Respiratory virus infections in decedents in a large, urban medical examiner's office.

OBJECTIVE: Most respiratory virus surveillance relies on medically attended respiratory illness, but an understanding of the true patterns of infection independent of care-seeking behaviour would enhance clinical and public health responses to respiratory virus outbreaks. We evaluated the potential of decedent surveillance by estimating the burden of respiratory virus infection in decedents in a large, urban medical examiner's office. STUDY DESIGN: Observational. METHODS: In 2020-2022, we tested nasopharyngeal swabs from 4121 decedents in Detroit, Michigan for 15 respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus A and B. We analysed infection prevalence over time and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and manner of death. RESULTS: Of 4113 valid tests, 30.2% were positive for at least one virus, and 6.1% were positive for multiple viruses. All viruses were detected except for influenza A/H1N1 and influenza B. The most prevalent viruses were SARS-CoV-2 (15.7%), rhinovirus (11.2%), and adenovirus (4.9%), which were detected in all months. Most viruses exhibited decreasing prevalence with age, higher prevalence among Black and Hispanic than among White decedents and lower prevalence among deaths from natural causes; SARS-CoV-2 was a notable exception to the patterns by age and manner of death, instead reflecting community trends in catchment counties. CONCLUSIONS: There was high prevalence and diversity of respiratory viruses in decedents entering a large, urban medical examiner's office. Decedent surveillance could offer a clearer picture of the true underlying burden of infection, motivating public health priorities for intervention and vaccine development, and augmenting data for real-time response to respiratory virus outbreaks.

An international, prospective, multicenter evaluation of the combination of AdvanDx Staphylococcus QuickFISH BC with mecA XpressFISH for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from positive blood cultures.

Sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a major health problem worldwide. Better outcomes are achieved when rapid diagnosis and determination of methicillin susceptibility enable early optimization of antimicrobial therapy. Eight large clinical laboratories, seven from the United States and one from Scotland, evaluated the combination of the Staphylococcus QuickFISH BC and the new mecA XpressFISH assay (both AdvanDx, Woburn, MA, USA) for the detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in positive blood cultures. Blood cultures flagged as positive by automated blood culture instruments and demonstrating only Gram-positive cocci in clusters on Gram stain were tested by QuickFISH, a 20-min assay. If only S. aureus was detected, mecA XpressFISH testing followed. The recovered S. aureus isolates were tested by cefoxitin disk diffusion as the reference method. The QuickFISH assay results were concordant with the routine phenotypic testing methods of the testing laboratories in 1,211/1,221 (99.1%) samples and detected 488/491 S. aureus organisms (sensitivity, 99.4%; specificity, 99.6%). Approximately 60% of the samples (730) contained coagulase-negative staphylococci or nonstaphylococci as assessed by the QuickFISH assay and were not tested further. The 458 compliant samples positive exclusively for S. aureus by the QuickFISH assay were tested by the mecA XpressFISH assay, which detected 209 of 211 methicillin-resistant S. aureus organisms (sensitivity, 99.1%; specificity, 99.6%). The mecA XpressFISH assay also showed high reproducibility, with 534/540 tests performed by 6 operators over 5 days achieving reproducible results (98.9% agreement). The combination of the Staphylococcus QuickFISH BC and mecA XpressFISH assays is sensitive, specific, and reproducible for the detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and yields complete results in 2 h after the blood culture turns positive.

The relationship between the new taxonomy of Streptococcus bovis and its clonality to colon cancer, endocarditis, and biliary disease.

BACKGROUND: The nomenclature of Streptococcus bovis has changed. The study aims were to examine and compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of infections based on the new taxonomy and the genetic relatedness of strains. METHODS: Bacteremic cases from 2004 to 2010 at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center were reviewed. VITEK 2 later confirmed with polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for subspecies identification. VITEK 2 later confirmed with Etests was used for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) was used to determine the genetic relatedness of strains. RESULTS: Twenty-four bacteremia cases were included. The median age of patients was 81 years (range 1 day to 91 years), two were neonates, three were pregnant, and 18 were elderly (≥ 65 years of age). The Charlson's combined conditional age-related score was 8.2 ± 2.9, and 11 (58 %) patients were immunosuppressed. There were 13 patients who had S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus, six had S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus, four had S. infantarius subsp. coli, and one had S. infantarius subsp. infantarius. Ten of 19 non-pregnant adult patients had colon adenoma or carcinoma, three had acute biliary disease, and five had endocarditis. Two patients died in the hospital. rep-PCR revealed polyclonality. There were no significant associations between subspecies or genotypes and the various clinical characteristics or outcomes. CONCLUSION: S. bovis bacteremia is a serious disease that affects elderly immunosuppressed individuals. Infection is strongly associated with colon pathology and endocarditis, regardless of the new taxonomy or clone complex. The identification of S. bovis is of paramount importance, and microbiology laboratories should differentiate its processing from that of other S. viridans.

Listeria grayi: vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive rod causing bacteremia in a stem cell transplant recipient.

We report the first case of Listeria grayi bacteremia in a stem cell transplant recipient. The patient developed bacteremia with a gram-positive rod that was initially thought to be Corynebacterium species and a skin contaminant. The organism grew in multiple blood cultures and therapy with vancomycin was initiated. The API Coryne (version 3.0) identified the organism as L. grayi. Susceptibility testing by Etest suggested that the organism was resistant to vancomycin, but susceptible to ampicillin. After therapeutic change from vancomycin to ampicillin, the bacteremia cleared. Empiric therapy with vancomycin for all gram-positive bacterial infections is not appropriate. Accurate identification and antibiotic susceptibility is important, particularly in those with persistent bacteremia.