Review of carbon dot-hydrogel composite material as a future water-environmental regulator.

As water pollution and scarcity pose severe threats to the sustainable progress of human society, it is important to develop a method or materials that can accurately and efficiently detect pollutants and purify aquatic environments or exploit marine resources. The compositing of photoluminescent and hydrophilic carbon dots (CDs) with hydrogels bearing three-dimensional networks to form CD-hydrogel composites to protect aquatic environments is a "win-win" strategy. Herein, the feasibility of the aforementioned method has been demonstrated. This paper reviews the recent progress of CD-hydrogel materials used in aquatic environments. First, the synthesis methods for these composites are discussed, and then, the composites are categorized according to different methods of combining the raw materials. Thereafter, the progress in research on CD-hydrogel materials in the field of water quality detection and purification is reviewed in terms of the application of the mechanisms. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of CD-hydrogel materials are described. These results are expected to provide insights into the development of CD-hydrogel composites for researchers in this field.

Critical review on anthocyanins in blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) and their function.

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is an emerging commercial fruit in the world, has been known for its multiple anthocyanins in the berries, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is a major anthocyanin in berries and it makes up 76-92% of the total anthocyanins content, with high antioxidant capacity, and widely used in food products. In this review, recent studies related to anthocyanins in blue honeysuckle were sorted out, including the current status of research on anthocyanins in blue honeysuckle berries, especially C3G, qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in berries, extraction and purification methods of anthocyanins from blue honeysuckle, in addition, biological effects of blue honeysuckle, and recommended utilization. Blue honeysuckle contains polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, minerals, and multiple bioactive compounds, it has been extensively reported to have significant antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-diabetic functions, and has been used in a variety of food products as raw materials.

Net water uptake within the ischemic penumbra predicts the presence of the midline shift in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Objective: The study aimed to explore the association between midline shift (MLS) and net water uptake (NWU) within the ischemic penumbra in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that examined patients with anterior circulation stroke. Net water uptake within the acute ischemic core and penumbra was calculated using data from admission multimodal CT scans. The primary outcome was severe cerebral edema measured by the presence of MLS on 24 to 48 h follow-up CT scans. The presence of a significant MLS was defined by a deviation of the septum pellucidum from the midline on follow-up CT scans of at least 3 mm or greater due to the mass effect of ischemic edema. The net water uptake was compared between patients with and without MLS, followed by logistic regression analyses and receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) to assess the predictive power of net water uptake in MLS. Results: A total of 133 patients were analyzed: 50 patients (37.6%) with MLS and 83 patients (62.4%) without. Compared to patients without MLS, patients with MLS had higher net water uptake within the core [6.8 (3.2-10.4) vs. 4.9 (2.2-8.1), P = 0.048] and higher net water uptake within the ischemic penumbra [2.9 (1.8-4.3) vs. 0.2 (-2.5-2.7), P < 0.001]. Penumbral net water uptake had higher predictive performance than net water uptake of the core in MLS [area under the curve: 0.708 vs. 0.603, p < 0.001]. Moreover, the penumbral net water uptake predicted MLS in the multivariate regression model, adjusting for age, sex, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, ischemic core volume, and poor collateral vessel status (OR = 1.165; 95% CI = 1.002-1.356; P = 0.047). No significant prediction was found for the net water uptake of the core in the multivariate regression model. Conclusion: Net water uptake measured acutely within the ischemic penumbra could predict severe cerebral edema at 24-48 h.

