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The genus Ciliochorella is a group of pestalotioid fungi, which typically occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the Ciliochorella genus play important roles in the decomposition of litter. In this study, we introduce two new species (Ciliochorellachinensissp. nov. and C.savannicasp. nov.) that were found on leaf litter collected from savanna-like vegetation in hot dry valleys of southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and tub2 sequence datasets indicated that C.chinensis and C.savannica respectively form a distinct clade within the Ciliochorella genus. The comparison of the morphological characteristics indicated that the two new species are well differentiated within this genus species. Analysis of the evolutionary history suggests that Ciliochorella originated from the Eurasian continent during the Paleogene (38 Mya). Further, we find that both new species can produce cellulase and laccase, playing a decomposer role.
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Herein, we reported an effective selective nucleophilic cyclization/cross-coupling cascade reaction of N-tosyl ortho-alkynylanilines and N-acyl ortho-alkynylanilines using Rh(COD)2BF4/tBuXantPhos as a catalyst. The present protocol features excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, high atom-economy, and a broad range of substrates. The mechanism studies indicated that the key to the success of this reaction is the powerful capacity of the rhodium catalyst to recognize the N-substituent group in the selective nucleophilic cyclization and selective alkyne insertion.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parkinson disease (PD)-associated alterations in the gut microbiome have been observed in clinical and animal studies. However, it remains unclear whether this association reflects a causal effect in humans. METHODS: We performed two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization using summary statistics from the international consortium MiBioGen (N = 18,340), the Framingham Heart Study (N = 2076), and the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium for PD (33,674 cases and 449,056 controls) and PD age at onset (17,996 cases). RESULTS: Twelve microbiota features presented suggestive associations with PD risk or age at onset. Genetically increased Bifidobacterium levels correlated with decreased PD risk (odds ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-0.99, p = 0.040). Conversely, high levels of five short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (LachnospiraceaeUCG010, RuminococcaceaeUCG002, Clostridium sensustricto1, Eubacterium hallii group, and Bacillales) correlated with increased PD risk, and three SCFA-producing bacteria (Roseburia, RuminococcaceaeUCG002, and Erysipelatoclostridium) correlated with an earlier age at PD onset. Gut production of serotonin was associated with an earlier age at PD onset (beta = -0.64, 95% CI = -1.15 to -0.13, p = 0.013). In the reverse direction, genetic predisposition to PD was related to altered gut microbiota composition. CONCLUSIONS: These results support a bidirectional relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and PD, and highlight the role of elevated endogenous SCFAs and serotonin in PD pathogenesis. Future clinical studies and experimental evidence are needed to explain the observed associations and to suggest new therapeutic approaches, such as dietary probiotic supplementation.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doença de Parkinson , Animais , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Serotonina , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica AmplaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Observational studies have reported inconsistent results on the relationship between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we aimed to determine whether there is a causal association between AMD and AD. METHODS: This two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study evaluated causal associations between advanced AMD and AD using summary data from large genome-wide association studies. RESULTS: Genetic liability for advanced AMD showed no statistical causal association with AD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.999, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.955-1.044, P = .948). Reverse MR analysis provided little support for a causal effect of AD on advanced AMD (OR = 0.973, 95%CI: 0.938-1.008, P = .133). DISCUSSION: This MR study found no evidence to support a bidirectional causality between advanced AMD and AD. HIGHLIGHTS: We evaluated the bidirectional causal relationship between advanced AMD and AD. Advanced AMD showed no statistical causal association with risk of AD. We found no evidence to support a causal effect of AD on advanced AMD risk. The associations observed in epidemiological studies should not be considered causal.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Degeneração Macular , Humanos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana/métodos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Degeneração Macular/epidemiologia , Degeneração Macular/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent researches on Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis discovered the correlation between PD and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) dysfunction and reduction of PPARGC1A gene expression. Hence, we detected PPARGC1A rare variants to clarify their effect on PD risk in a large population of PD patients in mainland China. METHODS: We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to 1917 patients with early-onset or familial PD and 1652 controls (WES cohort), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to 1962 patients with sporadic late-onset PD and 1279 controls (WGS cohort). To identify PPARGC1A rare variants, we used burden analysis to assess the relationship between PPARGC1A rare variants and PD susceptibility. RESULTS: 30 rare missense variants in the cohort WES and 21 missense variants in the cohort WGS have been detected in the study and PPARGC1A missense variants are significantly associated with early-onset and familial PD susceptibility in our study (P = 0.012), which supports evidence that PPARGC1A rare variants are involved in the onset of early-onset and familial PD. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggested that PPARGC1A rare variants may contribute to the risk of early-onset and familial PD.
