Defining nursing entrepreneurship from the point of view of future professionals: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Entrepreneurship comprises the development of novel projects, products, and strategies, both from a business perspective and in the context of nursing care. Despite ongoing debate as to whether entrepreneurship should be considered a distinct academic discipline, this subject remains largely unexplored within the health sciences. There is a paucity of published work examining whether entrepreneurship constitutes a specific competence and what nurses and nursing students understand by entrepreneurship. This study aims to identify, on the basis of the beliefs of nursing students from different countries, what entrepreneurship in nursing is. Based on these responses, a definition of entrepreneurship in nursing that responds to society's current needs is proposed. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative descriptive methods were employed to gather insights from first- and second-year students across four nursing faculties: two located in Colombia, one in Peru, and one in Spain. The students were tasked with defining entrepreneurship within the nursing context. This inquiry was posed at the outset of the educational sessions on entrepreneurship, ensuring that the students had no preexisting information. The responses were collected using the digital platform Mentimeter, which allowed the students to submit their answers via mobile devices. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 160 written responses were received, analyzed, and categorised by the research team. Finally, 24 codes were obtained, which were grouped into 5 main themes: Healthcare and patient support, Innovation in nursing, Continuous professional improvement, nurses' contributions to society, and own project development. CONCLUSION: Drawing from the experiences and beliefs of nursing students, entrepreneurship is characterized as the ability to innovate, conduct research, and advance scientific knowledge, thereby achieving continuous improvement in care while engaging with environmental and societal contexts.

Mental Health Status and the Intention to Leave the Profession of Nurses Employed Across Catalonia, Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between nurses' mental well-being and intention to leave the profession remains a pressing issue. AIM: To determine the mental health status and the intention to leave the profession of nurses employed across diverse healthcare sectors in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1051 Registered Nurses in Catalonia, Spain, using convenience sampling through social media platforms and personal contacts. Participants completed four standardised instruments online to measure anxiety, insomnia, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, along with an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire. The methodology of this study was guided by the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that a significant proportion of participants exhibited mental health issues: 44% showed moderate to severe anxiety, 31% experienced moderate to severe insomnia, 40% suffered from moderate to severe depression and 42% had moderate to severe posttraumatic stress disorder. Participants who had worked in COVID hospital units were 1.38 times more likely to experience poor mental health status. Although not all associations were statistically significant, nurses working in primary healthcare, intensive care units and nursing homes had increased odds of poor mental health. Additionally, 53% of participants had reconsidered their working status, with 69% of them expressing an intention to leave the nursing profession. LIMITATIONS: The evolving nature of the pandemic and the adaptation of healthcare workers to the new scenario may have influenced their experiences during data collection. IMPLICATIONS: Highlights the increase in mental health-related needs and high rates of psychiatric symptoms among nurses nowadays. RECOMMENDATIONS: Addressing mental health needs is crucial to mitigate the intention of nurses to abandon the profession.

Emotions reflected in colours: experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 period.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify nursing students' fears and emotions and to concretise the metaphors they used to describe their feelings towards the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study was conducted with nursing students at a foundation university between December 2021 and February 2022 using a sequential mixed methods research design. In the quantitative part of the study, 323 nursing students answered the 'Positive and Negative Emotion Scale' and the 'COVID-19 Fear Scale'. In the qualitative part, students were asked to metaphorise COVID-19 with a colour and 21 in-depth interviews were conducted on the reasons for choosing this colour. RESULTS: The average age of the students participating in the study was 21.41 ± 1.97 years and 78% of them were female. It was observed that 15.8 of the students had previously tested positive for COVID-19. Most of the participants (98.5%) were vaccinated against COVID-19 and 31.9% had a relative who died due to COVID-19. When the participants were asked which colour they compared COVID-19 to, it was observed that more than half of them chose red (51.4%) among bright colours and 13% chose black among dark colours. In this study, it was determined that students who chose dark colours to describe COVID-19 had higher COVID-19 Fear and Negative Emotion Scale scores. In in-depth interviews, it was observed that students who chose dark colours were more deeply affected by the COVID-19 process, while students who chose light colours associated this period with negative emotions. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was observed that nursing students' feelings and thoughts about the COVID-19 period in line with their experiences affect the choice of colour in metaphorisation.

