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3D ultrasound imaging of fetal faces has been predominantly confined to qualitative assessment. Many genetic conditions evade diagnosis and identification could assist with parental counselling, pregnancy management and neonatal care planning. We describe a methodology to build a shape model of the third trimester fetal face from 3D ultrasound and show how it can objectively describe morphological features and gestational-age related changes of normal fetal faces. 135 fetal face 3D ultrasound volumes (117 appropriately grown, 18 growth-restricted) of 24-34 weeks gestation were included. A 3D surface model of each face was obtained using a semi-automatic segmentation workflow. Size normalisation and rescaling was performed using a growth model giving the average size at every gestation. The model demonstrated a similar growth rate to standard head circumference reference charts. A landmark-free morphometry model was estimated to characterize shape differences using non-linear deformations of an idealized template face. Advancing gestation is associated with widening/fullness of the cheeks, contraction of the chin and deepening of the eyes. Fetal growth restriction is associated with a smaller average facial size but no morphological differences. This model may eventually be used as a reference to assist in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies with characteristic facial dysmorphisms.
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Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Gravidez , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Idade Gestacional , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Desenvolvimento FetalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Criteria for diagnosis of fetal growth restriction differ widely according to national and international guidelines, and further heterogeneity arises from the use of different biometric and Doppler reference charts, making the diagnosis of fetal growth restriction highly variable. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare fetal growth restriction definitions between Delphi consensus and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine definitions, using different standards/charts for fetal biometry and different reference ranges for Doppler velocimetry parameters. STUDY DESIGN: From the TRUFFLE 2 feasibility study (856 women with singleton pregnancy at 32+0 to 36+6 weeks of gestation and at risk of fetal growth restriction), we selected 564 women with available mid-pregnancy biometry. For the comparison, we used standards/charts for estimated fetal weight and abdominal circumference from Hadlock, INTERGROWTH-21st, and GROW and Chitty. Percentiles for umbilical artery pulsatility index and its ratios with middle cerebral artery pulsatility index were calculated using Arduini and Ebbing reference charts. Sensitivity and specificity for low birthweight and adverse perinatal outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Different combinations of definitions and reference charts identified substantially different proportions of fetuses within our population as having fetal growth restriction, varying from 38% (with Delphi consensus definition, INTERGROWTH-21st biometric standards, and Arduini Doppler reference ranges) to 93% (with Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine definition and Hadlock biometric standards). None of the different combinations tested appeared effective, with relative risk for birthweight <10th percentile between 1.4 and 2.1. Birthweight <10th percentile was observed most frequently when selection was made with the GROW/Chitty charts, slightly less with the Hadlock standard, and least frequently with the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. Using the Ebbing Doppler reference ranges resulted in a far higher proportion identified as having fetal growth restriction compared with the Arduini Doppler reference ranges, whereas Delphi consensus definition with Ebbing Doppler reference ranges produced similar results to those of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine definition. Application of Delphi consensus definition with Arduini Doppler reference ranges was significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcome, with any biometric standards/charts. The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine definition could not accurately detect adverse perinatal outcome irrespective of estimated fetal weight standard/chart used. CONCLUSION: Different combinations of fetal growth restriction definitions, biometry standards/charts, and Doppler reference ranges identify different proportions of fetuses with fetal growth restriction. The difference in adverse perinatal outcome may be modest, but can have a significant impact in terms of rate of intervention.
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Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Peso Fetal , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico , Peso ao Nascer , Ultrassonografia DopplerRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although fetal size is associated with adverse perinatal outcome, the relationship between fetal growth velocity and adverse perinatal outcome is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between fetal growth velocity and signs of cerebral blood flow redistribution, and their association with birthweight and adverse perinatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a secondary analysis of the TRUFFLE-2 multicenter observational prospective feasibility study of fetuses at risk of fetal growth restriction between 32+0 and 36+6 weeks of gestation (n=856), evaluated by ultrasound biometry and umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler. Individual fetal growth velocity was calculated from the difference of birthweight and estimated fetal weight at 3, 2, and 1 week before delivery, and by linear regression of all available estimated fetal weight measurements. Fetal estimated weight and birthweight were expressed as absolute value and as multiple of the median for statistical calculation. The coefficients of the individual linear regression of estimated fetal weight measurements (growth velocity; g/wk) were plotted against the last umbilical-cerebral ratio with subclassification for perinatal outcome. The association of these measurements with adverse perinatal outcome was assessed. The adverse perinatal outcome was a composite of abnormal condition at birth or major neonatal morbidity. RESULTS: Adverse perinatal outcome was more frequent among fetuses whose antenatal growth was <100 g/wk, irrespective of signs of cerebral blood flow redistribution. Infants with birthweight <0.65 multiple of the median were enrolled earlier, had the lowest fetal growth velocity, higher umbilical-cerebral ratio, and were more likely to have adverse perinatal outcome. A decreasing fetal growth velocity was observed in 163 (19%) women in whom the estimated fetal weight multiple of the median regression coefficient was <-0.025, and who had higher umbilical-cerebral ratio values and more frequent adverse perinatal outcome; 67 (41%; 8% of total group) of these women had negative growth velocity. Estimated fetal weight and umbilical-cerebral ratio at admission and fetal growth velocity combined by logistic regression had a higher association with adverse perinatal outcome than any of those parameters separately (relative risk, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-4.8). CONCLUSION: In fetuses at risk of late preterm fetal growth restriction, reduced growth velocity is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome, irrespective of signs of cerebral blood flow redistribution. Some fetuses showed negative growth velocity, suggesting catabolic metabolism.
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Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Peso Fetal , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Artérias Umbilicais/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Feto , Redução de Peso , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Ultrassonografia DopplerRESUMO
This recommendation document follows the mission of the World Association of Perinatal Medicine in collaboration with the Perinatal Medicine Foundation. We aim to bring together groups and individuals throughout the world for standardization to implement the ultrasound evaluation in labor ward and improve the clinical management of labor. Ultrasound in labor can be performed using a transabdominal or a transperineal approach depending upon which parameters are being assessed. During transabdominal imaging, fetal anatomy, presentation, liquor volume, and placental localization can be determined. The transperineal images depict images of the fetal head in which calculations to determine a proposed fetal head station can be made.
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Parto Obstétrico , Apresentação no Trabalho de Parto , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Feminino , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Placenta , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodosRESUMO
This study reviewed the literature about the diagnosis, antepartum surveillance, and time of delivery of fetuses suspected to be small for gestational age or growth restricted. Several guidelines have been issued by major professional organizations, including the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. The differences in recommendations, in particular about Doppler velocimetry of the ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery, have created confusion among clinicians, and this review has intended to clarify and highlight the available evidence that is pertinent to clinical management. A fetus who is small for gestational age is frequently defined as one with an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile. This condition has been considered syndromic and has been frequently attributed to fetal growth restriction, a constitutionally small fetus, congenital infections, chromosomal abnormalities, or genetic conditions. Small for gestational age is not synonymous with fetal growth restriction, which is defined by deceleration of fetal growth determined by a change in fetal growth velocity. An abnormal umbilical artery Doppler pulsatility index reflects an increased impedance to flow in the umbilical circulation and is considered to be an indicator of placental disease. The combined finding of an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry has been widely accepted as indicative of fetal growth restriction. Clinical studies have shown that the gestational age at diagnosis can be used to subclassify suspected fetal growth restriction into early and late, depending on whether the condition is diagnosed before or after 32 weeks of gestation. The early type is associated with umbilical artery Doppler abnormalities, whereas the late type is often associated with a low pulsatility index in the middle cerebral artery. A large randomized clinical trial indicated that in the context of early suspected fetal growth restriction, the combination of computerized cardiotocography and fetal ductus venosus Doppler improves outcomes, such that 95% of surviving infants have a normal neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age. A low middle cerebral artery pulsatility index is associated with an adverse perinatal outcome in late fetal growth restriction; however, there is no evidence supporting its use to determine the time of delivery. Nonetheless, an abnormality in middle cerebral artery Doppler could be valuable to increase the surveillance of the fetus at risk. We propose that fetal size, growth rate, uteroplacental Doppler indices, cardiotocography, and maternal conditions (ie, hypertension) according to gestational age are important factors in optimizing the outcome of suspected fetal growth restriction.
