Environmental performance of unfired bricks produced from co-disposal of mine tailings and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash based on comprehensive leaching tests.

The potential leaching of heavy metals is a crucial concern for construction materials produced from solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of wastes. This study comprehensively evaluated the leaching characteristics of heavy metals from the unfired bricks produced from co-disposal of Pb-Zn mine tailings and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using batch, sequential, and semi-dynamic leaching tests. The results show that S/S treatment drastically reduced the leachability of heavy metals from the unfired bricks through lowering their distribution in the acid-soluble fraction. The effective diffusion coefficients of heavy metals within unfired bricks were all below 1.55 × 10-13 cm2/s, which is indicative of low mobility in the environment. The release of heavy metals from the unfired bricks was primarily governed by diffusion and dissolution. Slaking treatment of fly ash significantly reduced the leaching of heavy metals from the unfired bricks due to their improved structural integrity and compactness, which minimizes the surface area in the solid matrix accessible by the leaching medium. The leachability indices of heavy metals within the unfired bricks ranged from 13.12 to 18.10, suggesting that they are suitable for "controlled utilization" in specific scenarios. Compared to untreated mine tailings, converting them into unfired bricks could reduce the releases of heavy metals by several to hundreds of folds. These findings demonstrate that S/S can be an effective and sustainable strategy for co-disposal of mining tailings and incineration fly ash to produce construction materials with sound long-term environmental performance.

Mechanism and effectiveness of enzymatically induced phosphate precipitation (EIPP) in stabilizing coexisting lead, zinc, and cadmium in tailings.

Lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) tailings ponds carry the risk of multiple heavy metals (HMs) contamination and pile destabilization. This poses requirements for in-situ applicable, low-distribution, and effective stabilization/solidification (S/S) methods. For this, the novel enzymatically induced phosphate precipitation (EIPP) method was implemented in this study. Its mechanism and performance on stabilization of composite Pb, Zn, and cadmium (Cd) in tailings were explored and evaluated under typical erosion conditions for the first time. Results show that the EIPP stabilized HMs by chemically transforming the unstable carbonate-bound HMs to stable phosphate precipitates and by physically encapsulating tailings particles with newberyite precipitates. The stabilization effect on the three HMs was ranked as Pb > Zn > Cd. Comparing magnesium resources for the EIPP reactants, the EIPP utilizing Mg(CH3COO)2 was more effective at decontamination than MgCl2 because its special pre-activation and re-precipitation function enhanced the chemical transformation function of EIPP. The EIPP stabilization was confirmed to reduce simulated acid rain-leachable and bio-extractive HMs by about 90% and 60%, respectively. Under the prolonged acid attack, treated HMs were ultimately leached through the dissolution mechanism. Zn exhibited significant instability in highly acidic conditions (pH = 2.5-3.5), where its cumulative leaching toxicity after long-term dissolution warrants attention. Overall, EIPP presents a novel and effective strategy for on-site mitigation of composite HMs pollution.

A bibliometric analysis of autism spectrum disorder signaling pathways research in the past decade.

Background: This study employs bibliometric methods to comprehensively understand the fundamental structure of research about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Signaling Pathways by examining key indicators such as nations, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords. Methodology: We utilized the WoScc database to retrieve literature relevant to ASD Signaling Pathways published between 2013 and 2023. Through visual analysis and tools like CiteSpace and VosViewer, we explored nations, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords, thereby constructing relevant networks. Results: 26 The study encompasses 1,396 articles, revealing a consistent increase in publications. The United States, China, and Germany are leading nations in this literature. Regarding research institutions, the University of California system and Eric Klann have garnered significant attention due to their substantial contributions to the field of ASD Signaling Pathways. Most relevant research is published in the journal "Molecular Autism." Research interests are concentrated across various themes, including "elevating neuronal ß-catenin levels," "Tunisian children," "Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice," "de novo mutations," "autistic children," "local translation," "propionic acid-induced mouse models," "neurosystems," "glucose metabolism," and "neuronal migration." Future research may emphasize exploring aspects such as gut microbiota, genes, stress, maternal immune activation, memory, and neurodevelopmental disorders of ASD. Conclusion: This study, through bibliometric analysis of key indicators such as nations, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords, provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on ASD Signaling Pathways. These investigations predominantly focus on molecular mechanisms, animal model studies, population-based research, and the structure and function of neurosystems. Future research directions are also clearly proposed. First, in-depth research on the genes and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with ASD will continue to reveal the genetic basis and provide support for precise treatments. At the same time, attention to the gut microbiota will help explore its association with ASD, which may provide clues for new treatments. In addition, the relationship between stress and ASD will become the focus of research to understand better the emotional and behavioral characteristics of ASD patients in stressful situations. Maternal immune activation will also be further studied to explore how environmental factors influence the risk and development of ASD. Finally, a deeper understanding of the cognitive functions of patients with ASD, especially memory and learning, will help develop individualized treatment strategies to improve patients' quality of life. These directions will work together and are expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of Signaling Pathways research in ASD and provide new ideas and opportunities for future intervention and treatment.