Effect of narrative photography to improve physical therapy students' learning outcomes when studying heart transplantation: A randomized controlled trial.

Physical therapy students must learn about heart transplantation. They need to know how to care for these patients' emotions and needs. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a narrative photography (NP) program and a traditional learning (TL) program in physical therapy students' knowledge, satisfaction, empathy, and moral sensitivity. A two-armed assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was carried out. One hundred and seventeen physical therapy students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: (i) NP group (n = 56) and (ii) TL group (n = 61). At the end of the program, NP group's knowledge increased when compared with the TL group (p = 0.02). 90.57% of the sample was very satisfied/satisfied with the NP method, and 88.68% felt that NP helped them to understand the importance of considering subjective realities. In conclusion, NP improved knowledge and satisfaction compared with the TL group. These results suggest that NP may be a useful method to improve the academic outcomes of physical therapy students in the heart transplantation field; thus, NP may be considered a teaching-learning methodology of choice in physical therapy students.

Describing Non-Binary People's Encounters with the Healthcare System: A Qualitative Study in Catalonia (Spain).

Non-binary people face numerous stressors in their daily lives, including personal, interpersonal, and environmental. These stressors gain strength when such individuals access healthcare services, and discrimination and cisgenderism become the main barrier to obtaining gender-affirming healthcare. This study aimed to describe the experiences of non-binary people regarding the care and medical attention received in Catalonia (Spain). A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted with 21 non-binary people recruited using snowball sampling in 2022. Data were gathered through open-ended interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Two main themes were identified, which were further classified into two categories each: Theme 1-This is me composed of the categories, "My Name and My Pronouns" and "One's Chosen Gender," and Theme 2-I do not exist for the health system consisting of "Uneducated Health System in Sexual Health" and "Feeling Like an Outsider for Being Non-Binary." Non-binary people face multiple stressors when accessing the healthcare services that makes them feel invisible, vulnerable, and marginalized. Further widespread implementation of person-centered care is essential to promote the relationship between non-binary people and the healthcare system. In addition, further sexual health training is required for all health professionals.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the caring behaviors assessment tool into Spanish.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the research was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Caring Behaviors Assessment (CBA) tool in Spain, ensuring its appropriateness in the Spanish cultural context. METHODS: Three-phase cross-cultural adaptation and validation study. Phase 1 involved the transculturation process, which included translation of the CBA tool from English to Spanish, back-translation, and refinement of the translated tool based on pilot testing and linguistic and cultural adjustments. Phase 2 involved training research assistants to ensure standardized administration of the instrument. Phase 3 involved administering the transculturally-adapted tool to a non-probabilistic sample of 402 adults who had been hospitalized within the previous 6 months. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the consistency of the item-scale, demographic differences, validity of the tool, and the importance of various caring behaviors within the Spanish cultural context. R statistical software version 4.3.3 and psych package version 2.4.1 were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The overall internal consistency of the CBA tool was high, indicating its reliability for assessing caring behaviors. The subscales within the instrument also demonstrated high internal consistency. Descriptive analysis revealed that Spanish participants prioritized technical and cognitive aspects of care over emotional and existential dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The new version of the tool proved to be valid, reliable and culturally situated, which will facilitate the provision of objective and reliable data on patients beliefs about what is essential in terms of care behaviors in Spain.

Exploring adolescents' experiences of continuing to wear face masks during COVID-19: A qualitative descriptive study in Barcelona (Spain).

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the use of face masks as a social distancing measure. Although evidence supports their effectiveness in preventing infection, it remains unclear why some adolescents choose to continue wearing them postpandemic, even when it is no longer mandatory. This study aims to explore adolescents' experiences of wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic when their use was no longer mandatory. METHOD: In this exploratory qualitative study, data were collected from 16 adolescents through face-to-face semistructured interviews. The participants were asked about the reasons and feelings associated with continuing to wear masks, as well as the contexts in which they felt safe without a mask. The collected data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified: (1) Navigating complex decision-making: balancing safety and self-image, (2) peer influence dynamics and (3) managing the future: weather dynamics and pandemic evolution. DISCUSSION: The potential implications of withdrawing COVID-19 preventive measures, such as mask-wearing, beyond the pandemic remain understudied. It is crucial to further investigate the perceptions related to wearing masks and its cessation, especially amongst vulnerable individuals. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Due to methodological constraints associated with participants' age, they were not engaged in the design, data analysis, data interpretation or manuscript preparation phases of the study.