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Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Peso Fetal , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/terapia , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Placenta , Gravidez , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The opinion on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of preeclampsia still divides scientists and clinicians. This common complication of pregnancy has long been viewed as a disorder linked primarily to placental dysfunction, which is caused by abnormal trophoblast invasion, however, evidence from the previous two decades has triggered and supported a major shift in viewing preeclampsia as a condition that is caused by inherent maternal cardiovascular dysfunction, perhaps entirely independent of the placenta. In fact, abnormalities in the arterial and cardiac functions are evident from the early subclinical stages of preeclampsia and even before conception. Moving away from simply observing the peripheral blood pressure changes, studies on the central hemodynamics reveal two different mechanisms of cardiovascular dysfunction thought to be reflective of the early-onset and late-onset phenotypes of preeclampsia. More recent evidence identified that the underlying cardiovascular dysfunction in these phenotypes can be categorized according to the presence of coexisting fetal growth restriction instead of according to the gestational period at onset, the former being far more common at early gestational ages. The purpose of this review is to summarize the hemodynamic research observations for the two phenotypes of preeclampsia. We delineate the physiological hemodynamic changes that occur in normal pregnancy and those that are observed with the pathologic processes associated with preeclampsia. From this, we propose how the two phenotypes of preeclampsia could be managed to mitigate or redress the hemodynamic dysfunction, and we consider the implications for future research based on the current evidence. Maternal hemodynamic modifications throughout pregnancy can be recorded with simple-to-use, noninvasive devices in obstetrical settings, which require only basic training. This review includes a brief overview of the methodologies and techniques used to study hemodynamics and arterial function, specifically the noninvasive techniques that have been utilized in preeclampsia research.
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Pré-Eclâmpsia/fisiopatologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/prevenção & controle , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Humanos , Fenótipo , Pré-Eclâmpsia/tratamento farmacológico , Gravidez , Análise de Onda de Pulso , Resistência Vascular/fisiologiaAssuntos
Pré-Eclâmpsia , Feminino , Humanos , Fenótipo , Pré-Eclâmpsia/genética , Pré-Eclâmpsia/terapiaRESUMO
The outbreak and spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to an unprecedented wealth of literature on the impact of human coronaviruses on pregnancy. The number of case studies and publications alone are several orders of magnitude larger than those published in all previous human coronavirus outbreaks combined, enabling robust conclusions to be drawn from observations for the first time. However, the importance of learning from previous human coronavirus outbreaks cannot be understated. In this narrative review, we describe what we consider to the major learning points arising from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in relation to pregnancy, and where these confound what might have been expected from previous coronavirus outbreaks.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the antenatal administration of betamethasone on fetal Doppler and short term fetal heart rate variation (CTG-STV) in early growth restricted (FGR) fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Post hoc analysis of data derived from the TRUFFLE study, a prospective, multicenter, randomized management trial of severe early onset FGR. Repeat Doppler and CTG-STV measurements between the last recording within 48 hours before the first dose of betamethasone (baseline value) and for 10 days after were evaluated. Multilevel analysis was performed to analyze the longitudinal course of the umbilico-cerebral ratio (UC ratio), the ductus venosus pulsatility index (DVPIV) and CTG-STV. RESULTS: We included 115 fetuses. A significant increase from baseline in CTG-STV was found on day +â1 (pâ=â0.019) but no difference thereafter. The DVPIV was not significantly different from baseline in any of the 10 days following the first dose of betamethasone (pâ=â0.167). Multilevel analysis revealed that, over 10 days, the time elapsed from antenatal administration of betamethasone was significantly associated with a decrease in CTG-STV (pâ=â0.045) and an increase in the DVPIV (pâ=â0.001) and UC ratio (pâ<â0.001). CONCLUSION: Although steroid administration in early FGR has a minimal effect on increasing CTG-STV one day afterwards, the effects on Doppler parameters were extremely slight with regression coefficients of small magnitude suggesting no clinical significance, and were most likely related to the deterioration with time in FGR. Hence, arterial and venous Doppler assessment of fetal health remains informative following antenatal steroid administration to accelerate fetal lung maturation.