Quantitative assessment of collateral time on perfusion computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Background and aim: Good collateral circulation is recognized to maintain perfusion and contribute to favorable clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to derive and validate an optimal collateral time measurement on perfusion computed tomography imaging for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: This study included 106 acute ischemic stroke patients with complete large vessel occlusions. In deriving cohort of 23 patients, the parasagittal region of the ischemic hemisphere was divided into six pial arterial zones according to pial branches of the middle cerebral artery. Within the 85 arterial zones with collateral vessels, the receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to derive the optimal collateral time threshold for fast collateral flow on perfusion computed tomography. The reference for fast collateral flow was the peak contrast delay on the collateral vessels within each ischemic arterial zone compared to its contralateral normal arterial zone on dynamic computed tomography angiography. The optimal perfusion collateral time threshold was then tested in predicting poor clinical outcomes (modified Rankin score of 5-6) and final infarct volume in the validation cohort of 83 patients. Results: For the derivation cohort of 85 arterial zones, the optimal collateral time threshold for fast collateral flow on perfusion computed tomography was a delay time of 4.04 s [area under the curve = 0.78 (0.67, 0.89), sensitivity = 73%, and specificity = 77%]. Therefore, the delay time of 4 s was used to define the perfusion collateral time. In the validation cohort, the perfusion collateral time showed a slightly higher predicting power than dynamic computed tomography angiography collateral time in poor clinical outcomes (area under the curve = 0.72 vs. 0.67; P < 0.001). Compared to dynamic computed tomography angiography collateral time, the perfusion collateral time also had better performance in predicting final infarct volume (R-squared values = 0.55 vs. 0.23; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results indicate that perfusion computed tomography can accurately quantify the collateral time after acute ischemic stroke.

Poor collateral flow with severe hypoperfusion explains worse outcome in acute stroke patients with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with poorer functional outcomes in acute stroke patients. It has been hypothesized that this is due to poor collateral recruitment. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between AF and collaterals with outcome in thrombectomy patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified 1036 acute ischemic patients from the INternational Stroke Perfusion Imaging REgistry. The cohort was divided into two groups: 432 with AF and 604 without AF. Patients were stratified by collateral grades as good, moderate, and poor. Within each collateral grade, the prediction of AF versus No AF for good outcome (3-month modified Rankin Scale of 0-2) was determined. Then, within each collateral grade, perfusion was compared between those with and without AF. RESULTS: AF was negatively associated with good outcome in patients with poor collaterals (26.7% vs 51.2% for AF vs No AF, odds ratio = 0.32 (95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.50), p < 0.001), but not in patients with good (50.9% vs 58.1% for AF vs No AF, odds ratio = 0.75 (0.46-1.23), p = 0.249) or moderate collaterals (43.6% vs 50.9% for AF vs No AF, odds ratio = 0.75 (0.47-1.18), p = 0.214). AF was associated with severe hypoperfusion only in patients with poor collateral flow (54.0 vs 35.5 mL for AF vs No AF, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AF-related stroke is associated with more severe hypoperfusion and worse outcome in those with poor collaterals.

Early Edema Within the Ischemic Core Is Time-Dependent and Associated With Functional Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Objective: To investigate the difference in early edema, quantified by net water uptake (NWU) based on computed tomography (CT) between ischemic core and penumbra and to explore predictors of NWU and test its predictive power for clinical outcome. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted to Ningbo First Hospital with anterior circulation stroke and multi-modal CT. In 154 included patients, NWU of the ischemic core and penumbra were calculated and compared by Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations between NWU and variables including age, infarct time (time from symptom onset to imaging), volume of ischemic core, collateral status, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were investigated by Spearman's correlation analyses. Clinical outcome was defined using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to test the predictive value of NWU. Summary statistics are presented as median (interquartile range), mean (standard deviation) or estimates (95% confidence interval). Results: The NWU within the ischemic core [6.1% (2.9-9.2%)] was significantly higher than that of the penumbra [1.8% (-0.8-4.0%)]. The only significant predictor of NWU within the ischemic core was infarct time (p = 0.004). The NWU within the ischemic core [odds ratio = 1.23 (1.10-1.39)], the volume of ischemic core [1.04, (1.02-1.06)], age [1.09 (1.01-1.17)], and admission NHISS score [1.05 (1.01-1.09)] were associated with the outcome of patients adjusted for sex and treatment. The predictive power for the outcome of the model was significantly higher when NWU was included (area under the curve 0.875 vs. 0.813, p < 0.05 by Delong test). Conclusions: Early edema quantified by NWU is relatively limited in the ischemic core and develops in a time-dependent manner. NWU estimates within the ischemic core may help to predict clinical outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke.