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Introduction: Mindfulness reflects attention to the present moment in a non-judgmental way and has been linked to individual autonomy and motivation, but conclusions are inconsistent. The purpose of this review was to summarize previous studies to explore the relationship between mindfulness and motivation and its intervention effects. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in five electronic databases. Both correlational studies assessing the association between motivation and mindfulness and experimental studies to verify the effect of intervention were included. Results: Six papers with seven intervention studies and twenty-three papers with twenty-seven correlational studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that mindfulness was positively correlated with intrinsic motivation (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001) and total motivation (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001) but had no significant correlation with extrinsic motivation (r = 0.01, p = 0.93) or amotivation (r = -0.17, p = 0.14). Effect-size estimates suggested that mindfulness intervention was beneficial to motivation promotion, but the effect was at a low level (g = 0.12). Conclusion: We found consistent support for mindfulness practice relating to motivation promotion, especially on intrinsic motivation development. However, there was still a portion of heterogeneity that could not be explained and needed to be identified in future studies.
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Atenção Plena , Motivação , Bases de Dados FactuaisAssuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , China , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the status and associated influence factors of health literacy relating to infectious diseases in Beijing. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was carried out to select the sample population in Beijing, which were adults aged over 18 years. The questionnaire survey was used to collect the information of adult health literacy relating to infectious diseases, and the answers were scored. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors of health literacy relating to infectious diseases. RESULTS: The samples were 13 287 people, and the valid questionnaires were 13 001. In the study, 9.9% of the respondents were classified with enough health literacy relating to infectious diseases, and the low level of health literacy was observed among the respondents living in rural area (6.6%), elderly aged over 60 years (6.4%), poor-educated people (0.8%), farmers (4.5%), workers (4.3%), house-holders and people waiting for employment (4.5%). Multiple Logistic analyses indicated that age, educational status, occupation, self-reported health status, and regions (urban or rural area) were the influence factors associated with the level of health literacy. CONCLUSION: The residents living in Beijing were considered to be with low level of health literacy relating to infectious diseases, and more measures should be taken to improve it.
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Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Letramento em Saúde , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , China/epidemiologia , Cidades , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To understand the exposure and the infection status of virus among people engaging in breeding or butchering ducks in the suburb of Beijing. METHODS: People from six districts (Daxing, Fangshan, Huairou, Miyun, Shunyi, Tongzhou) who engaged in breeding or butchering ducks were studied and the status of infecting avian influenza virus was obtained by testing antibody level in serum. Information on demographic characteristics, status of regular exposure and exposure to sick or dead poultry were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. RESULTS: 1741 people were involved in this study in which 313 (18.0%) were workers in duck-breeding enterprise, 562 (32.3%) were workers in duck slaughterhouse, 261 (15.0%) farmers were in individual small-scale duck farms, 605 (34.7%) were farmers raising duck in backyard. Among farmers raising duck in backyard, the percentage of people whose ducks ever contacted with wild birds was higher than the other three groups (66.8%) (P<0.05). Among farmers who bred their ducks in the backyard (35.2%) and those abattoir workers (31.3%), the percentage of people who had contacted ducks but not been vaccinated with avian influenza vaccine was higher than the other two groups (P<0.05). Regarding the status on cleaning and disinfection among the studied farmers who had bred their ducks in the backyard, the percentage of people who had closer contact with ducks would clean the settings more than 4 times per month (8.8%) and disinfected those places more than 12 times per year (27.3%) but still lower than the other three groups (P<0.05). Among those farmers who bred ducks in the backyard, the percentage of people who had ever touched duck with their hands was high (34.4%) (P<0.05). Regarding exposure to sick or dead poultry, higher proportion was found among those who had ever closely contacted sick or dead poultry commercial duck raisers (36.1%) and individuals who raise large amount of ducks (36.0%). 70.8% of the individual duck raisers had never taken any protective measures when closely contacting the sick or dead poultry. Among 1741 samples, 0 were positive to avian influenza virus H5 and H7 subtypes. 12 were positive to H9 subtype (positive rate was 0.7%), in which 10 were farmers raising ducks in backyard (the positive rate of 1.7%). Differences between H9 subtype antibody positive rates difference in 4 population groups were statistically significant (χ2=13.699, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Farmers who bred their ducks in the backyard had greater risk of contracting the avian influenza. Individual duckers who raise ducks in large scale and the farmers who bred their ducks in the backyard were in lack of protective measures when contacting the sick or dead poultry. Our findings suggested that some intervention measures should be taken to reduce the risk of avian influenza infection.