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Betametasona , Cardiotocografia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Glucocorticoides , Frequência Cardíaca Fetal , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Betametasona/farmacologia , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Coração Fetal , Feto , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the difference in estimated fetal weight and birthweight at or close to term, and in relation to Doppler parameters. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort study of all term singleton pregnancies who underwent an ultrasound within two weeks of delivery after 36 weeks at one institution in one calendar year. When available, Doppler measurements of umbilical and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index were recorded. Data were analysed by Pearson rank correlation. RESULTS: Of 8517 eligible deliveries, 885 women had an ultrasound scan within 2 weeks of delivery. Mean daily differences between estimated fetal weight and birth weight were: those born <10th percentile lost 26 g per day (95 % CI -36 to -16), 10-50th percentile gained 7 g per day (95 % CI -2 to 15), 50th-90th percentile gained 27 g per day (95 % CI 19-35) and >90th percentile gained 48 g per day (95 % CI 32-64). There was a negative correlation between umbilical: middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and the change in weight per day (n = 348, p = 0.001, r = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Difference in the estimated fetal weight and birthweight, expressed as grams growth per day, is proportional to the birthweight percentile. Fetuses with a birthweight >10th percentile gain weight, while those with a birthweight <10th percentile apparently decline in weight between their final ultrasound estimated fetal weight and delivery. In babies with the smallest or apparent negative weight gain there was an association with Doppler parameters that signified hypoxia indicating fetal growth at term may be restricted by impaired placental function. Estimated fetal weight may be a poor predictor of birthweight for reasons other than ultrasound or algorithmic error.
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Peso Fetal , Artérias Umbilicais , Peso ao Nascer , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Feto , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Gravidez , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
We investigate the relationship between maternal cardiovascular (CV) function and fetal Doppler changes in healthy pregnancies and those with pre-eclampsia (PE), small for gestational age (SGA) or fetal growth restriction (FGR). This was a three-centre prospective study, where CV assessment was performed using inert gas rebreathing, continuous Doppler or impedance cardiography. Maternal cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) were analysed in relation to the uterine artery, umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility indices (PI, expressed as z-scores by gestational week) using polynomial regression analyses, and in relation to the presence of absent/reversed end diastolic (ARED) flow in the UA. We included 81 healthy controls, 47 women with PE, 65 with SGA/FGR and 40 with PE + SGA/FGR. Maternal CO was inversely related to fetal UA PI and positively related to MCA PI; the opposite was observed for PVR, which was also positively associated with increased uterine artery impedance. CO was lower (z-score 97, p = 0.02) and PVR higher (z-score 2.88, p = 0.02) with UA ARED flow. We report that maternal CV dysfunction is associated with fetal vascular changes, namely raised impedance in the fetal-placental circulation and low impedance in the fetal cerebral vessels. These findings are most evident with critical UA Doppler changes and represent a potential mechanism for therapeutic intervention.
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A cohort study of 6,500,000 human pregnancies showed an increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes following abdominal but not non-abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. This may be the consequence of uterine handling during abdominal surgery. However, there are no data on any effects on the cardiometabolic physiology of the fetus or mother in response to uterine manipulation in otherwise healthy pregnancy. Consequently, 9 sheep in late gestation were anesthetized with isofluorane and maternal and fetal catheters and flow probes were implanted to determine cardiovascular and metabolic changes during uterine handling. Uterine handling led to an acute increase in uterine artery vascular resistance, fetal peripheral vasoconstriction, a reduction in oxygen delivery to the femoral circulation, worsening fetal acidosis. There was no evidence of systemic fetal hypoxia, or changes in fetal heart rate, carotid blood flow or carotid oxygen delivery. Therefore, the data support that uterine handling during abdominal surgery under general anesthesia can impact adversely on fetal cardiometabolic health. This may provide a potential explanation linking adverse fetal outcomes in abdominal compared with non-abdominal surgery during pregnancy. The data have important implications for human fetal surgery where the uterus is handled, as operative procedures during late gestation under general maternal anesthesia become more prevalent.