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Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Estudos de Coortes , China/epidemiologia , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between daytime napping frequency and the incidence of essential hypertension or stroke as well as to validate causality in this relationship via Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: We conducted Cox regression analysis on 358 451 participants free of hypertension or stroke from UK Biobank. To validate the results of the observational analysis, we conducted a 2-sample MR for daytime napping frequency (123 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) with essential hypertension in FinnGen Biobank, stroke, and ischemic stroke in MEGASTROKE consortium and performed a corresponding 1-sample MR on the UK Biobank data. RESULTS: Compared with never napping, usually napping was associated with a higher risk of essential hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08-1.17]), stroke (hazard ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.10-1.39], and ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.05-1.36]) in our prospective observational analysis. Both the 1-sample and 2-sample MR results indicated that increased daytime napping frequency was likely to be a potential causal risk factor for essential hypertension in FinnGEN (odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.06-1.92]) and UK Biobank (odds ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.28-1.58]). The 2-sample MR results supported the potential causal effect of nap frequency on ischemic stroke in MEGASTROKE (odds ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04-1.62]). CONCLUSIONS: Prospective observational and MR analyses provided evidence that increased daytime nap frequency may represent a potential causal risk factor for essential hypertension. The potential causal association of increased nap frequency with ischemic stroke was supported by 2-sample MR and prospective observational results.
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Hipertensão , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Hipertensão Essencial , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/genética , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/genéticaRESUMO
Observational studies have found a relationship between directly measured short leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). We investigated the causal association between genetically predicted LTL and COVID-19 susceptibility or severity. A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 78,592 European-ancestry participants identified single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs) that can be utilized to genetically predict LTL. Summary-level data for COVID-19 outcomes were analyzed from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study was designed to evaluate these causal relationships. Using an inverse-weighted MR analysis and population-based controls, genetically predicted LTL did not reveal any significant association with COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio (OR): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.85-1.04; p = 0.202) or severity (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70-1.03; p = 0.099). Similar results were found for five other definitions of cases/controls and/or COVID-19 outcomes. Six additional MR methods and sensitivity analyses were conducted after removing variants with potential horizontal pleiotropy and including variants at a liberal significance level, which produced similar results. Using SNPs identified for the prediction of LTL from another GWAS study, we found a non-significant association for COVID-19 susceptibility or severity with narrower CIs toward the null hypothesis. No proof of genetically predicted COVID-19 phenotypes remained causally associated with genetically predicted LTL, and the null association was consistent with a lack of significant genetic correlation. Genetic evidence does not support shorter LTL as a causal risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility or severity.
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Povo Asiático , Povo Asiático/genética , China , Humanos , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
We initiate the Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project with 4,535 whole-genome sequencing (WGS) individuals and 5,841 high-density genotyping individuals, and identify 81.5 million SNPs and INDELs, of which 38.5% are absent in dbSNP Build 151. We provide a population-specific reference panel and an online imputation server ( https://wbbc.westlake.edu.cn/ ) which could yield substantial improvement of imputation performance in Chinese population, especially for low-frequency and rare variants. By analyzing the singleton density of the WGS data, we find selection signatures in SNX29, DNAH1 and WDR1 genes, and the derived alleles of the alcohol metabolism genes (ADH1A and ADH1B) emerge around 7,000 years ago and tend to be more common from 4,000 years ago in East Asia. Genetic evidence supports the corresponding geographical boundaries of the Qinling-Huaihe Line and Nanling Mountains, which separate the Han Chinese into subgroups, and we reveal that North Han was more homogeneous than South Han.
