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The development of more recyclable materials is a key requirement for a transition towards a more circular economy. Thanks to exchange reactions, vitrimer, an attractive alternative for recyclable materials, is an innovative class of polymers that is able to change its topology without decreasing its connectivity. In this work, a bisphenol compound (VP) was prepared from saturated cardanol, i.e., 3-pentadecylphenol and vanillyl alcohol. Then, VP was epoxidized to obtain epoxide (VPGE). Finally, VPGE and citric acid (CA) were polymerized in the presence of catalyst TBD to prepare a fully bio-based vitrimer based on transesterification. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the VPGE/CA system could be crosslinked at around 163 °C. The cardanol-derived vitrimers had good network rearrangement properties. Meanwhile, because of the dynamic structural elements in the network, the material was endowed with excellent self-healing, welding, and recyclability.
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The S2 subunit of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a heavily glycosylated protein that can impact various characteristics of the virus. It is currently known that N-glycosylation modifications are predominantly located on the S2 subunit. However, the exact role of their N-glycosylation modification remains undisclosed. To elucidate the function of these N-glycosylation sites, we identified 14 common sites distributed on the S2 subunit of the 5 genotypes of IBV in present study. Subsequently, we selected 7 sites to generate mutants and assessed their impact on viral virulence, replication ability, and antigenicity. Our finding revealed that only 2 substitutions, N545S and K717N, increased the viral replication titer and antigenicity, and ultimately the pathogenicity in chicks. To delve into the mechanisms underlying this increased pathogenicity, we discovered that K717N can change the structure of antigenic epitopes. The N545S substitution not only influenced antigenic epitope structure, but also enhanced the ability of the virus to enter CEKs during the early stages of viral replication. These results suggest that the enhanced viral pathogenicity associated with N545S and K717N substitutions is multifaceted, with acceleration of the viral membrane fusion process and alterations in epitope structure representing crucial factors in the capability of N-glycosylation modifications to boost viral virulence. These insights provide valuable guidance for the efficient development of live attenuated vaccines.
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Galinhas , Infecções por Coronavirus , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/patogenicidade , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/fisiologia , Animais , Glicosilação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Virulência , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Replicação Viral , Substituição de AminoácidosRESUMO
Aim: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of enhanced CT scanning and MRI as diagnostic tools for the detection of carcinoma of the liver. Methods: The image diagnostic significance of the liver enhanced CT & MRI scans was examined after a retrospective examination of the imaging data of 51 individuals with liver cancer who were identified with postoperative pathology at the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang between May 2020 to May 2022. Results: The number of extrahepatic lesions as well as the rate of extrahepatic positive cases were not significantly different between liver contrast-enhanced CT and liver MRI (P > .05); however, the number of intrahepatic lesions and the rate of intrahepatic positive cases were considerably higher for liver MRI than for liver enhanced CT (P < .05). When identifying tumors with a diameter greater than 3 cm, there was no discernible difference between the detection rates of liver enhanced CT and liver MRI (P > .05); however, in the diagnosis of tumors less than 3 cm in diameter, liver MRI had a greater detection rate than liver contrast-enhanced CT (P < .05). Overall, liver MRI had a higher detection rate than liver contrast-enhanced CT (P < .05). Furthermore, when compared to liver contrast-enhanced CT, liver MRI had greater accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value (P < .05). Conclusion: When it comes to detecting liver cancer, liver MRI is more sensitive and specific than liver CT.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to examine sex differences in the antidepressant and neurocognitive effects of adjunctive nonconvulsive electrotherapy (NET) in patients with treatment-refractory depression (TRD), which has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods: The study enrolled 20 patients with TRD, comprising 11 males and 9 females, who underwent a series of 6 NET sessions. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) was used to assess depressive symptoms, response, and remission at baseline and after the first, third, and sixth NET sessions. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was used to assess neurocognitive function at baseline and after the sixth NET session. Results: After completing 6 NET sessions, female patients experiencing TRD exhibited a higher inclination toward achieving an antidepressant response (77.8% vs. 45.5%, P = .197) and antidepressant remission (22.2% vs. 0%, P = .189) when compared to their male counterparts. No significant differences were observed in changes in the HAMD-17 and WCST subscale scores (all P > .05), including completing classification number, total error number, persistent error number, and random error number between males and females. Additionally, no significant correlations were observed between baseline WCST subscale scores and changes in HAMD-17 scores or endpoint scores, irrespective of sex (all P > .05). Conclusion: These pilot findings suggest that female patients with TRD exhibited increased rates of achieving antidepressant response and remission after undergoing NET. However, further studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