Reproductive Decision Making of Spanish Women Living With HIV: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study.

ABSTRACT: The process of reproductive decision making among women living with HIV is intricate and multifaceted, influenced by health considerations, societal factors, and personal values. In this study, we employed Charmaz's Constructivist Grounded Theory to understand how Spanish women living with HIV make decisions regarding reproduction. We conducted 26 face-to-face interviews until data saturation was achieved. Findings suggested that social constructs such as femininity and motherhood play a significant role in the reproductive decision-making process for women living with HIV. The women's beliefs about HIV, doubts, marginalizing situations, and health barriers create challenges to making reproductive decisions. These findings provide valuable implications for designing care plans that meet the unique sexual and reproductive health needs of women with HIV. An integrated and comprehensive multidisciplinary counseling approach is necessary to improve the quality of care.

From a learning opportunity to a conscious multidimensional change: a metasynthesis of transcultural learning experiences among nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Several educational activities in nursing schools worldwide have been implemented to promote transcultural nursing and cultural competence. Despite the diversity of their experiences and outcomes, the available evidence has not been systematically reviewed and reinterpreted. This study aimed to review and reinterpret all rigorous qualitative evidence available, providing an opportunity to understand how students learn transcultural nursing and assisting faculties, researchers, managers, and practitioners in designing new interventions to improve transcultural training. METHODS: A meta-synthesis was conducted to review and integrate qualitative studies of these phenomena. English, Spanish and Portuguese articles were searched in Pubmed and Scopus databases. Only peer-reviewed journals in which qualitative approaches were used were included. Quality was assessed using the CASP qualitative version checklist. The metasynthesis technique proposed by Noblit and Hare was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were included in the analysis. Most studies used phenomenological approaches that were conducted in Australia and the United States of America, with international internships being the most popular learning method. The data revealed one central theme, "From learning opportunity to conscious multidimensional change," and six subthemes. The transcultural nursing learning experience is not a simple or linear process. Instead, it appears to be a complex process formed by the interaction between a) self-awareness, b) reflective thinking, c) Cultural Encounters, d) cultural skills, e) Cultural Desire, and f) Cultural Knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Transcultural nursing learning is a multifaceted process that arises from specific learning opportunities. This process is still to evolving. Therefore, specific educational strategies should be implemented to encourage attitudinal change and promote reflective thinking.

Exploring the education in cultural competence and transcultural care in Spanish for nurses and future nurses: a scoping review and gap analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globalization and population migration have led to increasingly culturally diverse societies, which has made nursing education in cultural competence and transcultural care a priority. This includes the ability to provide person-centered and culturally congruent care, even within one's own culture. However, this sort of training has been developed and implemented in practice comparatively more by English-speaking societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the existing educational initiatives for nurses and future ones in cultural competence and transcultural care in Spanish and explore their didactic characteristics in terms of teaching and learning formats, contents, skills, and evaluation methods at different academic levels. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out by following the specific PRISMA recommendations and those of the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance throughout PudMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cinahl databases and also gray literature in the form of official documentation that later was complemented with a gap analysis including training programs published by Spanish and Latin-American educational institutions and the approaches of key academic informants. RESULTS: The published evidence on nursing training in cultural competence or related topics in Spanish-speaking higher education for nurses is limited. Specific nursing programs in Spanish-speaking universities are primarily found in Spain, with fewer options available in Latin America. These contents are offered either as optional subjects or immersed in other courses and mainly taught in theoretical sessions. Practice in real contexts is supposed to be evaluated transversally under the cultural scope according to national educational recommendations though barely visible in students' evaluation reports. Even though postgraduate training dedicated to these issues exists, it is still limited, mixed with other contents, and generally depends on a few researchers investigating and publishing on the topic from very specific universities. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to establish a common global strategy including Spanish-speaking countries in nurses' higher education and professional training on topics focused on cultural competence as well as the provision of nurses' social and cultural sensitivity towards their own culture and to define whether those that currently exist are effective. It is also crucial that this training was evaluated in practice in order to achieve enough impact on students, health organizations, and population health.