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Anestesia Geral/métodos , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatologia , Doenças Fetais/fisiopatologia , Hipóxia Fetal/fisiopatologia , Útero/irrigação sanguínea , Resistência Vascular , Anestesia Geral/efeitos adversos , Animais , Feminino , Cuidados Intraoperatórios , Gravidez , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Ovinos , Útero/cirurgiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is in large part subjective and based on expert interpretation. The aim of this study was to externally evaluate a recently developed staging system based on specific and defined prenatal ultrasound (US) features in a cohort of women at risk of PAS undergoing specialist prenatal US, in particular relating to surgical morbidity at delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Database study of cases with confirmed placenta previa. In all, the placenta was evaluated in a systematic fashion. PAS was subclassified in PAS0-PAS3 according to the loss of clear zone, placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, uterovesical hypervascularity and increased vascularity in the parametrial region. RESULTS: 43 cases were included, of whom 33 had major placenta previa. 31 cases were categorized as PAS0; 3, 4 and 5 cases as PAS1, PAS2 and PAS3, respectively. All women underwent caesarean section and hysterectomy was required in 10. The comparison of the perinatal outcomes among the PAS categories yielded greater operative time (50 (35-129) minutes for PAS0 vs 70 (48-120) for PAS1 vs 95 (60-150) for PAS2 vs 100 (87-180) for PAS3, p < 0.001) and estimated blood loss (800 (500-2500) mls for PAS0 vs 3500 (800-7500) for PAS1 vs 2850 (500-7500) for PAS2 vs 6000 (2500-11000) for PAS3, p < 0.001) for the highest PAS categories, which were also associated with a higher rate of hysterectomy (p < 0.001), blood transfusion (p = 0.002) and admission to ITU or HDU (p < 0.001) and longer postoperative admission of 3 (1-9) days for PAS0 vs 3 (2-12) for PAS1 vs 4.5 (3-6) for PAS2 vs 5 (3-22) for PAS3, p = 0.02. CONCLUSION: Perioperative complications are closely associated with PAS stage. This information is useful for counselling women and may be important in allocating staff and infrastructure resources at the time of delivery.
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Placenta Acreta , Placenta Prévia , Cesárea/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Histerectomia/efeitos adversos , Placenta Acreta/diagnóstico por imagem , Placenta Acreta/cirurgia , Placenta Prévia/diagnóstico por imagem , Placenta Prévia/cirurgia , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the effect of simulator training on quantitative scores for ultrasound-related skills for trainees with novice level ultrasound experience and expert ultrasound operators. METHODS: Three novice (comprising of 11, 32, 23 participants) and one expert (10 participants) subgroups undertook an ultrasound simulation training session. Pre- and post-training test scores were collected for each subgroup. Outcome measures were as follows: mean accuracy score for obtaining the correct anatomical plane, percentage of correctly acquired target planes, mean number of movements, time to achieve image, distance travelled by probe and accumulated angling of the probe. RESULTS: The novices showed improvement in image acquisition after completion of the simulation training session with an improvement in the rate of correctly acquired target planes from 28-57% to 39-83%. This was not replicated in the experts. The novice's individual ratios based on pre- vs. post-training metrics improved between 1.7- and 4.3-fold for number of movements, 1.9- and 6.7-fold for distance, 2.0- and 5.2-fold for time taken and 1.8- and 7.3-fold for accumulated angling. Among the experts, there was no relationship between pre-training simulator metrics and years of ultrasound experience. CONCLUSIONS: The individual simulation metrics suggest the sessions were delivered at an appropriate level for basic training as novice trainees were able to show demonstrable improvements in both efficiency and accuracy on the simulator. Experts did not improve after the simulation modules, and the novice scores post-training were similar to those of experts, suggesting the exercises were valid in testing ultrasound skills at novice but not expert level.
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Purpose: Third trimester maternal perception of fetal movements is often used to assess fetal well-being. However, its true clinical value is unknown, primarily because of the variability in subjective quantification. The actograph, a technology available on most cardiotocograph machines, quantifies movements, but has never previously been investigated in relation to fetal health and existing monitoring devices. The objective of this study was to quantify actograph output in healthy third trimester pregnancies and investigate this in relation to other methods of assessing fetal well-being.Methods: Forty-two women between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation underwent ultrasound scan followed by a computerized cardiotocograph (CTG). Post capture analysis of the actograph recording was performed and expressed as a percentage of activity over time. The actograph output results were analyzed in relation to Doppler, ultrasound and CTG findings expressed as z-score normalized for gestation.Results: There was a significant association between actograph output recording and estimated fetal weight Z-score (R = 0.546, p ≤ .005). This activity was not related to estimated fetal weight. Increased actograph activity was negatively correlated with umbilical artery pulsatility index Z-score (R = -0.306, p = .049) and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index Z-score (R = -0.390, p = .011).Conclusion: Fetal movements assessed by the actograph are associated both with fetal size in relation to gestation and fetoplacental Doppler parameters. It is not the case that larger babies move more, however, as the relationship with actograph output related only to estimated fetal weight z-score. These findings suggest a plausible link between the frequency of fetal movements and established markers of fetal health.RATIONALEThe objective of this study was to quantify actograph output in healthy third trimester pregnancies and investigate this in relation to other methods of assessing fetal well-being. This is a widely available method of assessing fetal movements objectively, which has been shown to be an important marker of fetal health. This research is novel in the fact that actograph has never been truly investigated in relation to fetal well-being, despite being available on most cardiotocograph (CTG) machines.Our results show that fetal movements assessed by the actograph are associated both with fetal size in relation to gestation and fetoplacental Doppler parameters. If this proves to be true, smaller babies that move less maybe at particular perinatal risk.