Effectiveness of musculoskeletal manipulations in patients with neck pain: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Neck pain is a common problem that severely affects physical and mental health. While musculoskeletal manipulations are recommended as the first-line treatment for adults with neck pain, the comparative effectiveness of different musculoskeletal manipulations remains unclear. This systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will compare the effectiveness of different types of musculoskeletal manipulations, with the overarching aim of guiding clinical practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Two independent reviewers will search four English electronic databases (Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed) and three Chinese electronic databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang) for relevant RCTs published from 1 January 2013 to 30 April 2023. The Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) will be searched for completed but unpublished RCTs. English and Chinese will be used to search English databases and Chinese databases, respectively. RCTs of musculoskeletal manipulations for adults (aged ≥18 years) with neck pain will be considered eligible for inclusion. A pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis will be performed, and pooled risk ratios, standardised mean differences and 95% CIs will be determined. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not required as this study is a literature review. The results of this review will be published in peer-reviewed journals or disseminated at conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023420775.

Characteristics of iron (hydr)oxides and Cr(VI) retention mechanisms in soils from tropical and subtropical areas of China.

Though both iron (hydr)oxides and soil organic matter (SOM) significantly influence heavy metal behaviors in soils, studies on the characteristics of natural minerals and the synergic effects of the two on Cr(VI) transformation are limited. This study investigated Cr(VI) retention mechanisms in four soils from tropical and subtropical regions of China based on a comprehensive characterization of Fe (hydr)oxides. These soils exhibited varying quantities of hematite, ferrihydrite and goethite, with distinct Al substitution levels and varied exposed crystallographic facets. Adsorption experiments revealed a positive correlation between Fe (hydr)oxide content and Cr(VI) fixation amount on colloid, which was influenced by the mineral types, Al substitution levels and facet exposures. Further, Cr(VI) was sequestered on soil by adsorption and reduction. In soils enriched with crystalline Fe (hydr)oxides, Cr(VI) reduction was primarily governed by SOM, while in soils enriched with poorly crystalline Fe (hydr)oxides, mineral-associated Fe(II) also contributed to Cr(VI) reduction. Aging experiments demonstrated that SOM and mineral-associated Fe(II) expedited Cr (VI) passivation and diminished the Cr leaching. These results improve our understanding of natural Fe (hydr)oxide structures and their impact on Cr(VI) behavior in soils, and shed light on complex soil-contaminant interactions and remediation of Cr(VI) polluted soils.

Effect of COVID-19 on autism spectrum disorders: A bibliometric analysis based on original articles.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this bibliometric inquiry was to scrutinize domains that delve into the repercussions of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on individuals afflicted with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), worldwide scholarly findings of interrelated research, and forthcoming trajectories. METHODS: To conduct a literature analysis, use the web of science core collection database, search for ASD and COVID-19-related literature published Utilize CiteSpace and VosViewer to visually analyze documents and create networks of authors, organizations. The CiteSpace and VosViewer to visually analyze documents and create networks of authors, organizations, countries, and keywords. RESULTS: This study collected 771 papers and shows an increasing trend in publications. The United States had the most relevant literature (281), followed by the United Kingdom (115) and Italy (76). The United States had the most relevant literature (281), followed by the United Kingdom (115) and Italy (76). The University of London had the most papers (53, 6.87%), and Happe_Francesca was the most productive researcher (6). J AUTISM DEV DISORD was the main journal for research on the impact of COVID-19 on ASD, with 22 related articles. Keyword co-occurrence analysis has revealed that "parenting stress," "enhancing adherence," "acute stress disorder," "COVID-19 Italian lockdown," "neurodevelopmental disorder," and "occupational therapy" have garnered significant attention recently. Notably, the burst keywords suggest that "interventions," "qualitative research," "Disabilities Monitoring Network," "neurodevelopmental disabilities," "perceived stress," and "barriers" are potential areas of investigation for future research. CONCLUSION: This bibliometric analysis delineates the fundamental structure for assessing the impact of COVID-19 on ASD by scrutinizing crucial indicators such as Our analysis reveals that COVID-19 impact on autism has garnered the interest of an Future research could explore the stress, anxiety, and strategies for individuals with ASD and their The use of telemedicine can be studied in depth, as a new idea for ASD diagnosis and intervention training, it is worthwhile. The use of telemedicine can be studied in depth, as a new idea for ASD diagnosis and intervention training, it is worth exploring, such as Disabilities Monitoring Network, etc.

