Application of Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode for treating high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater.

Electro-catalytic technology is a promising approach for wastewater treatment, owing to its easy operation, minimal generation of secondary pollution, small foot-print and rapid start-up. In this work, the chlorine evolution potential of the Pd-Sn modified ruthenium(Ru)-iridium(Ir) electrode was investigated for the electro-catalytic treatment of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. The effect of reaction conditions on the removal of ammonia-nitrogen, kinetics and apparent activation energy of ammonia-nitrogen removal were studied. The possible denitrification process of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater was discussed. The results indicated that the chlorine evolution potential of the Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode was 1.0956 V(vs. SCE). The electro-catalytic treatment of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen conformed to zero-order kinetic law, and the apparent activation energy of removal process was 14.089 kJ/mol. With a current was 0.5 A, the removal efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen could achieve 100% at a reaction time of 40 min. Indirect oxidation played an essential role in the electro-catalytic ammonia-nitrogen removal using the Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode. This paper demonstrated that the electro-catalytic technology was a promising approach for efficiently treating the high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater.

[Comparison of pain thresholds of acupoints on the leg in healthy volunteers].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the pain threshold of acupoints on the leg in healthy volunteers so as to analyze the sensory specificity of different acupoints. METHODS: A total of 66 healthy volunteers (34 male and 30 female) aged from 19 to 64 years were recruited in the present study. Pain thresholds of acupoints on the lower leg were detected by using an Electronic Von Frey Anesthesiometer after constructing an anthropometric diagram about the cutaneous division of the lower leg. RESULTS: 1) Among acupoints Shugu (BL 65), Jinggu (BL 64), Kunlun (BL 60), Chengshan (BL 57) of the Bladder Meridian from the heel to the popliteal fossa, and non-acupoint (1cun lateral to BL 60), no significant differences were found among these acupoint regions in the pain threshold (P > 0.05), while that of the non-acupoint was significantly higher in comparison with these acupoint regions (P < 0.05). 2) At the Zusanli (ST 36) level, no significant differences were found among the Yanglingquan (GB 34), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) regions in the pain threshold (P > 0.05) and the pain threshold was obviously higher in the non-acupoint (1 cun lateral to ST36) than in the GB34, ST36 and SP 9 regions (P < 0.05). 3) At the Xiajuxu (ST39) level, no significant differences were found among the Xiajuxu (ST39), Waiqiu (GB 36), Yangjiao (GB35), Feiyang (BL58) and Lougu (SP7) regions in the pain threshold (P > 0.05), but the non-acupoint (1 cun lateral to ST39) showed a higher threshold than those of the above-mentioned 5 acupoints (P < 0.05). 4) Among the 5 Xing-spring acupoints Dadu (SP2), Xingjian (LR2), Neiting (ST44) and Xiaxi (GB 43) distributing in the interdistal region, the pain threshold was lowest in the Neiting (ST 44) and highest in the Xiaxi (GB 43) regions (P < 0.05). 5) Among the acupoints Shuiquan (KI 5), Taixi (KI 3), Zhubin (KI 9) and Lougu (SP7) on the lower leg, the pain threshold was lowest in the Zhubin (KI 9) and highest in the Lougu (SP 7) regions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In healthy subjects, the pain threshold is generally higher in the non-acupoint region and also shows a sparse lower sensory threshold in some acupoints as Neiting (ST 44), Zhubin (KI 9), etc. The specificity of acupoints needs being studied further.

[Effects of acupuncture on the expression of Cx43 in different acupoints of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the differences of the expression of Cx43 in rats' acupoints and sham-acupoint when needled blocks, and explore the relatively specificity of acupoints. METHOD: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: an acupuncture group and a control group, ten in each group. The rats in the control group were not treated and sacrificed directly to by air embolism; the rats in the acupuncture group were needled at "Neiguan (PC 6)", "Zusanli (ST 36)", "Dazhui (GV 14)" and "Guanyuan (CV 4)", Sham-acupoints were on 1 cm next to each of the above acupoints and "Yongquan (KI 1)" were needled by hand manipulation, retented needles for 30 min, then all the rats were sacrificed by air embolism. With the rats fixed, the tissue blocks at the acupoints and sham-acupoints were collected, then quick-frozen and cut into sections. The sections were stained by immunohistochemical method (Cx43). RESULTS: The expression of the rats' Cx43 at the acupoints was significantly higher than that at the non-points in both groups (all P < 0.01). The expression of Cx43 at the acupoints in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the control group (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The expression of Cx43 at acupoints and non-points is significantly different, which indicates that the acupoints are actually existed and have relatively specificity.

Simvastatin protects osteoblast against H2O2-induced oxidative damage via inhibiting the upregulation of Nox4.

Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been used clinically as a cholesterol-lowering drug to treat hyperlipidemia. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicates the possible beneficial effect of statins on osteoporosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of simvastatin on cell viability, apoptosis, and alkaline phosphatase activity in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells treated by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2), 100 µM). It was shown that simvastatin suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury including increasing osteoblastic viability, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting differentiation. Then, we examined the effects of simvastatin (10(-7) M) on Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 expressions in osteoblastic cells treated by H(2)O(2) (100 µM). We found that in MC3T3-E1 cells, H(2)O(2)-induced upregulation of Nox4 expression was inhibited by simvastatin, which was restored by farnesyl pyrophosphate (5 µM) as well as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (5 µM). RNAi approach was used to reduce Nox4 protein levels in osteoblastic cells to explore its biological effects against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage. When Nox4 expression was reduced in osteoblastic cells, H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury was attenuated markedly. We concluded that simvastatin protected osteoblast against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage, at least in part, via inhibiting the upregulation of Nox4.