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Actigrafia/instrumentação , Cardiotocografia/métodos , Movimento Fetal/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Peso Fetal , Humanos , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Média/embriologia , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Fluxo Pulsátil , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: According to the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group recommendations, boys and girls have different growth trajectories after birth. Our aim was to develop gender-specific fetal growth curves in a low-risk population and to compare immediate birth outcomes. METHODS: First, second, and third trimester fetal ultrasound examinations were conducted between 2002 and 2012. The data was selected using the following criteria: routine examinations in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, Caucasian ethnicity, and confirmation of gestational age by a crown-rump length (CRL) measurement in the first trimester. Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) was used to align the time frames of the longitudinal fetal measurements, corresponding with the methods of the postnatal growth curves of the WHO MGRS Group. RESULTS: A total of 27,680 complete scans were selected from the astraia© ultrasound database representing 12,368 pregnancies. Gender-specific fetal growth curves for biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) were derived. The HC and BPD were significantly larger in boys compared to girls from 20 weeks of gestation onwards (p < 0.001) equating to a 3-day difference at 20-24 weeks. Boys were significantly heavier, longer, and had greater head circumference than girls (p < 0.001) at birth. The Apgar score at 1 min (p = 0.01) and arterial cord pH (p < 0.001) were lower in boys. CONCLUSIONS: These longitudinal fetal growth curves for the first time allow integration with neonatal and pediatric WHO gender-specific growth curves. Boys exceed head growth halfway of the pregnancy, and immediate birth outcomes are worse in boys than girls. Gender difference in intrauterine growth is sufficiently distinct to have a clinically important effect on fetal weight estimation but also on the second trimester dating. Therefore, these differences might already play a role in early fetal or immediate neonatal management.
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Peso ao Nascer , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Estatura Cabeça-Cóccix , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Gravidez , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Caracteres Sexuais , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive method of selective placental vascular occlusion, providing a potential therapy for conditions such as twin-twin transfusion syndrome. In order to translate this technique into human studies, evidence of prolonged fetal recovery and maintenance of a healthy fetal physiology following exposure to HIFU is essential. At 116 ± 2 days gestation, 12 pregnant ewes were assigned to control ( n = 6) or HIFU vascular occlusion ( n = 6) groups and anaesthetized. Placental blood vessels were identified using colour Doppler ultrasound; HIFU-mediated vascular occlusion was performed through intact maternal skin (1.66 MHz, 5 s duration, in situ ISPTA 1.8-3.9 kW cm-2). Unidentifiable colour Doppler signals in targeted vessels following HIFU exposure denoted successful occlusion. Ewes and fetuses were then surgically instrumented with vascular catheters and transonic flow probes and recovered from anaesthesia. A custom-made wireless data acquisition system, which records continuous maternal and fetal cardiovascular data, and daily blood sampling were used to assess wellbeing for 20 days, followed by post-mortem examination. Based on a comparison of pre- and post-treatment colour Doppler imaging, 100% (36/36) of placental vessels were occluded following HIFU, and occlusion persisted for 20 days. All fetuses survived. No differences in maternal or fetal blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, metabolic status or oxygenation were observed between treatment groups. There was evidence of normal fetal maturation and no evidence of chronic fetal stress. There were no maternal injuries and no placental vascular haemorrhage. There was both a uterine and fetal burn, which did not result in any obstetric or fetal complications. This study demonstrates normal long-term recovery of fetal sheep from exposure to HIFU-mediated placental vascular occlusion and underlines the potential of HIFU as a potential non-invasive therapy in human pregnancy.