Exploring the migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals and ammonia nitrogen from electrolytic manganese residue to agricultural soils through column leaching test.

Heavy metals (HMs) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) leaching from electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) result in the contamination of agricultural soils and water bodies. Batch and column leaching tests were conducted to simulate the release of HMs and AN in EMR during precipitation, as well as their migration and transformation in agricultural soils. The results show that Mn, AN, Cd, Ni, and Zn present in the EMR had high acid soluble fraction (un-fixed AN) content, and the leachability of Mn and AN was significantly higher than that of other hazardous elements. The cumulative release of hazardous elements in the EMR stockpile was well-fitted (R2 > 0.95) by the HILL model. Significant HMs and AN accumulated in the agricultural soils after contamination from the EMR leachate. The pollution degree of HMs in agricultural soils was ranked as Mn > Ni > Pb ≈ Zn ≈ Cr > Cd. The acid soluble fraction (un-fixed AN) content of Mn, Ni, Zn, and AN in agricultural soils increased significantly. The risk assessment code shows that the risk level of Mn in agricultural soils changed from medium to high; Ni and Zn in surface soils changed from low to medium. These results indicated that the leaching from EMR would significantly increase the ecological risk of HMs in surrounding agricultural soils, and the large release of AN would pose a great threat to aquatic systems if not properly addressed.

Unraveling the cation adsorption of geopolymer binder: A molecular dynamics study.

Geopolymers play a significant role in remediation of heavy metal contamination and are attracting increasing interests. Sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH) is the prime hydration substance of geopolymers which exhibits excellent adsorption capacity, however, the mechanism of metal cation adsorption at the NASH interface remains unclear. In this study, the adsorption behavior of cations at the NASH interface was investigated in depth, and the effects of Si/Al ratios, ion concentration and ion type on adsorption behavior were also analyzed. Furthermore, three Si/Al ratio models of NASH gel were modified and developed by molecular dynamics simulation, and validated by experiments. The result showed that electrostatic attraction and ion exchange played the major role in adsorbing three cations on the surface of NASH gel. For cations with the same charge number, ionic radius was inversely proportional to the cation exchange and adsorption capacity. Cations with lower ionic potential, among those with different charge numbers, were easier to be adsorbed onto the NASH surface. Therefore, the adsorption capacity of NASH for the three adsorbents was in the order of Na+ > Cs+ > Pb2+. The adsorption capacity of NASH gel for cations increased with the increasing of Al/Si and decreased with the increasing of cation concentration, which was attributed to the increased electrostatic attraction on the NASH surface and the limited number of adsorption sites. The derived microstructure and dynamics information are beneficial for profoundly understanding the adsorption mechanisms of geopolymers on cations.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on Tuina Manipulation for Neck Pain Treatment Over the Past 10 Years.

