patients were analysed. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The improvements in LVEF and left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) were more significant in Group 2 than in Group 1 after 1 year SAC/VAL treatment (LVEF: 8.4% ± 11.3% vs. 4.5% ± 8.1%, P < 0.001; change percentages in LVESVi: -14.4% ± 25.9% vs. -9.6% ± 23.1%, P = 0.004). LVEF improving to ≥50% in Groups 1 and 2 constituted 5.2% and 20.2% after 1 year SAC/VAL treatment (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that wide QRS durations were negatively associated with the reverse cardiac remodelling in these HFrEF patients with SAC/VAL treatment. CONCLUSION: Despite SAC/VAL treatment, wide QRS durations are associated with lower degrees of left ventricular improvement than narrow ones in the HFrEF patients. Optimal intervention timing for the CRT-eligible patients requires further investigation.

Duration of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Associated With Electrocardiographic Outcomes Before and After Sacubitril/Valsartan.

AIM: Changes in QRS duration in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) after sacubitril/valsartan therapy is not fully understood. This study aimed to assess the association of duration of HFrEF diagnosis with electrocardiographic and echocardiographic outcomes between before and after sacubitril/valsartan. METHODS: We included HFrEF patients who received naïve sacubitril/valsartan therapy for ≥3 months, between January 2016 and March 2018. All patients were divided into 2 groups based on their duration of HFrEF. Generalized linear models were analyzed the cardiac outcomes after sacubitril/valsartan therapy by HFrEF duration. RESULTS: Among these, 42 patients were HFrEF duration of <1 year and 47 patients were ≥1 year. The mean difference of QRS duration was lesser in the <1-year group than in the ≥1-year group (-2.3 msec vs 6.3 msec; P = .029). However, the mean difference of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was higher in the ≥1-year group (13.8% vs 5.8%; P = .008). After adjusting for patient demographics and clinical characteristics, the ≥1-year group had a significantly prolonged QRS duration (coefficient = 11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-21.7) and an unfavorable LVEF recovery (coefficient = -10.3; 95% CI -14.5 to -6.1) compared with the <1-year group. CONCLUSION: Prolonged QRS durations and unfavorable LVEF recoveries after sacubitril/valsartan therapy were observed in patients with HFrEF duration of ≥1 year. Earlier diagnosis of HFrEF and appropriate medication treatment may be beneficial in the improvement of QRS duration and LVEF recovery.

2022 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Taiwan Hypertension Society for the Management of Hypertension.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable cause of cardiovascular (CV) disease and all-cause mortality worldwide. Despite the positive correlations between blood pressure (BP) levels and later CV events since BP levels as low as 100/60 mmHg have been reported in numerous epidemiological studies, the diagnostic criteria of hypertension and BP thresholds and targets of antihypertensive therapy have largely remained at the level of 140/90 mmHg in the past 30 years. The publication of both the SPRINT and STEP trials (comprising > 8,500 Caucasian/African and Chinese participants, respectively) provided evidence to shake this 140/90 mmHg dogma. Another dogma regarding hypertension management is the dependence on office (or clinic) BP measurements. Although standardized office BP measurements have been widely recommended and adopted in large-scale CV outcome trials, the practice of office BP measurements has never been ideal in real-world practice. Home BP monitoring (HBPM) is easy to perform, more likely to be free of environmental and/or emotional stress, feasible to document long-term BP variations, of good reproducibility and reliability, and more correlated with hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) and CV events, compared to routine office BP measurements. In the 2022 Taiwan Hypertension Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and the Taiwan Hypertension Society (THS), we break these two dogmas by recommending the definition of hypertension as ≥ 130/80 mmHg and a universal BP target of < 130/80 mmHg, based on standardized HBPM obtained according to the 722 protocol. The 722 protocol refers to duplicate BP readings taken per occasion ("2"), twice daily ("2"), over seven consecutive days ("7"). To facilitate implementation of the guidelines, a series of flowcharts encompassing assessment, adjustment, and HBPM-guided hypertension management are provided. Other key messages include that: 1) lifestyle modification, summarized as the mnemonic S-ABCDE, should be applied to people with elevated BP and hypertensive patients to reduce life-time BP burden; 2) all 5 major antihypertensive drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [A], angiotensin receptor blockers [A], ß-blockers [B], calcium-channel blockers [C], and thiazide diuretics [D]) are recommended as first-line antihypertensive drugs; 3) initial combination therapy, preferably in a single-pill combination, is recommended for patients with BP ≥ 20/10 mmHg above targets; 4) a target hierarchy (HBPM-HMOD- ambulatory BP monitoring [ABPM]) should be considered to optimize hypertension management, which indicates reaching the HBPM target first and then keeping HMOD stable or regressed, otherwise ABPM can be arranged to guide treatment adjustment; and 5) renal denervation can be considered as an alternative BP-lowering strategy after careful clinical and imaging evaluation.

The autonomic balance of heart rhythm complexity after renal artery denervation: insight from entropy of entropy and average entropy analysis.

