Spectrum approach to congenital ectropion / Abordagem espectral do ectrópio congênito

ABSTRACT In the literature, there is a confusing classification among congenital floppy eyelid, eyelid eversion and ectropion. They are described as eyelid malposition with laxity and out-turning of the eyelids in newborns, usually associated with conjunctival prolapse and chemosis. Although the underlying pathophysiology of these rare conditions is obscure, they share anatomic characteristics. Thus, instead of a plethora of denominations, a spectrum approach should join these entities. In this paper, the authors present a case series of four patients that illustrates distinctive presentations of this condition and advocate that it should be considered as variants of a spectrum of congenital ectropion. Mild cases, when promptly treated, can benefit from clinical treatment. On the other hand, severe and delayed cases will need surgical correction as in the case of acquired ectropion.

RESUMO Na literatura, existe uma classificação confusa entre floppy eyelid congênita, eversão palpebral e ectrópio congênito. Essas afecções são similarmente descritas como pálpebras frouxas e evertidas em recém-nascidos e geralmente associadas a prolapso de conjuntiva e quemose. Embora a fisiopatologia dessas raras afecções seja incerta, elas apresentam íntimas características anatômicas em comum. Assim, ao invés dessa nomenclatura variada, seria interessante incluí-las em um espectro de uma só doença. Neste artigo. apresenta-se uma série de quatro casos que ilustram diferentes apresentações dessa afecção e propõe-se que todas devam ser consideradas variações do espectro de ectrópio congênito. Casos leves são beneficiados quando tratados precocemente. Por outro lado, casos mais graves ou que são tratados tardiamente necessitarão de procedimento cirúrgico semelhante ao ectrópio adquirido.

Diário de um estudante de homeopatia

Trabalho realizado a partir do relato de um estudante de homeopatia, vivido pelas experiências sentidas e aprimoradas durante o curso de especialização. O relato, que foge à tradicional monografia, expõe todo o processo que envolveu desde a escolha pela especialidade médica reconhecida da Homeopatia, passando pelas descobertas de cura e finalizando com o encantamento revivido por um profissional médico bem-sucedido na antiga especialidade. O trabalho descreve conceitos históricos e verdades temporárias da Medicina e apresenta reflexões quanto a reais questionamentos que a ciência homeopática vem sofrendo nos dias atuais. Conclui com a expectativa de que o conhecimento humano tem seu limite na unidade de tempo presente e que as verdades na Medicina são sempre temporárias e que a humanidade evoluindo, abrirá espaço para novas descobertas e possibilidades.

Eyelid and conjunctival paracoccidioidomycosis simulating carcinoma.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in immunocompetent individuals in Brazil. Ocular infection by PCM is rare; however, when infection does occur, the most common ocular sites involved are eyelid and conjunctiva. A 68-year-old white male presented with a 2-month history of a painless, ulcerated, infiltrative and diffuse whitish lesion located on the right inferior eyelid. A clinical diagnosis of malignant tumor, possibly squamous cell carcinoma, was made. The histopathologic examination showed a hyperplastic epithelium with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils and histiocytes. Large numbers of giant cells were also present. Periodic acid Schiff and Grocott (silver methenamine) stains showed several large round structures with peripheral lateral small budding cells that resembled a "ship's wheel". No multinucleated fungi were seen. The fungi varied in size and small forms were round and single fungal structures. A diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis was made PCM eyelid infection is rare and can simulate carcinoma both clinically and histopathologically.

Melanocytoma of ciliary body and choroids simulating melanoma.

Melanocytoma is a rare intraocular tumor. There are some reports in the literature dealing with primary melanocytomas of the choroid and ciliary body. It is believed that most of these tumors are clinically diagnosed as nevi or melanoma, and are followed up or treated without surgical resection, respectively. Some clinical features can give a clue as to the correct diagnosis. We report on a 47-year-old white female with progressive visual loss of 2 months and right painful eye. Her visual acuity of finger counting was confined to 3.0m OD and 20/20 OS. Biomicroscopy OD showed a 360 degrees posterior synechia, and fundoscopy was not conclusive due to vitreous opacity. No alterations were seen on OS. Intraocular pressure was normal, and the pupillary reflex was present in both eyes. An ultrasound of the OD showed an elevated tumor on topography of the ciliary body and anterior choroid at the ora serrata level. Melanoma was the main diagnosis considered, and enucleation was indicated due to poor prognosis for visual acuity. Gross and histopathologic examinations of the OD showed a heavily pigmented tumor. The brownish pigment obscured the morphology of the tumor cells that could not be visualized by conventional H&E stain. Bleached slides showed that tumor was composed of melanocytoma cells type I.

Primary orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MC) is a subtype of chondrosarcoma, with an incidence varying from 1 to 8% of all chondrosarcomas. It is an aggressive neoplasm with a high tendency for late recurrence and occasional delayed distant metastasis. Orbital MC is very rare, and only approximately 30 cases have been described in the literature. We describe here one case of primary orbital MC. CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old boy without a past medical history presented with a 1-month history of progressive proptosis on the right eye. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the orbit revealed a right intraconic lesion, with areas of calcification. The lesion was excised. Histopathological analysis revealed that the tumor had a biphasic pattern, showing a combination of small cell malignancy and well-differentiated cartilage. Immunohistochemistry examination revealed a diffuse membrane expression of CD99 on the small cell malignancy; S-100 was positive only within the cartilage component. The patient received chemotherapy, and no metastatic disease was found at the 2-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Although rare, MC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a well-circumscribed orbital lesion in young adults, especially when CT scans reveal areas of calcification within the tumor.

