Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household - United States 2011-2014.

Obesity prevalence varies by income and education level, although patterns might differ among adults and youths (1-3). Previous analyses of national data showed that the prevalence of childhood obesity by income and education of household head varied across race/Hispanic origin groups (4). CDC analyzed 2011-2014 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to obtain estimates of childhood obesity prevalence by household income (≤130%, >130% to ≤350%, and >350% of the federal poverty level [FPL]) and head of household education level (high school graduate or less, some college, and college graduate). During 2011-2014 the prevalence of obesity among U.S. youths (persons aged 2-19 years) was 17.0%, and was lower in the highest income group (10.9%) than in the other groups (19.9% and 18.9%) and also lower in the highest education group (9.6%) than in the other groups (18.3% and 21.6%). Continued progress is needed to reduce disparities, a goal of Healthy People 2020. The overall Healthy People 2020 target for childhood obesity prevalence is <14.5% (5).

Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults, by Household Income and Education - United States, 2011-2014.

Studies have suggested that obesity prevalence varies by income and educational level, although patterns might differ between high-income and low-income countries (1-3). Previous analyses of U.S. data have shown that the prevalence of obesity varied by income and education, but results were not consistent by sex and race/Hispanic origin (4). Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC analyzed obesity prevalence among adults (aged ≥20 years) by three levels of household income, based on percentage (≤130%, >130% to ≤350%, and >350%) of the federal poverty level (FPL) and individual education level (high school graduate or less, some college, and college graduate). During 2011-2014, the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity among adults was lower in the highest income group (31.2%) than the other groups (40.8% [>130% to ≤350%] and 39.0% [≤130%]). The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity among college graduates was lower (27.8%) than among those with some college (40.6%) and those who were high school graduates or less (40.0%). The patterns were not consistent across all sex and racial/Hispanic origin subgroups. Continued progress is needed to achieve the Healthy People 2020 targets of reducing age-adjusted obesity prevalence to <30.5% and reducing disparities (5).

Dental caries and sealant prevalence in children and adolescents in the United States, 2011-2012.

Although dental caries has been declining in permanent teeth for many children since the 1960s, previous findings showed caries in primary teeth for preschool children increasing from 24% to 28% between 1988 and 2004. Disparities in caries continue to persist for some race and ethnic groups in the United States. Prevalence of dental sealants--applied to the tooth chewing surfaces to help prevent caries--has also varied among sociodemographic groups. This report describes U.S. youth dental caries and sealant prevalence by race and Hispanic origin for 2011-2012.

Dental caries and tooth loss in adults in the United States, 2011-2012.

KEY FINDINGS: Among adults aged 20-64, 91% had dental caries and 27% had untreated tooth decay. Untreated tooth decay was higher for Hispanic (36%) and non-Hispanic black (42%) adults compared with non-Hispanic white (22%) and non-Hispanic Asian (17%) adults aged 20-64. Adults aged 20-39 were twice as likely to have all their teeth (67%) compared with those aged 40-64 (34%). About one in five adults aged 65 and over had untreated tooth decay. Among adults aged 65 and over, complete tooth loss was lower for older Hispanic (15%) and non-Hispanic white (17%) adults compared with older non-Hispanic black adults (29%).

Overview and quality assurance for the oral health component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009-2010.

OBJECTIVE: In 2009-2010, the oral health component for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) focused on adult periodontal health and included a full mouth periodontal examination as well as a series of questions adminis during the home interview. During this period, intraoral assessments were conducted by dental hygienists. METHODS: This report provides oral health content information and results of dental examiner reliability for data collected during NHANES 2009-2010 on 7,189 persons aged 3-19 years and 30 years and older representing the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population in these age groups. RESULTS: For caries and dental sealant assessments, Kappa statistics ranged from 0.71 to 1.00. Kappa scores for moderate and severe periodontitis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology case definition guidelines was 0.70, but were lower for other periodontal status definitions. When defining moderate or severe periodontitis based on the NHANES 2003-2004 study, protocols using data from only three facial periodontal sites, the Kappa scores were 0.64 and 0.55. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for mean attachment loss were 0.80 or higher for both examiners. Site-specific mean attachment loss ICCs were generally higher for interproximal measurements compared with mid-facial and mid-lingual measurements. CONCLUSION: Overall, the data reliability analyses conducted for 2009-2010 indicate an acceptable level of data quality and that examiner (dental hygienist) performance in this data collection cycle is similar to prior survey periods since the NHANES continuous survey began in 1999.

Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999-2010.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States (1). High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking are all risk factors that could lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. The recently announced Million Hearts Initiative is aimed at preventing 1 million heart attacks and strokes over the next 5 years (2­4). This report expands on results previously published (2) by presenting the most recent prevalence estimates and trends of uncontrolled high blood pressure, uncontrolled high levels of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), and current cigarette smoking among adults aged 20 and over.

Oral health disparities as determined by selected healthy people 2020 oral health objectives for the United States, 2009-2010.

The Healthy People 2020 initiative contains over 1,200 objectives that serve as a roadmap for tracking the nation's health (1). Oral health is 1 of 42 Healthy People topic areas comprising 33 objectives ranging from dental caries and periodontal disease, to access to preventive dental services and program infrastructure. One important activity of Healthy People is to monitor health disparities. Influential sociodemographic indicators for oral health disparities in the United States include poverty status and race and ethnicity (2). This report focuses on key Healthy People objectives covering select age groups by race and ethnicity and poverty status from 2009 to 2010.

Selected oral health indicators in the United States, 2005-2008.

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008 More than one in five people had untreated dental caries and 75% had existing dental restorations. Prevalence of untreated dental caries varied significantly by poverty level for all age groups; however, there was little difference in dental restoration prevalence by poverty level for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. Twenty-seven percent of children and adolescents aged 5-19 years had at least one dental sealant. Nearly 38% of non-Hispanic black adults had not lost a permanent tooth compared with 51% for non-Hispanic white and 52% for Mexican-American persons. Almost 23% of adults aged 65 and over were edentulous.

Health of adults in Los Angeles County: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004.

OBJECTIVE: Los Angeles County has the largest population of any county in the nation. Population-based estimates of health conditions for Los Angeles County are based primarily on telephone surveys, which are known to underestimate conditions of public health importance. This report presents the prevalence of selected health conditions for civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged 20 and over living in Los Angeles County households and group quarters, based on survey data using direct physical measurements. METHODS: Combined data from the 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics, were used for this report. Sample weights were recalculated for participants examined in Los Angeles County using population totals provided by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, excluding the institutionalized population. RESULTS: Compared with the nation as a whole, adults in Los Angeles County had similar rates of health conditions even after age and age-race adjustment, with a few exceptions. A significantly smaller proportion of Los Angeles County adults were obese (age-adjusted rate, 23.8%) compared with the United States (31.0%); this difference held after age-race adjustment. The age-adjusted rate of diagnosed diabetes for men was higher in Los Angeles County (9.1%) than in the nation (7.3%); however, this difference did not hold after age-race adjustment. The rates of total diabetes adjusted for age and age-race were similar for men in Los Angeles County and the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of selected health conditions in this report were similar for adults in Los Angeles County compared with adults in the United States, with the exception of obesity. The rates of obesity adjusted for age and age-race were lower among Los Angeles County adults compared with national rates. Health estimates based on direct physical measurements can be useful for local public health programs and prevention efforts.

Preparation of MCM-41 incorporated with lacunary Keggin polyoxometalate and its catalytic performance in esterification.

The ordered mesoporous MCM-41 materials incorporated with lacunary polyoxometalate were prepared via an original direct synthesis method. As the control, the samples with similar lacunary polyoxometalate loadings were also prepared by impregnation of MCM-41. The prepared samples were characterized by XRF, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectra, HRTEM, SEM, N(2) adsorption isotherm, TG-DTA, and NH(3)-TPD technology. The results show that the lacunary polyoxometalate is better dispersed in the direct synthesized samples than in the impregnated samples, and its structure remains intact after formation of the materials. The catalytic performance of the materials was tested using the esterification of n-butanol with acetic acid. The direct synthesized samples display excellent catalytic performance and reusability, which is superior to the impregnated samples. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of n-butanol is 89.7%, and the selectivity of butyl acetate is nearly 100%.