Pediatric paragonimiasis: a retrospective analysis of cases from a county in south-west China.

Introduction: The clinical manifestations of paragonimiasis are diverse and non-specific, and can easily lead to misdiagnosis. We aimed to analyze the clinical manifestations, laboratory features, treatment, and clinical outcome of children with paragonimiasis in order to improve recognition of this disease and avoid misdiagnosis. Methods: Children diagnosed with paragonimiasis from August 2016 to July 2022 were included in the study. Information on population informatics, medical history, and laboratory features was extracted from case data. The clinical features of paragonimiasis were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 45 children were included in this study. All children had, at least, one risk factor. The clinical features mainly included fever, cough, pleural effusion, peritoneal effusion, and subcutaneous nodules. The main imaging findings were alveolar exudation, peritoneal effusion, pleural thickening, and local nodules. The "tunnel sign" finding on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was helpful in establishing the diagnosis of paragonimiasis. After praziquantel treatment, most of the children improved, and one child with cerebral paragonimiasis experienced sequelae. Conclusion: Most children with paragonimiasis have a good prognosis, but few children can experience sequelae. Avoidance of untreated water and raw food is a simple, feasible, and effective preventive measure.

Organocatalytic aryl-aryl bond formation: an atroposelective [3,3]-rearrangement approach to BINAM derivatives.

Herein we disclose an organocatalytic aryl-aryl bond-forming process for the regio- and atroposelective synthesis of 2,2'-diamino-1,1'-binaphthalenes (BINAMs). In the presence of catalytic amounts of axially chiral phosphoric acids, achiral N,N'-binaphthyl hydrazines undergo a facile [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to afford enantiomerically enriched BINAM derivatives in good to excellent yield. This transformation represents the first example of a metal-free, catalytic C(sp(2))-C(sp(2)) bond formation between two aromatic rings with concomitant de novo atroposelective installation of an axis of chirality. Density functional calculations reveal that, in the transition state for C-C bond formation, the phosphoric acid proton of the catalyst is fully transferred to one of the N-atoms of the substrate, and the resulting phosphate acts as a chiral counterion.

N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed tandem aza-benzoin/Michael reactions: on site reversal of the reactivity of N-Boc imines.

A tandem NHC-catalyzed aza-benzoin/Michael reaction has been developed as a method to efficiently produce dihydroindenones and pyrrolidinone-containing tricycles. The novel reaction pattern involves tert-butyl aryl(tosyl)methylcarbamates reacting as both electrophile and nucleophile on the same carbon.

N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed ring expansion of formylcyclopropanes: synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-alpha-pyrone derivatives.

N-Heterocyclic carbene catalyzed ring expansion of readily accessible 2-acyl-1-formylcyclopropanes was developed. With 5 mol % of triazolium salt 5 and 30 mol % of DBU, ring expansion of various 2-acyl-1-formylcyclopropanes led to 3,4-dihydro-alpha-pyrones in good to excellent yields.

Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of 4,7-dihydroindoles with nitroolefins by chiral Brønsted acids under low catalyst loading.

Slowly does it! By adding the substrate by a syringe pump, a highly efficient Friedel-Crafts reaction of 4,7-dihydroindoles with nitroolefins was realized with 0.5 mol % of a chiral phosphoric acid. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation, together with a subsequent oxidation of the product, led to 2-substituted indoles in excellent enantiomeric excesses, which can be easily transformed to enantioenriched tetrahydro-gamma-carbolines.

N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed ring expansion of 4-formyl-beta-lactams: synthesis of succinimide derivatives.

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been employed as an efficient catalyst for ring expansion of 4-formyl-beta-lactams, allowing the facile synthesis of succinimide derivatives. This organocatalytic process features readily availability of the catalyst, low catalyst loading, and mild reaction conditions.

Thiazolium-derived N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed cross-coupling of aldehydes with unactivated imines.

Cross-coupling of aromatic aldehydes or benzoins with unactivated imines catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) affords alpha-amino ketones smoothly.