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Patos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional , Adolescente , Adulto , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the risk behaviors on diarrhea among the adults of Beijing. METHODS: 13 287 adults aged over 18 years in Dongcheng, Xicheng, Haidian, Changping, Huairou and Tongzhou districts in Beijing were selected with a multi-stage stratified sampling method. Information on the demographic characteristics, with or without symptoms on diarrhea in the last year, and behaviors related to diarrhea, were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The reported total prevalence of diarrhea symptoms in the last year was 17.6% and, in urban areas as 16.8%, in rural areas as 18.2% respectively. The differences on the reported prevalence rates of diarrhea in different age groups, background of education and occupations groups among urban residents were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Items as eating raw seafood or freshwater products, using the same chopping block and knife at the time when processing raw and cooked food, not being used to regular physical exercise etc. were the risk factors to diarrhea among adults from urban areas, with OR (95%CI) as 1.26 (1.07 - 1.48), 1.37 (1.16 - 1.63) and 1.38 (1.20 - 1.59), respectively. The reported diarrhea prevalence rates related to sex, age, education background and occupations among rural residents did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). Without hand-washing habit before eating or after toilet-using, eating raw seafood or freshwater products, using the same chopping block and knife at the time when processing raw and cooked food, not being used to regular physical exercise etc. seemed to be the risk factors on diarrhea among adults in the rural areas with the OR (95%CI) as 1.85 (1.51 - 2.25), 1.39 (1.17 - 1.67), 1.44 (1.24 - 1.67) and 1.46 (1.27 - 1.67), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence reported on diarrhea symptoms among adults from the rural areas was higher than the urban adults. Diarrhea was related to health-related habits, eating habits and regularity of taking physical exercises.
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Diarreia/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish and assess a comprehensive index system on adult health literacy which related to infectious disease. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was carried out among adults aged over 18 years, in Beijing. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the information on adult health literacy situation related to infectious disease, with answers scored. Degrees of difficulty and difference together with confirmatory factor analysis were used to screen the indications from the questionnaires so as to establish a comprehensive index system. Methods as Cronbach alpha coefficient, split-half reliability, confirmatory factor analysis and cluster analysis methods were used to assess the reliability and validity of the index system. RESULTS: The sample size was 13,287 with valid questionnaires as 13,001. There were 30 indexes selected to establish the comprehensive index system on adult health literacy related to infectious disease. The Cronbach a coefficient was 0.777, and the split-half reliability was 0.609. Data from Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that each of the standardized regression coefficient was significant, and there were significant differences between the groups of being clustered by Q cluster analysis method (P<0.001). 9.9% of the residents were classified as having enough knowledge on health. CONCLUSION: The index system set for adult health literacy that related to infectious disease showed good reliability and validity thus could be used as a good tool to evaluate the levels of health literacy which related to infectious diseases, in Beijing.
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Doenças Transmissíveis , Letramento em Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , China , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the coverage rate and obstructive factors of influenza vaccine inoculation among residents aged above 18 years in Beijing from 2007 to 2010. METHODS: A total of 13 287 residents were recruited from six districts in Beijing. Information included demographic data, whether or not got vaccinated from 2007 to 2010, and the reasons for non-vaccination were collected using the questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 13 002 copies of questionnaires were valid and retrieved. The coverage rates of influenza vaccine inoculation among Beijing residents aged above 18 years between year 2007 and 2010 were 14.2% (1850/13 001), 18.0% (2345/13 002), 23.4% (3036/13 002) and 18.6% (2416/13 002), respectively. The 4-year adherent inoculation rate was 9.1% (1186/13 001). The coverage rates in the subjects aged over 60 years, less educated, medical-practitioner or retired were relative higher, with the 4-year adherent inoculation rate at 24.4% (614/2521), 24.4% (94/386), 14.6% (47/323) and 19.0% (386/2036). The factors induced non-vaccination among residents included "I don't think I am very likely to catch the flu" (51.2%, 6002/11 722), "I have no spare time to get vaccinated" (18.3%, 2145/11 722), "The influenza vaccination is too expensive" (15.8%, 1852/11 722), "I am afraid of the side-effects" (15.2%, 1782/11 722), "I don't believe the vaccine is effective enough" (12.9%, 1512/11 722), "I don't think influenza is a serious disease" (10.1%, 1184/11 722), "I have the specific contraindications" (7.3%, 856/11 722), and "I have never heard influenza vaccination before" (5.2%, 610/11 722). With regard to the reasons for non-vaccination, significant differences were found among subjects with different educated levels, different ages and different occupations. The proportion of thoughts "I don't think I am very likely to catch the flu" among the residents in five educational levels (illiterates or semi-illiterates, primary school, junior middle school, senior middle school and college or above) were 28.6% (83/289), 39.8% (473/1188), 49.1% (1642/3341), 50.7% (1719/3392) and 51.3% (1794/3501) respectively, with a significant statistical difference (χ(2) = 98.33, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The coverage rates of influenza vaccine inoculation were low among residents aged above 18 years from 2007 to 2010 in Beijing. The main reasons for non-vaccination included lack of information about risk in influenza infection and its severity to health, and anxiety about vaccine safety and effectiveness.