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Background: Cirrhotic portal hypertension and associated opening of collateral circulation, improper feeding or sudden increase of abdominal pressure are the causes of esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding. Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding is one of the most common and serious complications during decompensation of cirrhosis. Endoscopic surgery is an effective method for treating esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage. Still, postoperative health management is required to reduce the occurrence of rebleeding and improve the quality of life of patients with esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage. Objective: Our study aims to assess the impact of a health management program on the clinical efficacy, rebleeding rate, varicose vein disappearance, self-management ability, and quality of life of patients who have undergone endoscopic surgery for esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage. Design: This was a retrospective study. Setting: This study was performed in the Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe County People's Hospital, due that all the author came to take up positions in the hospital. Participants: A total of 80 esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage patients who received endoscopic surgery in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were selected as the research subjects and were divided into a study group and control group based on the random number table method, with 40 patients in each group. There were 59 males and 11 females, aged from 29 to 81 years old. For Child-Pugh classification of liver function, there were 27 cases in grade A, 34 cases in grade B and 19 cases in grade C. Interventions: Patients in both groups received endoscopic treatment. Postoperative health management procedures were implemented in the observation group, including establishing a health management team, health management including self-psychological counseling, daily diet management, rest management, medication management, and complications prevention and management and procedure implementation including pre-discharge guidance and follow up after discharge. Routine health management was implemented in the control group, including understanding the lifestyle and disease control status of patients after treatment, giving health education and guidance, including diet, daily exercise, intervention drugs, psychological state, and other aspects, and reminding patients to return to the hospital outpatient clinic once a time after discharge. Primary Outcome Measures: (1) clinical efficacy (2) rebleeding rate (3) varicose vein disappearance (4) self-management ability, and (5) quality of life. Results: The total clinical effective rate was 92.5% in the observation group and 82.5% in the control group (P < .05). The rebleeding rate and varicose vein disappearance rate were 2.5% and 70.0% in the observation group, presented better relative to those of 12.5% and 55% in the control group, respectively (P < .05). After intervention, the scores of self-management ability [(18.27±3.11) points, (17.84±3.64) points, (17.17±3.10) points and (18.34±3.32) points vs (16.08±2.86) points, (15.10±2.86) points, (15.48±2.54) points and (16.18±2.84) points] and quality of life [(78.23±8.10) points, (79.06±6.62) points, (78.12±3.10) points and (80.15±7.12) points vs (64.11±6.46) points, (65.15±2.36) points, (65.48±2.57) points and (72.16±2.97) points] in the observation group were higher than the control group (P < .05). Conclusion: The implementation of a health management program in esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage patients after endoscopic treatment is helpful to improve the clinical effect of endoscopic treatment, reduce the rebleeding rate and varicose veins, and improve the self-management ability and quality of life of patients, which has important clinical significance.
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The prevalence of late-life schizophrenia is increasing with high burden. It is well-documented that schizophrenia affects men and women differently in terms of symptoms. Sex hormones, which play a role in the pathology and symptoms of schizophrenia, are greatly affected by aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is a study to examine the sex differences in psychiatric symptoms and their correlation with sex hormones in participants with late-life schizophrenia. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factors were evaluated. Testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were measured. Male participants with late-life schizophrenia had more severe negative symptoms than female participants (z = -2.56, P = 0.010), while female participants had more severe anxiety/depression compared to male participants (z = 2.64, P = 0.008). Testosterone levels in male participants were positively associated with negative symptoms (ß = 0.23, t = 2.27, P = 0.025), while there was no significant association between sex hormones and symptoms in female participants. In conclusion, higher testosterone levels were associated with more severe negative symptoms in male participants with late-life schizophrenia, suggesting that attention should be paid to the sex differences in late-life schizophrenia in clinical practice.