BACKGROUND: The current method to evaluate the autonomic balance after renal denervation (RDN) relies on heart rate variability (HRV). However, parameters of HRV were not always predictive of response to RDN. Therefore, the complexity and disorder of heart rhythm, measured by entropy of entropy (EoE) and average entropy (AE), have been used to analyze autonomic dysfunction. This study evaluated the dynamic changes in autonomic status after RDN via EoE and AE analysis. METHODS: Five patients were prospectively enrolled in the Global SYMPLICITY Registry from 2020 to 2021. 24-h Holter and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed at baseline and 3 months after RDN procedures. The autonomic status was analyzed using the entropy-based AE and EoE analysis and the conventional HRV-based low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF. RESULTS: After RDN, the ABPM of all patients showed a significant reduction in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. Only AE and HF values of all patients had consistent changes after RDN (p < 0.05). The spearman rank-order correlation coefficient of AE vs. HF was 0.86, but AE had a lower coefficient of variation than HF. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring the AE and EoE analysis could be an alternative to interpreting autonomic status. In addition, a relative change of autonomic tone, especially an increasing parasympathetic activity, could restore autonomic balance after RDN.

Safety and Efficacy of Submuscular Implantation With Resterilized Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device in Patients With Device Infection: A Retrospective Observational Study in Taiwan.

Background: Reuse of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) can reduce the cost of using these expensive devices. However, whether resterilized CIEDs will increase the risk of reinfection in patients with previous device infection remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to compare the reinfection rates in patients who had initial CIED infection and underwent reimplantation of resterilized CIEDs or new devices. Methods: Data from patients with initial CIED infection who received debridement of the infected pocket and underwent reimplantation of new or resterilized CIEDs at MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, between January 2014 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics, relapse rates of infection, and potential contributing factors to the infection risk were examined. Results: Twenty-seven patients with initial CIED infection and reimplanted new CIEDs (n = 11) or resterilized CIEDs (n = 16) were included. During the 2-year follow-up, there were 1 (9.1%) and 2 (12.5%) infection relapses in the new and resterilized CIED groups, respectively. No relapse occurred for either group if the lead was completely removed or cut short. The median duration between debridement and device reimplantation in patients with infection relapse vs patients without relapse was 97 vs 4.5 days for all included patients, and 97 vs 2 days and 50.5 vs 5.5 days for the new and resterilized CIED groups, respectively. Conclusions: Subpectoral reimplanting of resterilized CIEDs in patients with previous device infection is safe and efficacious. With delicate debridement and complete extraction of the leads, the CIED pocket infection relapse risk can be greatly decreased.

Rhythm control without catheter ablation may have benefits beyond stroke prevention in rivaroxaban-treated non-permanent atrial fibrillation.

The current treatment paradigm for atrial fibrillation (AF) prioritizes rate control over rhythm control; however, rhythm control has shown benefits over other AF strategies. This study compares the outcomes of rivaroxaban with and without concomitant antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), using propensity score matching to correct for statistical effects of baseline discrepancies. This multi-center retrospective study included 1,477 patients with non-permanent AF who took rivaroxaban for at least one month between 2011 and 2016 and had not received catheter ablation. Concomitant AAD use was compared against clinical outcome endpoints for effectiveness, safety, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Associations with concomitant AAD use were evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. Patients were divided into two matched groups: rivaroxaban alone (n = 739) and with concomitant AADs (n = 738). The cumulative incidences of safety (p = 0.308), effectiveness (p = 0.583), and MACE (p = 0.754) were similar between the two groups, and multivariate analysis showed no significant differences. The new thromboembolism and all-cause death rates were higher in rivaroxaban alone (2.7% vs 0.8%, p = 0.005; and 10% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.032, respectively). The heart failure readmission rate was higher in the concomitant-AAD group (8.4% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.003). The concomitant use of rivaroxaban with AADs appears to be well-tolerated, with lower rates of thromboembolism and all-cause death, but is associated with more occurrences of congestive heart failure.

Preprocedural features of patients under antihypertensive drugs may help identify responders to renal denervation: a hypothesis-generating study.

BACKGROUND: Renal denervation (RDN) is effective to lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) in essential hypertension. However, patient selection under medications remains an important unmet clinical need. METHODS: This multicenter study aimed at observing whether preprocedural features associated with increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity influence RDN response. This study enrolled the patients who underwent RDN for uncontrolled hypertension. Medical records were reviewd and patients were divided into 2 groups depending by meeting any of the following conditions prior to RDN: (1) >10 mmHg of office SBP reduction after aldosterone inhibition, (2) aldosterone-renin ratio >30 or (3) slow flow on the renal angiogram. RDN responders were defined by a reduction in 24-hour mean ≥6 mmHg or by ≥1 class of antihypertensive drug withdraw. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were enrolled, of which 27 (59%) were in control group A and 19 (41%) in group B. The baseline age, gender, office and 24-hour SBP (mean 140.0 ± 12.8 mmHg vs. 144.0 ± 16.5 mmHg, p = 0.577) were comparable, while the number of prescribed drug classes was fewer in group A (4.0 ± 1.3 vs. 4.9 ± 0.9, p = 0.014). The proportion patients with prescribed aldosterone antagonist or high aldosterone-renin ratios were higher in group B. At 12 months post RDN, the results were significantly better in group B in terms of mean change in office SBP (12.4 ± 23.5 mmHg vs. 29.9 ± 25.5 mmHg, p = 0.046) and the proportion of RDN responders (51.9% vs. 89.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: RDN was more effective in patients with any of 3 clinical indices.