Tuina is an effective treatment for neck pain (NP). However, there has been no bibliometric analysis of the global application and emerging trends of tuina performed for NP. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an overview of the current state and future trends in the field. Articles about tuina for NP, published from January 1, 2013, to January 1, 2023, were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace (6.1.R6) and VOSviewer (1.6.18) software were used to analyze annual trends in literature posts, countries, institutions, authors, cited references, and knowledge graphs of keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and burst using standard bibliometric indicators. The final analysis comprised 505 valid documents. The results demonstrate that the number of articles in the field of tuina therapy for NP has gradually increased over the years, showing the most active countries, institutions, journals, and authors. There were 323 keywords in the field, 322 research authors, and 292 research institutions, with the USA having the most publications (n = 140). The most published institution is Vrije University Amsterdam, and the most published journal is the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Peter R Blanpied is the most influential and most-cited author. Interventions (dry needling, massage therapy, and muscle energy techniques), common treatment sites for NP (upper trapezius), and complications (cervicogenic headache) are the top three frontiers mentioned in the field of tuina research for NP. The bibliometric study showed the current status and trends in clinical research on treating patients with NP using tuina, which may help researchers identify topics of interest and scope for future research in this field.

Recycling of water treatment sludge in concrete: The role of water-binder ratio from a nanoscale perspective.

For eutrophic water bodies, potassium permanganate is an effective pre-oxidant to remove algae and its residue in water treatment sludge. Recycling water treatment sludge in concrete is an environmentally friendly and high-value utilization measure. However, little research has been done on the effect of manganese-rich drinking water sludge ash (DWSA) on concrete. The effect of water-binder ratio (w/b) on strength, shrinkage and microstructural characteristics of concrete containing DWSA was investigated, and the structural behavior was explained from a nanoscale perspective. The results show that recycling 10 % DWSA in concrete improved the strength and shrinkage resistance of the samples. Reducing the w/b effectively increased the strength of DWSA-modified concrete and reduced the shrinkage deformation. The paste with high w/b had higher contents of non-evaporated water and calcium hydroxide, as well as higher reaction degree of DWSA. Nanoscale characterization shows that reducing the w/b reduced the volume fraction of pore and unhydrated phases in the matrix and increased the proportion of high-density C-S-H. Meanwhile, reducing the w/b also reduced the interfacial transition zone width of DWSA-modified concrete. Recycling DWSA in concrete effectively reduced the total carbon footprint and cost of the mixture. The combined application of reducing the w/b and incorporating DWSA effectively improved the economic and environmental benefits of concrete material. For the concrete modified with 10 % DWSA (w/b = 0.3), its cost and carbon emissions are reduced by 14 %-21 % and 19 %-25 % compared with the reference sample, respectively. Overall, this study reveals the action mechanism of DWSA in cement system at different w/b from nanoscale perspective, and gives a new insight on determining the optimal w/b in full-scale application of DWSA concrete.

Physicochemical and pozzolanic properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with different pretreatments.

Swelling caused by gas generated from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) when it is mixed with alkali limits its uses. Besides, the leaching of anion salts and heavy metals contained in MSWIFA poses a high risk to environment. This study presents the feasibility of a one-step alkaline washing, one-step thermal quenching and two-step combination of alkaline washing and thermal quenching pretreatment methods in altering the key properties of MSWIFA for promoting its reusability. It was found that apart from H2(gas), NH3(gas) was also generated during the alkaline washing of the MSWIFA. Besides, pretreatments led to the reduction in particle size, the increase in pore volume and specific surface area of the MSWIFA, as well as the removal of chloride and sulfate anions. All the pretreatment methods were effective in reducing leaching of heavy metals to below levels of nonhazardous waste except Cd and Pb with alkaline washing. Furthermore, both the chemical Frattini test and the mechanical activity index test showed improvement in pozzolanic activities of the MSWIFA after the pretreatments. Overall, the combined pretreatment method was most effective in eliminating gas emission, and reducing leaching of metal ions and anions from the ash, while enhancing the pozzolanic activity of the ash.

Stabilization of Pb(II) in wastewater and tailings by commercial bacteria through microbially induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP).