Developing the better and effective nursing education for improving transcultural nursing skills cultural competence and cultural sensitivity assessment tool (BENEFITS-CCCSAT).

BACKGROUND: A clear need for the development of new comprehensive, reliable, sensitive and valid measurement tools to adequately asses the cultural competence and cultural sensitivity of nursing students exists. This study aimed to develop a new measurement tool to assess the nursing students' cultural competence and sensitivity. METHODS: This cross-sectional, instrument development study's first phase included postgraduate nursing students (n = 60) for the piloting study, and the second one included undergraduate nursing students (n = 459) for the main survey. This study used two data collection forms: The Student Descriptive Information Form and the Better and Effective Nursing Education for Improving Transcultural Nursing Skills Cultural Competence and Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool (BENEFITS-CCCSAT) draft. The content validity index was calculated using the Davis method. Cronbach's α coefficient and the item total correlation were calculated during the reliability analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient test, Bartlett significance test, and explanatory factor analysis (EFA) were used to evaluate the validity of the assessment tool. RESULTS: Scale validity and reliability analyses showed that the BENEFITS-CCCSAT included 26 items and five sub-dimensions: respect for cultural diversity; culturally sensitive communication; achieving cultural competence; challenges and barriers in providing culturally competent care; and perceived meaning of cultural care. CONCLUSION: The BENEFITS-CCCSAT appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the cultural sensitivity and cultural competence of nursing students. This can be of great use, especially before attending clinical areas, and can offer both students and faculty reliable information to promote reflective and critical thinking, especially in areas where improvement is needed.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Adolescents' Mental Health in Catalonia (Spain): A Qualitative Study.

This study aimed to understand the experiences of adolescents regarding the perceived impact of COVID-19 on their mental health in Catalonia (Spain). A qualitative exploratory methodology was used with a purposive sample of 30 high-school students regarding their experiences of the self-perceived impact of COVID-19 on their mental health. Data were thematically analyzed using Braun and Clarke method. Three main themes emerged from the data: (a) the challenge of living confined, (b) the footprint of COVID-19 on adolescents' mental health, and (c) school dynamics during the lockdown. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted adolescents' mental health, and adolescents perceived a lack of emotional support from educational centers. Therefore, incorporating emotional support in educational centers and offering emotional self-management tools to young students should be a priority. School nurses can play an essential role in recognizing and managing emotional needs and being the natural link between educational and primary care centers.

Examination of individualised care behaviours and ethnocentrism of nurses caring for refugees: A descriptive and exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Qualified individualised nursing care should be provided to all communities and ethnic groups with free of ethnocentrism. AIMS: To evaluate nurses' individualised care behaviours and ethnocentric attitudes and predict the relationship between their individualised care behaviours and ethnocentric attitudes. DESIGN: A descriptive and exploratory study. METHODS: This study was conducted with 250 nurses working in a public and two private hospitals in a city, an area with many refugees. Data were collected using the Ethnocentrism Scale and Individualised Care Behaviours Scale. Structural equation model analysis to test hypothetical model and descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Nurses working in the private hospitals had a higher individualised care decision control mean score. Those nurses who enjoyed spending time with people from different cultures had lower mean ethnocentrism scale scores, higher individualised care clinical status, personal life and decision control status subscales mean scores compared to other nurses. Mean scores of the individualised care personal life and decision control status subscales of the nurses who followed the literature on transcultural nursing was higher. A significant relationship between the ethnocentrism levels and individualised care behaviours was identified. Accordingly, the ethnocentric attitudes of the nurses negatively affected their individualised care behaviours, and the model established between the two concepts is statistically appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses who work in private hospitals, receive intercultural nursing education and enjoy spending time with different cultures have higher individualised care behaviours and lower ethnocentrism levels. Ethnocentric attitudes of the nurses negatively affected their individualised care behaviours. Care strategies should be developed that consider the factors that will maximize individualised care practices that minimize ethnocentric behaviours among nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: Increasing awareness on individualised care behaviours, ethnocentric attitudes and effected factors will contribute to improve of nursing care quality of nurses while giving care to individuals from different cultures.

Chemsex in Barcelona: A qualitative study of factors associated with the practice, the perception of the impact on health and prevention needs. / Chemsex en Barcelona: Estudio cualitativo sobre factores asociados a la práctica, percepción del impacto en salud y necesidades de prevención.