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Povo Asiático , Bancos de Espécimes Biológicos , Povo Asiático/genética , China , Genômica , Humanos , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
The members of Phyllachora are biotrophic, obligate plant parasitic fungi featuring a high degree of host specificity. This genus also features a high degree of species richness and worldwide distribution. In this study, four species occurring on leaf and stem of two different species of grass were collected from Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces, China. Based on morphological analysis, multigene (combined data set of LSU, SSU, and ITS) phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis), and host relationship, we introduce herein four new taxa of Phyllachora. Ancestral area reconstruction analysis showed that the ancestral area of Phyllachora occurred in Latin America about 194 Mya. Novel taxa are compared with the related Phyllachora species. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each species.
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Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations are a major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. The pathogenic variant, PSEN1 p.G417S, has been reported to be associated with spastic paraparesis and cotton wool plaques in Japan. Here, we report a 3 generation Chinese pedigree that included 10 patients presenting with early-onset and rapid progression of parkinsonism with cognitive impairment in their third or fourth decade of life. Three additional living patients developed different degrees of cognitive impairment, without movement disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed white matter hyperintensities, multiple microbleeds, and enlarged perivascular spaces. Whole exome sequencing analysis of the proband detected the mutation, p.G417S, in PSEN1, which was completely co-segregated with the disease phenotype within the family by Sanger sequencing. 3D protein structures predicted that the mutation might influence contact with the lipid membrane and the interaction with beta-catenin. Our study provides insights into the heterogeneity in clinical presentation and imaging associated with mutations in PSEN1.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Transtornos Parkinsonianos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , China , Disfunção Cognitiva/genética , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/complicações , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/genética , Linhagem , Presenilina-1/genéticaRESUMO
Recent studies have suggested ARSA, a gene responsible for metachromatic leukodystrophy, could be a genetic modifier of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, acting as a molecular chaperone for α-synuclein. To elucidate the role of ARSA variants in PD, we did a comprehensive analysis of ARSA variants by performing next-generation sequencing on 477 PD families, 1440 sporadic early-onset PD patients and 1962 sporadic late-onset PD patients and 2636 controls from Chinese mainland, as well as the association between ARSA variants and cognitive function of PD patients. We identified 2 familial PD following autosomal dominant inherence carrying rare variants of ARSA, but they had limited clinical significance. We detected a total of 81 coding variants of ARSA in our subjects but none of the identified variants were associated with either susceptibility or cognitive performance of PD, while loss-of-function variants showed slightly increased burden in late-onset PD (0.25% vs. 0%, p = 0.08). Our results suggested ARSA may not play important roles in PD of Chinese population.
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Cerebrosídeo Sulfatase/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Resultados Negativos , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , Cerebrosídeo Sulfatase/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , alfa-SinucleínaRESUMO
NUS1 has been recently identified as a candidate gene for Parkinson's disease (PD). Few studies have examined the association of NUS1 variants with PD susceptibility and phenotypes. In the first cohort, whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify variants in NUS1 exon-coding and exon-intron regions in 1542 cases and 1625 controls. 13 variants were totally detected, of which 10 rare variants and 3 low-frequency variants. Burden analysis showed that rare NUS1 variants significantly enriched in PD (p=0.016). We also performed a meta-analysis based on previous and our studies to correlate NUS1 mutations with PD susceptibility. Integrating our previous cohort (3210 cases and 2807 controls) and the first cohort identified the significant association of rs539668656 with PD risk (odds ratio (OR) = 2.82, p = 0.016). The genotype-phenotype association analysis showed that patients carrying rare variants, or rs539668656 were significantly associated with earlier onset age, depression, emotional impairment and severe disease condition. Our results support the role of NUS1 rare variants and rs539668656 towards PD susceptibility and phenotype.