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Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Esquizofrenia , Caracteres Sexuais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Esquizofrenia/sangue , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testosterona/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Prolactina/sangue , Progesterona/sangue , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangueRESUMO
While wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction technology has a high biofuel yield, a significant amount of the carbon and nitrogen in the feedstock reports to the aqueous-phase product. Pretreatment of this stream before sending to a conventional wastewater plant is essential or at the very least, advisable. In this work, techno-economic and life-cycle assessments were conducted for the state-of-technology baseline and four aqueous-phase product treatment and monetization options based on experimental data. These options can cut minimum fuel selling prices by up to 13 % and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions by up to 39 % compared to the baseline. These findings highlight the substantial influence of aqueous produce treatment strategies on the entire wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction process, demonstrating the potential for optimizing economic viability and environmental impact through further research and development of milder treatment methods and diversified by-product valorization pathways.
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Meio Ambiente , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Águas Residuárias , Nitrogênio , Biocombustíveis , BiomassaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to further explore the influence of thyroid autoimmunity on diabetic osteoporosis. METHODS: A total of 601 T2DM patients were included and divided into two groups according to thyroid autoantibodies, namely thyroid autoimmunity positive group (TPOAb+ or TGAb + ) and thyroid autoimmunity negative group (TPOAb- and TGAb-). Clinical data were collected and BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SPSS26.0 software was used to data analysis. Model regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of BMD, and ROC curve was used to analyze the optimal cut-off point of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) for screening osteoporosis. RESULTS: TPOAb and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were negatively correlated with BMD and T-score (LS, FN and WB) (P < 0.01), and TGAb was negatively correlated with 25(OH)D (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that TPOAb was an independent influence factor on LS, FN and WB BMD. ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal threshold of TPOAb for predicting osteoporosis was 12.35. CONCLUSIONS: In T2DM patients, TPOAb and TGAb levels are negatively correlated with LS, FN and WB BMD, and TPOAb is an independent influencing factor for diabetic osteoporosis, and TPOAb has a certain predictive value for the occurrence and development of diabetic osteoporosis clinically.
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Autoanticorpos , Densidade Óssea , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Idoso , Adulto , Autoimunidade , Osteoporose/etiologia , Osteoporose/imunologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Iodeto Peroxidase/imunologia , Glândula Tireoide/imunologia , Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at a high risk of developing urinary incontinence; however, its pathogenesis is unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between insulin resistance and urinary incontinence and its severity in female patients with T2DM. METHODS: A total of 366 women with T2DM aged ≥18 years were enrolled in this study. Insulin resistance was evaluated by the homeostasis model insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and urinary incontinence was assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF). All subjects were divided into four groups according to HOMA-IR quartiles. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and urinary incontinence and its severity. RESULTS: Among the 366 patients, 186 (50.8%) had urinary incontinence. The prevalence of urinary incontinence increased significantly with HOMA-IR quartiles (p < 0.001). Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that compared with HOMA-IR ≤ 1.76, 2.81 ≤ HOMA-IR ≤ 4.27 was associated with a significantly increased risk of moderate incontinence (OR = 2.197, 95% CI 1.031-4.683, p = 0.041), and HOMA-IR ≥ 4.28 was associated with a significantly increased risk of severe incontinence (OR = 5.699, 95% CI 1.685-19.276, p = 0.005). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR was the independent risk factor for urinary incontinence (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of insulin resistance are associated with urinary incontinence and its severity in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistência à Insulina , Incontinência Urinária , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Incontinência Urinária/epidemiologia , Incontinência Urinária/etiologia , InsulinaRESUMO
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-15% globally with a large proportion undiagnosed. This review explores the multifaceted nature of PCOS and its impact on pregnancy, including challenges in fertility due to hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance. Despite restoring ovulation pharmacologically, women with PCOS face lower pregnancy rates and higher risks of implantation failure and miscarriage. Our review focuses on the complexities of hormonal and metabolic imbalances that impair endometrial receptivity and decidualization in PCOS. Disrupted estrogen signaling, reduced integrity of endometrial epithelial tight junctions, and insulin resistance impair the window of endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, progesterone resistance adversely affects decidualization. Our review also examines the roles of various immune cells and inflammatory processes in the endometrium, contributing to the condition's reproductive challenges. Lastly, we discuss the use of rodent models in understanding PCOS, particularly those induced by hormonal interventions, offering insights into the syndrome's impact on pregnancy and potential treatments. This comprehensive review underscores the need for advanced understanding and treatment strategies to address the reproductive complications associated with PCOS, emphasizing its intricate interplay of hormonal, metabolic, and immune factors.
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Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/genética , Implantação do Embrião , Fertilidade , ReproduçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The relationship between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. We explore the relationship between TMAO levels and BMD in T2DM. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. 254 T2DM patients were enrolled and divided into three groups by TMAO tertiles, and the clinical data were collected. BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and serum TMAO levels was determined by stable isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Patients in the highest tertile of TMAO levels (TMAO > 6.72 µmol/L) showed relatively low BMD and a higher number of fracture history, osteoporosis (OP) than those in the lower tertiles. Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum TMAO was negatively correlated with BMD of whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN), while TMAO was positive correlated with osteoporotic fracture (p < 0.05). Logistic regression models showed that TMAO was an independent influencing factor of fracture history after adjusting for confounders in TMAO > 6.72 µmol/L group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant linear correlation between TMAO levels and BMD in T2DM patients. Especially in TMAO > 6.72 µmol/L group, TMAO was negatively correlated with WB, LS, and FN BMD, and was positive correlated with osteoporotic fracture in T2DM patients. The findings suggest that elevated TMAO levels are associated with OP and osteoporotic fracture in T2DM patients.
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Densidade Óssea , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metilaminas , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Metilaminas/sangue , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Idoso , Osteoporose/sangue , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Fraturas por Osteoporose/sangue , Fraturas por Osteoporose/etiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of anxiety, depression, and psychological resilience among individuals with COVID-19, and their interrelationships to provide a scientific basis for developing psychological intervention strategies for these patients. METHODS: A total of 126 patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital were recruited in this study. A comprehensive survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the self-rating depression scale, and the Chinese version of the psychological Connor-Davidson resilience scale; a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. RESULTS: Significant differences in anxiety scores were observed among COVID-19 patients with different education levels and the number of immediate family members. The differences in depression scores were noted among patients of different age groups, and marital statuses were also significant. The total psychological resilience score and the scores of all dimensions are negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the patient's gender, the number of immediate family members, and the psychological resilience dimensions are associated with the severity anxiety of patients. Patient age and psychological resilience are associated with the depression level of patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 exhibit elevated levels of both anxiety and depression. Notably, psychological resilience emerges as a protective factor against the development of anxiety and depression.
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COVID-19 , Resiliência Psicológica , Humanos , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , China/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: There is sufficient evidence of the high prevalence of obesity in schizophrenia (SZ) compared to the general population. Previous studies have reported that weight gain correlated with the response to antipsychotics in patients with SZ. Nonetheless, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and therapeutic benefits remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the association between baseline BMI and improvements in clinical symptoms after treatment with antipsychotics in first-episode and medication-naïve SZ (FEMNS). Methods: A total of 241 FEMNS patients were enrolled and received risperidone over 12 weeks. The severity of symptoms was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and BMI was measured at baseline and 12-week follow-up. Results: We found that risperidone treatment raised the body weight of FEMNS patients and baseline BMI was negatively correlated with the improvement in negative symptoms (r = -0.14, p = 0.03) after 12-week treatment. Linear regression analysis indicated that baseline BMI was an independent predictor of response to risperidone in the early stage of SZ. Conclusion: The current study suggests a close relationship between baseline BMI and improvement in negative symptoms in SZ.
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Objective: Cognitive impairment is one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia, which is stable and lifelong. L-carnitine has been shown to improve cognitive function and decrease the rate of cognitive deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear regarding the role of L-carnitine and its metabolites in cognitive functions in schizophrenia after treatment with olanzapine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in plasma levels of L-carnitine metabolites and cognitive improvement after olanzapine treatment. Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study. In this study, we recruited 25 female patients with first episode schizophrenia (FES) who were drug naïve at baseline and received 4 weeks of olanzapine monotherapy. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and 4-week follow-up using the RBANS. Plasma L-carnitine metabolite levels were determined by a metabolomics technology based on untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Results: We found that the immediate memory index, delayed memory index and RBANS composite score were significantly increased at the 4-week follow-up after treatment. A total of 7 differential L-carnitine metabolites were identified in FES patients after olanzapine monotherapy. In addition, we found that changes in butyrylcarnitine were positively correlated with improvements in language index and RBANS composite score. Further regression analyses confirmed the association between reduced butyrylcarnitine levels and cognitive improvement after olanzapine monotherapy in FES patients. Conclusion: Our study shows that cognitive improvement after olanzapine treatment was associated with changes in L-carnitine metabolite levels in patients with FES, suggesting a key role of L-carnitine in cognition in schizophrenia.
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Recent restrictions on marine fuel sulfur content and a heightened regulatory focus on maritime decarbonization are driving the deployment of low-carbon and low-sulfur alternative fuels for maritime transport. In this study, we quantified the life-cycle greenhouse gas and sulfur oxide emissions of several novel marine biofuel candidates and benchmarked the results against the emissions reduction targets set by the International Maritime Organization. A total of 11 biofuel pathways via four conversion processes are considered, including (1) biocrudes derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater sludge and manure, (2) bio-oils from catalytic fast pyrolysis of woody biomass, (3) diesel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of landfill gas, and (4) lignin ethanol oil from reductive catalytic fractionation of poplar. Our analysis reveals that marine biofuels' life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions range from -60 to 56 gCO2e MJ-1, representing a 41-163% reduction compared with conventional low-sulfur fuel oil, thus demonstrating a considerable potential for decarbonizing the maritime sector. Due to the net-negative carbon emissions from their life cycles, all waste-based pathways showed over 100% greenhouse gas reduction potential with respect to low-sulfur fuel oil. However, while most biofuel feedstocks have a naturally occurring low-sulfur content, the waste feedstocks considered here have higher sulfur content, requiring hydrotreating prior to use as a marine fuel. Combining the break-even price estimates from a published techno-economic analysis, which was performed concurrently with this study, the marginal greenhouse gas abatement cost was estimated to range from -$120 to $370 tCO2e-1 across the pathways considered. Lower marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with waste-based pathways, while higher marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with the other biomass-based pathways. Except for lignin ethanol oil, all candidates show the potential to be competitive with a carbon credit of $200 tCO2e-1 in 2016 dollars, which is within the range of prices recently received in connection with California's low-carbon fuel standard.
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Óleos Combustíveis , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Animais , Biocombustíveis , Lignina , Pirólise , Madeira , Enxofre , Carbono , Etanol , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS) is one of the most common side effects of clozapine use, while the mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: A total of 51 schizophrenia patients taking clozapine were selected. Among them, 32 had sialorrhea, and 19 had no sialorrhea. Saliva metabolites were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS), and the differences in saliva metabolites in each group were analyzed through qualitatively searching HMDB, KEGG, and self-built databases, combined with multivariate statistics. After further evaluation by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, the screened differential metabolites were enriched and topologically analyzed. RESULTS: The biomarkers potentially related to CIS included 37 differential metabolites involving 17 metabolic pathways, mainly histidine metabolism (p < 0.05, impact = 0.50), pyrimidine metabolism (p < 0.05, impact = 0.08), and ß-alanine metabolism (p < 0.05, impact = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that histidine metabolic pathway may contribute to the mechanism of CIS.
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Antipsicóticos , Clozapina , Sialorreia , Humanos , Clozapina/efeitos adversos , Sialorreia/induzido quimicamente , Sialorreia/tratamento farmacológico , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Histidina/efeitos adversos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
The S2 subunit serves a crucial role in infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, particularly in facilitating membrane fusion. Using reverse genetic techniques, mutant strains of the S2 locus exhibited substantially different syncytium-forming abilities in chick embryonic kidney cells. To determine the precise formation mechanism of syncytium, we demonstrated the co-ordinated role of Abl2 and its mediated cytoskeletal regulatory pathway within the S2 subunit. Using a combination of fluorescence quantification, RNA silencing, and protein profiling techniques, the functional role of S2 subunits in IBV-infected cells was exhaustively determined. Our findings imply that Abl2 is not the primary cytoskeletal regulator, the viral S2 component is involved in indirect regulation, and the three different viral strains activate various cytoskeletal regulatory pathways through Abl2. CRK, CRKL, ABI1, NCKAP1, and ENAH also play a role in cytoskeleton regulation. Our research provides a point of reference for the development of an intracellular regulatory network for the S2 subunit and a foundation for the rational design of antiviral drug targets against Abl2.
