Neurotoxicity from long-term exposure to 6-PPDQ: Recent advances.

The recent acceleration of industrialization and urbanization has brought significant attention to N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ), an emerging environmental pollutant from tire wear, due to its long-term effects on the environment and organisms. Recent studies suggest that 6-PPDQ can disrupt neurotransmitter synthesis and release, impact receptor function, and alter signaling pathways, potentially causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This review investigates the potential neurotoxic effects of prolonged 6-PPDQ exposure, the mechanisms underlying its cytotoxicity, and the associated health risks. We emphasize the need for future research, including precise exposure assessments, identification of individual differences, and development of risk assessments and intervention strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of 6-PPDQ's behavior, impact, and neurotoxicity in the environment, highlighting key areas and challenges for future research.

Early versus Delayed Hepatectomy for Spontaneously Ruptured Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Here, we aimed to compare early hepatectomy (EH) with delayed hepatectomy (DH) as a treatment for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Several databases were systematically searched for eligible studies that compared DH with EH for spontaneously ruptured HCC treatment. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and the reported data were aggregated statistically, using the RevMan v5.3 software. RESULTS: Seven studies were included, with a total of 385 patients, comprising of 224 EH cases and 161 DH cases. Compared with the EH group, incidence of intraoperative bleeding [mean difference (MD), 353.93; 95% CI, 230.04-447.83; P < 0.00001], volume of intraoperative blood transfusion (MD, 420.61; 95% CI, 354.40-486.81, P < 0.00001), and 30-day mortality rate (OR, 14.94; 95% CI, 1.76-126.66; P = 0.01) were significantly lower in the DH group. Furthermore, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were significantly higher in the DH group [1-year：hazard ratio (HR), 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06-2.94; P = 0.03; 2-year：HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.02-2.25; P = 0.04; 3-year: HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.06-2.21; P = 0.02]. There was no difference between the groups in the 5-year survival rate (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.92-2.11; P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: For resectable spontaneously ruptured HCC, DH could reduce intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, and 30-day mortality rate and increase the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates, endowing the patients with greater short- and long-term benefits during and following the surgery.