Chemsex is defined as use of psychoactive drugs with the aim of having sexual relations between gay men, bisexuals and men who have sex with men for a long period of time. To study this phenomenon, this qualitative descriptive study was proposed with the objective of describing the practice of chemsex from the perspective of users, to determine the main factors associated with its practice, the perception of the impact on their health and to establish prevention needs. Data were obtained using conversational techniques: 12 semi-structured interviews and 3 focus groups. The purposive sample was made up of GBMSM with a mean age of 40.1 years, 78% born in Spain, and 68% with completed university studies. The qualitative analysis focused on three thematic areas: factors associated with the practice of chemsex, the impact of chemsex on health, and prevention and risk reduction needs. It is concluded that the practice of chemsex should be understood as multifactorial and multicausal, associated with the sociocultural context. Sexual satisfaction, increased libido and the search for more intense pleasure are identified as key factors among people who practice it. These men are still scared of being judged, even by specialists who may lack knowledge or training. A reanalysis and rethinking of the interventions and policies directed towards this population is necessary, putting the focus of action on shared decision-making, self-care, cultural competence and the humanization of care.

El chemsex se define como el uso de drogas psicoactivas con el objetivo de mantener relaciones sexuales entre hombres gay, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (GBHSH), por un largo periodo de tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo exploratorio es describir la práctica del chemsex desde la perspectiva de los usuarios, determinar los principales factores asociados a su práctica, la percepción del impacto en su salud y establecer necesidades de prevención. Se obtuvieron los datos mediante técnicas conversacionales: 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas y 3 grupos focales. El análisis cualitativo se centró en tres áreas temáticas: factores asociados a la práctica de chemsex, impacto del chemsex en la salud y necesidades prevención y reducción de riesgos. La muestra intencionada fue conformada por hombres GBHSH con una edad media de 40,1 años, 78% nacidos en España, y 68% con estudios universitarios finalizados. Los resultados del estudio ponen de manifiesto que la práctica de chemsex debe comprenderse como multifactorial y multicausal, y asociada al contexto sociocultural. La satisfacción sexual, del aumento de la libido y de la búsqueda de placer más intenso se identifican como factores clave entre las personas que lo practican. Sigue existiendo miedo en estos hombres a ser juzgados, incluso por los especialistas que pueden carecer de conocimiento o formación. Es necesario un reanálisis y replanteamiento de las intervenciones y políticas dirigidas hacia esta población, poniendo el foco de acción en la toma de decisiones compartidas, el autocuidado, la competencia cultural y la humanización del cuidado.

Expectations of patients awaiting lung transplantation: A qualitative study.

AIM: The main aim of the present study is to examine the expectations and feelings of people awaiting lung transplantation. BACKGROUND: The assessment of the benefits of lung transplant should consider, among other things, the subjective perceptions of patients about the procedure, especially in relation to the context and to their values, goals and expectations. This is an issue that has not been studied in depth, especially in Spain. DESIGN: Exploratory qualitative study. METHODS: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews during the period of being on the waiting list for transplantation. Thematic analysis of the data was supported by the Atlas.ti software. RESULTS: The study population comprised 16 patients awaiting lung transplant, a number sufficient to reach data saturation. Four categories were identified to describe patients' feelings and expectations: (1) reasons for undergoing the transplant, (2) expectations about life post-transplant, (3) emotional state, and (4) relationship with the healthcare team. CONCLUSIONS: Patients have high expectations of lung transplantation. They see it as offering them a second chance at life, although the future creates uncertainty. The healthcare professionals are identified as key actors, providing essential support and information throughout the various stages of the process. Future research should explore recipients' experiences of lung transplant at later stages. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is important to adapt care through all the lung transplant process, which is accompanied by intense and complex emotions since the beginning. Thus, providing social and psychological support from the beginning may contribute to their health status, helping them deal with all the emotions and feelings experienced, and find balance between expectations and reality. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Sixteen patients awaiting lung transplant were interviewed. Interview transcripts were returned to participants to check for accuracy with their experiences.

Impact of the COVID-19 Health Crisis on Trans Women and Cis Men Sex Workers in Spain.