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Infecções por Coronavirus , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Galinhas , Células GigantesRESUMO
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that fetal-derived tissue-resident macrophages have developmental functions. It has been proposed that macrophages promote testicular functions, but which macrophage populations are involved is unclear. Previous studies showed that macrophages play critical roles in fetal testis morphogenesis and described two adult testicular macrophage populations, interstitial and peritubular. There has been debate regarding the hematopoietic origins of testicular macrophages and whether distinct macrophage populations promote specific testicular functions. Here our hematopoietic lineage-tracing studies in mice show that yolk-sac-derived macrophages comprise the earliest testicular macrophages, while fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate monocytes that colonize the gonad during a narrow time window in a Sertoli-cell-dependent manner and differentiate into adult testicular macrophages. Finally, we show that yolk-sac-derived versus HSC-derived macrophages have distinct functions during testis morphogenesis, while interstitial macrophages specifically promote adult Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Our findings provide insight into testicular macrophage origins and their tissue-specific roles.
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Macrófagos , Testículo , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Monócitos , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , FetoRESUMO
Although vaccines play a major role in the prevention of infectious bronchitis (IB), Anti-IB drugs still have great potential in poultry production. Radix Isatidis polysaccharide (RIP) is a crude extract of Banlangen with antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and multiple immunomodulatory functions. The aim of this study was to explore the innate immune mechanisms responsible for RIP-mediated alleviation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-induced kidney lesions in chickens. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken and chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells cultures were pretreated with RIP and then infected with the QX-type IBV strain, Sczy3. Morbidity, mortality, and tissue mean lesion scores were calculated for IBV-infected chickens, and the viral loads, inflammatory factor gene mRNA expression levels, and innate immune pathway gene mRNA expression levels in infected chickens and CEK cell cultures were determined. The results show that RIP could alleviate IBV-induced kidney damage, decrease CEK cells susceptibility to IBV infection, and reduce viral loads. Additionally, RIP reduced the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1ß by decreasing the mRNA expression level of NF-κB. Conversely, the expression levels of MDA5, TLR3, STING, Myd88, IRF7, and IFN-ß were increased, indicating that RIP conferred resistance to QX-type IBV infection via the MDA5, TLR3, IRF7 signaling pathway. These results provide a reference for both further research into the antiviral mechanisms of RIP and the development of preventative and therapeutic drugs for IB.
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Infecções por Coronavirus , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Embrião de Galinha , Animais , Galinhas/genética , Receptor 3 Toll-Like , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Transdução de Sinais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , RNA Mensageiro , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely related to the diagnostic stage. Due to the difficulty diagnosing early-stage HCC, most patients with HCC are diagnosed at the advanced stage. In this study, we used protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) combined with aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin (T-Bil) to establish a novel diagnostic model for early-stage hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC. METHODS: The serum levels of PIVKA-II, AFP, AST, ALT, and T-Bil were measured in 148 patients with early-stage HBV-related HCC and 940 patients with chronic hepatitis B. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to verify the diagnostic efficacy of the novel diagnostic model for early-stage HBV-related HCC. RESULTS: The mathematical model of [1.5 x PIVKA-II/(AST x T-Bil) + AFP/(ALT x T-Bil)] was selected as the novel diagnostic model. The areas under ROC curves (AUROCs) of the novel diagnostic model for detecting early-stage HBV-related HCC were significantly higher than those of PIVKA-II, AFP, and PIVKA-II combined with AFP (HCC ≤ 5 cm: 0.925 vs. 0.826, 0.666, and 0.821; HCC < 3 cm: 0.896 vs. 0.741, 0.651, and 0.765, respectively) (all p < 0.001). Using serum levels of AFP ≥ 20 ng/mL, the diagnostic model had the highest AUROC values of 0.960 and 0.933 for HCC ≤ 5 cm (89 cases) and HCC < 3 cm (40 cases), respectively, with a sensitivity of 83.15%, and 77.50% and specificity of 95.34% and 90.69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The novel diagnostic model is superior to PIVKA-II and AFP for diagnosing early-stage HBV-related HCC, especially in patients with abnormal serum AFP levels.