Microbially induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) is an effective and eco-friendly method for Pb(II) stabilization. The phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) for MIPP are commonly isolated from Pb(II)-contaminated sites through a series of intricate and time-consuming enrichment and purification processes. This research used ready-made commercial bacteria to develop a simple MIPP process. Bacillus subtilis (BS, CCTCC AB 98002) was selected from two commercial PSM strains owing to more effective Pb(II) removal. Compared to the most isolated microorganisms, BS released more than twice as much inorganic phosphorus (Pi) as well as had a high-level Pb(II) tolerance. BS could remove >99% of Pb(II) from 500 mg/L Pb(II)-containing water at the optimal 0.05 M sodium glycerophosphate (SGP), pH 7-9, and ≤0.03 M MgCl2, outperforming most isolated microorganisms. In addition, BS could mitigate the contamination risk of the lead­zinc tailings, by reducing the readily leachable Pb(II) concentration from 0.81 mg/L (over the regulatory limit of 0.1 mg/L) to 0.00042 mg/L. The unstable Pb(II) in the solution and tailings was ultimately stabilized to Pb5(PO4)3Cl after the SGP phosphorlysis and phosphate precipitation processes. In conclusion, commercial BS is a superior alternative to isolated microorganisms for MIPP on Pb(II) stabilization. The simple-processed and high-effective BS-based MIPP provides the MIPP method a new insight for widespread implementation in the remediation of heavy metals-containing wastewater, soil, and waste.

Stabilization and strengthening of chromium(VI)-contaminated soil via magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) and phytase addition.

Cr(VI) contamination of soil threatens the environment and reduces soil strength. Therefore, both Cr(VI) stabilization and soil reinforcement should be considered in site remediation for future construction. This study investigated a biochemical treatment process using magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) and phytase. MAP was hydrolyzed via phytase catalysis to produce ascorbic acid (AA) and MgHPO4·3H2O precipitation. The AA reduced Cr(VI) into low-toxic Cr(III), which precipitated as Cr(OH)3 and CrPO4. More than 90% of the 500 mg/kg Cr(VI) in soil was reduced by 5% MAP (wt% of soil) and 1% phytase (vol/vol of soil water) doses at the geotechnically optimal soil moisture content of 16.8%. The MgHPO4·3H2O precipitates filled soil pores and enhanced the unconfined compression strength of treated soil by more than two times. This research reports a novel and practical enzymatically induced phosphate precipitation process for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.

Solidification and stabilization of Pb-Zn mine tailing with municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag for unfired brick fabrication.

The mismanaged and abandoned mine tailings are an important source of heavy metal pollution in the mining regions, and there is a significant need to develop technically, environmentally, and economically feasible and sustainable solutions to manage them. This study explored the solidification and stabilization of the tailing from an abandoned Pb-Zn mine using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) blended with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) for fabricating unfired bricks, and systematically characterized the products' mechanical and environmental performance. Various hydration products, such as ettringite, portlandite, and hydrotalcite, were formed in the unfired bricks in the solidification and stabilization process, which enhance the physical strength of unfired bricks and help immobilize the heavy metals. Slaking treatment of MSWIFA significantly increased the mechanical strength, reduced the water absorption, and improved the durability of unfired bricks, with the product prepared from MSWIFA with 7-day slaking exhibiting the highest unconfined compressive strength (12.3 MPa) after 56 days of curing. The concentrations of As (0.35-1.49 µg/L), Cd (0.35-0.70 µg/L), Cr (1.38-9.40 µg/L), Cu (2.28-5.87 µg/L), Ni (0.16-2.24 µg/L), Pb (0.16-59.80 µg/L), and Zn (1.60-10.80 µg/L) in the leachates of unfired bricks were below the relevant regulatory limits for surface water and groundwater. Converting the mine tailing (with MSWIFA and GGBFS) to different types of unfired bricks could yield economic payback in the range of 283.7-306.5 Yuan per ton. Replacing cement with MSWIFA blended with GGBFS in the solidification and stabilization treatment could save about 0.15 ton of cement per ton of mine tailing disposed, which avoids significant energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. These findings demonstrate that utilization of mine tailings and industrial wastes to fabricate unfired bricks is a promising way of reusing such wastes and controlling the associated pollution, which also brings significant economic benefit and improves environmental sustainability.