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Frequência do Gene/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Mutação/genética , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Fenótipo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Idade de Início , Estudos de Coortes , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Íntrons/genética , Masculino , Doença de Parkinson/psicologia , Gravidade do Paciente , Risco , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
Background: Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of studies indicating an essential role of the lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) at the genetic, biochemical, and cellular pathway levels. In this study, we investigated the association between rare variants in lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) genes and Chinese mainland PD. Methods: We explored the association between rare variants of 69 LSD genes and PD in 3,879 patients and 2,931 controls from Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Multicenter Database and Collaborative Network in China (PD-MDCNC) using next-generation sequencing, which were analyzed by using the optimized sequence kernel association test. Results: We identified the significant burden of rare putative LSD gene variants in Chinese mainland patients with PD. This association was robust in familial or sporadic early-onset patients after excluding the GBA variants but not in sporadic late-onset patients. The burden analysis of variant sets in genes of LSD subgroups revealed a suggestive significant association between variant sets in genes of sphingolipidosis deficiency disorders and familial or sporadic early-onset patients. In contrast, variant sets in genes of sphingolipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, and post-translational modification defect disorders were suggestively associated with sporadic late-onset patients. Then, SMPD1 and other four novel genes (i.e., GUSB, CLN6, PPT1, and SCARB2) were suggestively associated with sporadic early-onset or familial patients, whereas GALNS and NAGA were suggestively associated with late-onset patients. Conclusion: Our findings supported the association between LSD genes and PD and revealed several novel risk genes in Chinese mainland patients with PD, which confirmed the importance of lysosomal mechanisms in PD pathogenesis. Moreover, we identified the genetic heterogeneity in early-onset and late-onset of patients with PD, which may provide valuable suggestions for the treatment.
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INTRODUCTION: A recent study reported that rare variants in NUS1 were associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to assess the relative contribution of rare and common coding/non-coding variants of NUS1 to late-onset PD patients (LOPD). METHODS: Whole genome sequencing data were analyzed for target NUS1 regions, derived from a cohort of 1962 cases and 1279 controls. The genetic association analyses were performed using logistic regression analysis and Sequence Kernel association test. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was conducted to further explore the association of variants with NUS1 expression based on the data from GTEx database. RESULTS: We identified 18 rare coding variants. p.Y131C was first identified in LOPD. However, no significant burden of rare NUS1 coding variants in LOPD was found. The rare variant sets of two regulatory elements (GH06J117605 and GH06J117674) were significantly enriched in LOPD even after Bonferroni correction (adjusted P = 0.013; adjusted P = 0.010). Considering the joint effect of rare and common variants, all variant sets within GH06J117605 and GH06J117674 showed association with LOPD but were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. None of the common variants within coding/non-coding regions were significant after Bonferroni correction. The eQTL results suggested these variants in GH06J117605 and GH06J117674 could potentially have eQTL effects on the brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide novel insight into the role of NUS1 regulatory regions in the development of LOPD and indicate that the variants in regulatory elements of NUS1 may be associated with LOPD by influencing the gene expression level.
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Doença de Parkinson/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Idade de Início , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Indole-fused bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are highly important structural units in natural products and biologically active compounds. However, there has been limited success in the enantioselective synthesis of these skeletons due to the complexity of the structure and the control of the enantioselectivity. Herein an enantioselective construction of indole-fused bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes bearing an all-carbon quaternary bridgehead stereocenter was developed via an aminopalladition-triggered Heck-type reaction. The protocol features mild conditions and good tolerance for a wide range of functional groups. The transformation can also be scaled up to demonstrate its practicability. The mechanistic studies reveal that the formation of an intermediate indol-3-yl palladium species via C-H activation should be ruled out.
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BACKGROUND: A recent study on early onset Parkinson's disease (PD) revealed that NUS1 is a risk gene for PD. Clinically, essential tremor (ET) is closely related to PD. In this study, we aimed to detect NUS1 variants and assess the effect of those variants on patients with ET. METHODS: The 5 coding regions and the exon-intron boundaries of NUS1 were directly sequenced in 395 patients with ET and an equal number of healthy controls, matched for age and sex. The function of variants was assessed by pathogenic predictive software programs. Genetic analysis of variants was used to evaluate susceptibility to ET. RESULTS: A total of 6 exonic variants were identified, including 3 synonymous and 3 missense variants. The non-synonymous variants were predicted to be tolerable. No variants had significant association with ET (none of the p-values were less than 0.05, using Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that NUS1 variants may not contribute to the risk of ET.