The objective of the study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sex workers in accessing health and social services. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 29 participants in Barcelona, Spain. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: (1) impact of COVID-19 on physical/mental health, (2) barriers and facilitators to health/social service access, (3) health decision-making, and (4) suggestions for future pandemic situations. Barriers to accessing health services were structural. Non-governmental organization support was the main facilitating factor. A person-centered, intersectional approach is suggested for future practice, considering co-occurring syndemic factors.

Effectiveness of Narrative Photography in Increasing Nursing Students' Empathy: A Pretest-Posttest Study.

BACKGROUND: Narrative photography is a method that can enhance nursing students' empathy when caring for individuals with HIV. METHOD: This quasiexperimental pre-test-posttest study included 28 first-year nursing students from a public university in Barcelona, Spain. Empathy was assessed using the Spanish validated version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. RESULTS: Empathy scores were higher in the intervention group (p = .01). Women scored higher on empathy and also on the fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress dimensions. A significant relationship was found between the perspective taking dimension and students choosing nursing as their first option at university. Having no experience in the health field was associated with higher scores on the empathic concern dimension (p = .027). CONCLUSION: Narrative photography is an effective learning method to promote nursing students' empathy when caring for individuals with HIV. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(12):701-705.].

Autonomy and isolation experienced by patients and primary caregivers during COVID-19 hospitalization in Barcelona (Spain).

This study aims to describe patients' and family caregivers' hospitalization experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using qualitative exploratory descriptive methods, 13 patients admitted to the largest hospital in Barcelona (Spain) due to COVID-19 were interviewed by telephone once discharged, as were eight primary caregivers. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method proposed by Krippendorff. Two main themes were identified: (i) Acceptance of mandatory isolation for patients and family caregivers, which refers to the verbalization of a feeling that justifies the imposed isolation and the need for the use of personal protective equipment by the health team for everyone's safety; and (ii) Limited autonomy during hospitalization for patients and family caregivers, which describes participants' perceptions of autonomy during hospitalization. Patients and caregivers experienced feelings of loneliness, which negatively affected their emotional health. In addition, they experienced reduced autonomy due to new habits and routines intended to control the pandemic for the benefit of public and global health.

TRANSALUD: A qualitative study of the healthcare experiences of transgender people in Barcelona (Spain).

Transgender identities are still considered a psychiatric pathology in many countries according to the prevailing biomedical model. However, in recent years, this pathologizing vision has begun to shift towards a perspective that focuses on the diversity of transgender peoples' experiences. However, some transgender people still face denial of services, discrimination, harassment, and even violence by healthcare professionals, causing them to avoid seeking ongoing or preventive healthcare. This article describes the health experiences of transgender people in Barcelona regarding their access and use of non-specialized health services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a descriptive phenomenological approach with sixteen transgender people between December 2018 and July 2019. The data were analyzed descriptively and thematically following the method proposed by Colaizzi with the help of the Atlas.ti8 software. Transgender people care experiences were divided into three categories: overcoming obstacles, training queries, and coping strategies. Participants identified negative experiences and difficulties with the health system due to healthcare providers' lack of competence. Discriminatory, authoritarian, and paternalist behaviors are still present and hinder the therapeutic relationship, care, and access to healthcare services. There is a fundamental need for the depathologization of transgender reality and training for healthcare professionals in the field of sexual diversity. Training in sexual and gender diversity must be included in the curricula of university courses in the health sciences.

The experience of giving birth in a hospital in Spain: Humanization versus technification.

AIM: To explore and describe the experiences of women giving birth in a tertiary public hospital, with special focus on experiences related to humanized care and women's participation in decision making. METHOD: This is a qualitative phenomenological study through semi-structured interviews to postpartum women giving birth in a tertiary hospital between January and May 2017. Data were analysed through content analysis. RESULTS: The two overarching themes emerged were the professional-information dyad and privacy. Subthemes of the first main theme were the therapeutic relationship, decision-making, feeding the baby, procedures, and the time factor. Subthemes of the second topic were the feelings generated by the hospital environment, the delivery room, and the maternity ward. CONCLUSIONS: If the therapeutic relationship is good, technology is not seen as dehumanising but rather as necessary to ensure continuing safety. "Humanising" material resources are not a priority for women in the birth process and are little used. Privacy was experienced as being a particularly intense need, which women called for throughout the healthcare process.