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Transfusão Feto-Fetal , Feto , Ablação por Ultrassom Focalizado de Alta Intensidade , Placenta , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Doenças Vasculares , Animais , Feminino , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/fisiopatologia , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/terapia , Feto/diagnóstico por imagem , Feto/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Placenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Placenta/fisiopatologia , Gravidez , Ovinos , Doenças Vasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Vasculares/embriologia , Doenças Vasculares/fisiopatologia , Doenças Vasculares/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe cardiac output (CO) trend from prepregnancy to post partum using an inert gas rebreathing (IGR) device and compare these measurements with those obtained by a pulse waveform analysis (PWA) technique, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS: Non-smoking healthy women, aged 18-44 years, with body mass index <35 were included in this prospective observational study. CO measurements were collected at different time points (prepregnancy, at four different gestational epochs and post partum) using IGR and PWA. A linear mixed model analysis tested whether the longitudinal change in CO differed between the techniques. Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for cross-sectional and a four-quadrant plot for longitudinal comparisons. RESULTS: Of the 413 participants, 69 had a complete longitudinal assessment throughout pregnancy. In this latter cohort, the maximum CO rise was seen at 15.2 weeks with IGR (+17.5% from prepregnancy) and at 10.4 weeks with PWA (+7.7% from prepregnancy). Trends differed significantly (p=0.0093). Cross-sectional analysis was performed in the whole population of 413 women: the mean CO was 6.14 L/min and 6.38 L/min for PWA and IGR, respectively, the percentage of error was 46% and the ICC was 0.348, with similar results at all separate time points. Longitudinal concordance was 64%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite differences between devices, the maximum CO rise in healthy pregnancies is more modest and earlier than previously reported. The two methods of CO measurement do not agree closely and cannot be used interchangeably. Technique-specific reference ranges are needed before they can be applied in research and clinical settings.
Assuntos
Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Período Pós-Parto/fisiologia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The mechanism underlying fetal-placental Doppler index changes in preeclampsia and/or fetal growth restriction are unknown, although both are associated with maternal cardiovascular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate whether there was a relationship between maternal cardiac output and vascular resistance and fetoplacental Doppler findings in healthy and complicated pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Women with healthy pregnancies (n=62), preeclamptic pregnancies (n=13), preeclamptic pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (n=15), or fetal growth restricted pregnancies (n=17) from 24-40 weeks gestation were included. All of them underwent measurement of cardiac output with the use of an inert gas rebreathing technique and derivation of peripheral vascular resistance. Uterine and fetal Doppler indices were recorded; the latter were z scored to account for gestation. Associations were determined by polynomial regression analyses. RESULTS: Mean uterine artery pulsatility index was higher in fetal growth restriction (1.37; P=.026) and preeclampsia+fetal growth restriction (1.63; P=.001) but not preeclampsia (0.92; P=1) compared with control subjects (0.8). There was a negative relationship between uterine pulsatility index and cardiac output (r2=0.101; P=.025) and umbilical pulsatility index z score and cardiac output (r2=0.078; P=.0015), and there were positive associations between uterine pulsatility index and peripheral vascular resistance (r2=0.150; P=.003) and umbilical pulsatility index z score and peripheral vascular resistance (r2= 0.145; P=.001). There was no significant relationship between cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance with cerebral Doppler indices. CONCLUSION: Uterine artery Doppler change is abnormally elevated in fetal growth restriction with and without preeclampsia, but not in preeclampsia, which may explain the limited sensitivity of uterine artery Doppler changes for all these complications when considered in aggregate. Furthermore, impedance within fetoplacental arterial vessels is at least, in part, associated with maternal cardiovascular function. This relationship may have important implications for fetal surveillance and would inform therapeutic options in those pathologic pregnancy conditions currently, and perhaps erroneously, attributed purely to placental maldevelopment. Uterine and fetal placental Doppler indices are associated significantly with maternal cardiovascular function. The classic description of uterine and fetal Doppler changes being initiated by placental maldevelopment is a less plausible explanation for the pathogenesis of the conditions than that relating to maternal cardiovascular changes.