Ectopia lentis et pupillae: relato de caso / Ectopia lentis et pupillae: case report

O objetivo do trabalho é relatar um caso de ectopia lentis et pupillae, chamando a atenção para as complicações oculares secundárias e seus diagnósticos diferenciais. Paciente de 27 anos com queixa de baixa acuidade visual. Não possuía características sindrômicas e os exames complementares realizados foram normais. No exame oftalmológico; acuidade visual de conta dedos a 2 metros em olho direito e conta dedos a 1 metro em olho esquerdo. Exotropia alternante de 25 dioptrias. Diâmetros corneanos de 10 mm e 9 mm nos meridianos horizontais e verticais, respectivamente. Ceratometria de 39,00 a 178° x 43,87 a 88° no olho direito e 37,64 a 22° x 42,75 a 112° no olho esquerdo. Na biomicroscopia, ambos os olhos apresentavam atrofia iriana, criptas ausentes e transiluminação de íris negativa. Pupila direita com forma regular e tópica, pupila esquerda também de formato regular, mas com deslocamento temporal inferior. Cristalinos opacificados, com tamanhos diminuídos e deslocados nasalmente. Pressão intra-ocular normal. Na ultra-sonografia, comprimento axial de 26 mm e 30 mm com diâmetro sagital do cristalino de 5,4 mm e 4,5 mm no olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. Os diagnósticos diferenciais incluem anormalidades puramente oculares, síndromes e distúrbios metabólicos. O diagnóstico dessa síndrome é importante para avaliação do risco, prognóstico e tratamento, além de ser fundamental seu conhecimento na diferenciação de outras síndromes nas quais há comprometimento sistêmico. A diminuição da acuidade visual é causada, geralmente, por desenvolvimento de grave miopia, catarata, astigmatismo corneano, descolamento de retina e glaucoma sendo justificável acompanhamento oftalmológico regular desses pacientes.

Upper and lower eyelid saccades describe a harmonic oscillator function.

PURPOSE: To determine whether experimentally measured upper and lower eyelid saccades can be fitted to a mathematical function. METHODS: A charge-coupled device video camera connected to a personal computer was used to record upper and lower eyelid saccades accompanying 20 degrees and 40 degrees of vertical eye rotation in 19 normal adult subjects. Movement analysis was performed with software that calculated the center of a blue spot in each frame. The damped harmonic oscillator model was used to fit all saccadic functions obtained. RESULTS: All downward and upward saccades of both upper and lower eyelids were fitted with the underdamped solution of the model with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.980 to 0.999 (mean = 0.995). It was possible to measure maximum velocity at any time, amplitude, and duration of the saccade movements. For the upper eyelid, downward saccades were faster than upward saccades, a difference that was not observed for the lower eyelid. For both the upper and lower eyelids, the velocity of upward and downward movements reached a peak at approximately 0.05/0.06 second and then decreased. For both the upper and lower eyelid saccades, there was good linear correlation between amplitude and velocity. Overshoots were detected in the downward saccades of both lids. CONCLUSIONS: Normal upper and lower saccades are described by functions that are extremely well fitted by the underdamped solution of the harmonic oscillator model. Overshooting is a typical feature of normal downward saccades and can be explained by the elastic properties of the tissues.

[Ectopia lentis et pupillae: case report]. / Ectopia lentis et pupillae: relato de caso.

The main purpose of this report is to describe a case of ectopia lentis et pupillae syndrome, highlighting the secondary ocular complications and their differential diagnoses. A 27-year-old man presented with complaint of low visual acuity. No evidence of the syndrome was found at presentation. The results of supplementary tests were normal. On ophthalmologic examination, visual acuity was finger count at 2 meters in the right eye and finger count at 1 meter in the left eye. Exotropia of 25 dioptrics. Corneal diameters of 10 mm and 9 mm in the horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively. Keratometry readings of 39.00 at 178 x 43.87 at 88 for the right eye and 37.64 at 22 x 42.75 at 122 for the left eye. The biomicroscopic examination revealed iris atrophy in both eyes, absence of crypt and absent iris transillumination. Centralized right pupil with regular form and left pupil with inferior-temporal dislocation. Opaque lenses with reduced sizes and superior-nasal dislocation. Normal intraocular pressure. Axial length of 26 mm and 30 mm and crystalline axial diameter of 5.4 and 4.5 mm in right and left eyes, respectively, as revealed by ultrasonography. The differential diagnosis encompasses exclusively ocular abnormalities, syndromes and metabolic disorders. Diagnosis of the ectopia lentis et pupillae is fundamental not only to evaluate the risk, prognosis and treatment, but also to assist in differentiating other syndromes with systemic impairment. A visual acuity reduction is normally caused by severe myopia development, cataract, corneal astigmatism, retinal detachment and glaucoma, justifying regular ophthalmologic support for these patients.

T-cell sinonasal lymphoma presenting as acute orbit with extraocular muscle infiltration.

We describe a rare case of sinonasal T-cell lymphoma in an 11-year-old boy who presented with a right acute orbit characterized by proptosis, eyelid edema and erythema, limitation of eye movements, and excruciating pain on the right side of his face. Orbital computed tomography showed progressive right extraocular muscle enlargement. One biopsy specimen showed extensive tissue necrosis and an infiltrate of atypical cells with pleomorphic nuclei within the walls of blood vessels. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that these cells were positive for leucocyte common antigen (CD45), CD3 cytoplasmic, CD45RO, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and negative for CD20, CD57, CD56, CD99 and Epstein-Barr virus. Chemotherapy for T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was initiated, but the patient's status deteriorated and the child died of respiratory insufficiency, sepsis, and central nervous system infection.