Zearalenone regulates microRNA156 to affect the root development of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a secondary metabolite from Fusarium species. It is also present in plants and regulates the photochemical reaction in Photosystem II, the stress response and root growth. To investigate the mechanism by which ZEN regulates Tetrastigma hemsleyanum root growth, differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified and verified by high-throughput sequencing and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of the roots of T. hemsleyanum seedlings treated with and without ZEN. The predicted functions of microRNA156b (miR156b) and microRNA156f (miR156f) were confirmed in transgenic hairy roots. (i) A total of 70 miRNAs showed significantly different expression levels under ZEN treatment, including seven highly conserved miRNAs. (ii) The number of lateral roots and total root length of the transgenic hairy roots overexpressing miR156b and miR156f was significantly higher than the wild-type hairy roots, and thus the overexpression of miR156b and miR156f in T. hemsleyanum promoted lateral root development. (iii) Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the target genes of miR156b and miR156f were SPL9/10. As compared with the wild-type hairy roots, the expression of SPL9 was significantly lower in the hairy roots overexpressing miR156b, and the expression of SPL10 was significantly lower in the hairy roots overexpressing miR156f. Therefore, SPL9 could be the target gene of miR156b, and SPL10 could be the target gene of miR156f. This study shows that ZEN could increase the expression of miR156b and miR156f in T. hemsleyanum roots, which negatively regulated the expression of their putative target genes SPL9 and SPL10, consequently promoting the growth and development of the lateral roots.

Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.

Effect of alkaline washing treatment on leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash.

This study aimed to find an effective, inexpensive, and safe washing treatment for municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) in order to reduce its potential harmful effects in disposal and recycling. The washing solutions, namely tap water (TW), saturated lime water (SLW), and wastewater from concrete batching plant (WW) were used to wash MSWIBA at different liquid-solid (L/S) ratios and for different durations. Leaching behavior of some heavy metals, chloride, and sulfate from MSWIBA was tested and evaluated. From the TCLP leaching test, when the L/S ratio was above 5, WW was the most effective solution in reducing As, Cd, Se, and Sb emissions from MSWIBA. The calcium and iron ions present in the WW were essential for controlling the leaching of As, Cd, and Sb from MSWIBA due to the formation of stable crystalline pharmacosiderite, cadmium hydroxide sulfate, and hydromeite during the washing process. Using WW showed the best effect in removing sulfate from MSWIBA. At a L/S ratio of 10, about 83% of the sulfate could be removed from MSWIBA after 20 min of washing. The L/S ratio was most influential in removing chloride from MSWIBA. The three washing treatments chosen were effective in reducing the chloride level in MSWIBA to below the level of hazardous waste. Nevertheless, there were still substantial amounts of chloride remaining in the treated MSWIBA. Under the Dutch Building Materials Decree, the treated MSWIBA may be used as a building material in parts which allow isolation, control, and monitoring (ICM).

Effects of online exercise intervention on physical and mental conditions in young adults with chronic neck pain.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of online exercise therapy with conventional exercise therapy for young adults with chronic neck pain. A randomized clinical trial recruiting 35 university students with self-reported chronic neck pain was conducted. The experimental group receiving 6-week online exercise therapy and active control group receiving the same face-to-face conventional exercise therapy. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and its subscales were evaluated. Both groups had improvements in VAS, NDI, HADS and WLQ scores from baseline to 6 weeks. All comparisons of changes in outcome variables between groups were not statistically significant. For young adults with chronic neck pain, both the online and conventional exercise interventions could improve their pain level, neck disability, anxiety state, and work efficiency. The online exercise intervention appeared feasible as an alternative treatment option for them.

An iron-biochar composite from co-pyrolysis of incinerated sewage sludge ash and peanut shell for arsenic removal: Role of silica.

Modification of biochar by low-cost iron sources has gained increasing attention to improve pollutants removal performance and reduce production costs compared to conventional chemical modifications. While such iron sources generally have complex compositions, their effects on properties of the iron-biochar composite are not well investigated. This study produced an iron-biochar (RBC) composite from co-pyrolysis of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and peanut shell, and examined the role of silica with widespread existence in ISSA and other low-cost iron sources on properties of the iron-biochar composite relevant to As(III)/As(V) removal. Silica was found to react with iron during the pyrolysis process at 850 °C and formed iron silicon at the expense of producing zero valent iron and Fe3O4 which resulted in a poorer removal efficacy for As(III) and As(V) compared to the iron-biochar (FBC) made from pure Fe2O3 and peanut shell. Moreover, a high leaching of reactive silica from RBC was observed which affected the formation of corrosion products of ZVI and competed with arsenic for active adsorption sites. Despite this, RBC still exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.44 and 57.56 mg/g towards As(III) and As(V) respectively at pH 3.0. Overall, this study provides an interesting insight into upcycling ISSA into useful media for sorptive removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions.