Construction and validation of a deep learning prognostic model based on digital pathology images of stage III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: TNM staging is the main reference standard for prognostic prediction of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the prognosis heterogeneity of patients with the same stage is still large. This study aimed to classify the tumor microenvironment of patients with stage III CRC and quantify the classified tumor tissues based on deep learning to explore the prognostic value of the developed tumor risk signature (TRS). METHODS: A tissue classification model was developed to identify nine tissues (adipose, background, debris, lymphocytes, mucus, smooth muscle, normal mucosa, stroma, and tumor) in whole-slide images (WSIs) of stage III CRC patients. This model was used to extract tumor tissues from WSIs of 265 stage III CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 70 stage III CRC patients from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. We used three different deep learning models for tumor feature extraction and applied a Cox model to establish the TRS. Survival analysis was conducted to explore the prognostic performance of TRS. RESULTS: The tissue classification model achieved 94.4 % accuracy in identifying nine tissue types. The TRS showed a Harrell's concordance index of 0.736, 0.716, and 0.711 in the internal training, internal validation, and external validation sets. Survival analysis showed that TRS had significant predictive ability (hazard ratio: 3.632, p = 0.03) for prognostic prediction. CONCLUSION: The TRS is an independent and significant prognostic factor for PFS of stage III CRC patients and it contributes to risk stratification of patients with different clinical stages.

Simultaneous regeneration of activated carbon and removal of adsorbed atrazine by ozonation process: From laboratory scale to pilot studies.

A novel treatment technique by coupling granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and ozone regeneration was constructed for long-lasting water decontamination. The GAC adsorption showed high performance for atrazine (ATZ) removal (99.9 %), and the ozone regeneration ensured the recyclability of GAC for water purification. The regeneration process was evaluated via several paths to assist the efficient adsorption process. Employing ozone micro-nano bubbles (O3-MNBs) for regenerating GAC showed superior performance compared to traditional ozone. Meantime, inhibiting the formation of bromate (BrO3-). ATZ adsorption process suffered from the pore-filling, hydrogen bonding effect and π-π EDA interaction. The surface phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and pyridine nitrogen benefitted the triggering of ozone to generate reactive oxygen species, and regenerate the GAC surface. The superior performance of the adsorption and regeneration process was verified via a long-term running by a pilot study. It significantly improved the removal of organic micropollutants, UV254 and permanganate index. Additionally, the intermittent O3-MNBs regeneration process resulted in efficient decontamination within the pores structure of GAC, which also effectively preserved the pore structure from destruction. For actual application, the cost of water production can be saved around 0.63 kWh m-3. This work proposed new ideas and theoretical support for economic water production.

Strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata and evolutionary rates of Polyopisthocotylea.

The genomic evolution of Polyopisthocotylea remains poorly understood in comparison to the remaining three classes of Neodermata: Monopisthocotylea, Cestoda, and Trematoda. Moreover, the evolutionary sequence of major events in the phylogeny of Neodermata remains unresolved. Herein we sequenced the mitogenome and transcriptome of the polyopisthocotylean Diplorchis sp., and conducted comparative evolutionary analyses using nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomic datasets of Neodermata. We found strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata. Polyopisthocotylea exhibited striking mitonuclear discordance in relative evolutionary rates: the fastest-evolving mtDNA in Neodermata and a comparatively slowly-evolving nDNA genome. This was largely attributable to its very long stem branch in mtDNA topologies, not exhibited by the nDNA data. We found indications that the fast evolution of mitochondrial genomes of Polyopisthocotylea may be driven both by relaxed purifying selection pressures and elevated levels of directional selection. We identified mitochondria-associated genes encoded in the nuclear genome: they exhibited unique evolutionary rates, but not correlated with the evolutionary rate of mtDNA, and there is no evidence for compensatory evolution (they evolved slower than the rest of the genome). Finally, there appears to exist an exceptionally large (≈6.3 kb) nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment (numt) in the nuclear genome of newly sequenced Diplorchis sp. A 3'-end segment of the 16S rRNA gene encoded by the numt was expressed, suggesting that this gene acquired novel, regulatory functions after the transposition to the nuclear genome. In conclusion, Polyopisthocotylea appears to be the lineage with the fastest-evolving mtDNA sequences among all of Bilateria, but most of the substitutions were accumulated deep in the evolutionary history of this lineage. As the nuclear genome does not exhibit a similar pattern, the circumstances underpinning this evolutionary phenomenon remain a mystery.

Evaluating the effects of tannic acid on rabbit growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and caecal fermentation and microbiota.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with tannic acid (TA) on the growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and the caecal fermentation and microbiota in rabbits. A total number of 120 Ira rabbits (30 days of age) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups: TA 0 (control), TA 0.75, TA 1.5 and TA 3, administered basal diets with 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 g TA/kg of feed for 28 days. Compared to the control group, dietary 3 g TA/kg inclusion decreased the average daily feed intake (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the digestibility among the groups (p > 0.05). Serum total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the 3 g/kg TA group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the concentration of propionic acid and butyric acid in the 3 g/kg TA group. The addition of TA had no effect on villus height and crypt depth of small intestine (p > 0.05). The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing results showed that at the phylum level, dietary 3 g/kg TA increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the caecum of rabbits (p < 0.05). Based on the results, dietary TA is effective in antioxidant capacity of rabbits, improving caecal fermentation and optimizing the caecal microflora. However, the appropriate dosage supplementation of TA in rabbits needs further research.

High-titer production of staurosporine by heterologous expression and process optimization.

Staurosporine is the most well-known member of the indolocarbazole alkaloid family; it can induce apoptosis of many types of cells as a strong protein kinase inhibitor, and is used as an important lead compound for the synthesis of the antitumor drugs. However, the low fermentation level of the native producer remains the bottleneck of staurosporine production. Herein, integration of multi-copy biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in well characterized heterologous host and optimization of the fermentation process were performed to enable high-level production of staurosporine. First, the 22.5 kb staurosporine BGC was captured by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TAR (transformation-associated recombination) from the native producer (145 mg/L), and then introduced into three heterologous hosts Streptomyces avermitilis (ATCC 31267), Streptomyces lividans TK24 and Streptomyces albus J1074 to evaluate the staurosporine production capacity. The highest yield was achieved in S. albus J1074 (750 mg/L), which was used for further production improvement. Next, we integrated two additional staurosporine BGCs into the chromosome of strain S-STA via two different attB sites (vwb and TG1), leading to a double increase in the production of staurosporine. And finally, optimization of fermentation process by controlling the pH and glucose feeding could improve the yield of staurosporine to 4568 mg/L, which was approximately 30-fold higher than that of the native producer. This is the highest yield ever reported, paving the way for the industrial production of staurosporine. KEYPOINTS: • Streptomyces albus J1074 was the most suitable heterologous host to express the biosynthetic gene cluster of staurosporine. • Amplification of the biosynthetic gene cluster had obvious effect on improving the production of staurosporine. • The highest yield of staurosporine was achieved to 4568 mg/L by stepwise increase strategy.

Enhancement of fungichromin production of Streptomyces sp. WP-1 by genetic engineering.

Fungichromin is a polyene macrolide antibiotic with potent killing activity against a broad range of agricultural pathogens and filamentous fungi and a wide range of potential applications. The production of fungichromin is still hampered by poor fermentation yield and high cost. In this study, the whole genome sequencing of fungichromin-producing Streptomyces sp. WP-1 was conducted, and the fungichromin biosynthetic gene cluster was identified. Comparative analysis revealed that the fungichromin biosynthetic gene cluster contains two regulatory genes, ptnF, and ptnR. The roles of ptnF and ptnR were determined through knockout and complementation. The yield of fungichromin was increased by overexpressing these two regulatory genes, as well as the crotonyl CoA reductase/carboxylase gene ptnB in Streptomyces sp. WP-1. The yield of fungichromin was increased to 8.5 g/L using a combination of genetic engineering and a medium optimization strategy, which is the highest fermentation titer recorded. KEY POINTS: • Confirmation of the positive regulation of ptnF and ptnR on fungichromin. • Improvement of fungichromin production by the construction of ptnF, ptnR, and ptnB overexpression strains. • Improvement of fungichromin production by the addition of soybean oil and copper ions at optimal concentration.

Enhancement of acarbose production by genetic engineering and fed-batch fermentation strategy in Actinoplanes sp. SIPI12-34.

BACKGROUND: Acarbose, as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, is widely used clinically to treat type II diabetes. In its industrial production, Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is used as the production strain. Lack of research on its regulatory mechanisms and unexplored gene targets are major obstacles to rational strain design. Here, transcriptome sequencing was applied to uncover more gene targets and rational genetic engineering was performed to increase acarbose production. RESULTS: In this study, with the help of transcriptome information, a TetR family regulator (TetR1) was identified and confirmed to have a positive effect on the synthesis of acarbose by promoting the expression of acbB and acbD. Some genes with low expression levels in the acarbose biosynthesis gene cluster were overexpressed and this resulted in a significant increase in acarbose yield. In addition, the regulation of metabolic pathways was performed to retain more glucose-1-phosphate for acarbose synthesis by weakening the glycogen synthesis pathway and strengthening the glycogen degradation pathway. Eventually, with a combination of multiple strategies and fed-batch fermentation, the yield of acarbose in the engineered strain increased 58% compared to the parent strain, reaching 8.04 g/L, which is the highest fermentation titer reported. CONCLUSIONS: In our research, acarbose production had been effectively and steadily improved through genetic engineering based on transcriptome analysis and fed-batch culture strategy.

Fast and Robust Visual Tracking with Few-Iteration Meta-Learning.

Visual object tracking has been a major research topic in the field of computer vision for many years. Object tracking aims to identify and localize objects of interest in subsequent frames, given the bounding box of the first frame. In addition, the object-tracking algorithms are also required to have robustness and real-time performance. These requirements create some unique challenges, which can easily become overfitting if given a very small training dataset of objects during offline training. On the other hand, if there are too many iterations in the model-optimization process during offline training or in the model-update process during online tracking, it will cause the problem of poor real-time performance. We address these problems by introducing a meta-learning method based on fast optimization. Our proposed tracking architecture mainly contains two parts, one is the base learner and the other is the meta learner. The base learner is primarily a target and background classifier, in addition, there is an object bounding box prediction regression network. The primary goal of a meta learner based on the transformer is to learn the representations used by the classifier. The accuracy of our proposed algorithm on OTB2015 and LaSOT is 0.930 and 0.688, respectively. Moreover, it performs well on VOT2018 and GOT-10k datasets. Combined with the comparative experiments on real-time performance, our algorithm is fast and robust.

Heavy metal domestication enhances beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on lead (Pb) phytoremediation efficiency of Bidens parviflora through improving plant growth and root Pb accumulation.

Native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) generally provide more effective assistance for phytoremediation to remove heavy metal (HM) from polluted soils than non-native AMF. Nevertheless, it is a time-consuming work to isolate, identify, and propagate AMF inoculum for practical application. This study aims to explore an alternative method to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of Bidens parviflora using domesticated AMF under HM stress condition for a certain period of time. Our results showed that Funneliformis mosseae inoculation alleviated oxidative damage to plant membranes by enhancing activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Furthermore, mycorrhizal plants had higher chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis efficiency, and root Pb content to protect the aerial parts from damage. These protective mechanisms were found to be more efficient in domesticated AMF inoculation compared with non-domesticated AMF inoculation. Overall, this study suggests that F. mosseae domesticated for 12 months could greatly enhance plant root Pb accumulation and plant growth mainly through strengthening antioxidant defenses as well as the photosynthesis efficiency under Pb stress conditions. Plants inoculated with pre-domesticated AMF provided a promising new strategy to enhance phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils.

Investigation of mixed species biofilm on corrosion of X65 steel in seawater environment.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a complex process involving the cooperative effect of different bacterial species that coexist in the biofilm. Early studies focused on the MIC of single bacterial communities. However, in natural and industrial fields, biofilms are mostly composed of a variety of species. In this work, the effect of interspecific interaction on corrosion of X65 steel was investigated through the mixed culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron oxidizing bacteria (IOB). Results demonstrated that the mixed microbial consortia created a cooperative effect to aggravate the local corrosion of X65 steel. Compared with the single species, the presence of IOB increased the growth activity of SRB cells and promoted the role of SRB in steel corrosion. The corrosion form on the surface of X65 steel gradually changed to annular pits induced by anaerobic SRB. The succession of dominant bacteria and the development of mixed species biofilm led to an increase in corrosion rate and local corrosion. The corrosion mechanism of X65 steel by mixed species biofilm at different stages was carefully elucidated.

Elucidation of the mechanism of action of Runyan Mixture in the treatment of pharyngitis using a network pharmacological approach.

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of Runyan Mixture in treating pharyngitis using a network pharmacological approach. The active components of the Runyan Mixture were obtained from the traditional chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and evaluated using Lipinski's rules. The SwissTargetPrediction database was used to predict the action targets of the Runyan Mixture, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of Runyan Mixture was validated in vitro using the lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in macrophages. The Runyan Mixture was the liquid preparation from 8 traditional Chinese medicine. A total of 89 types of active components, 53 core targets, and 98 signaling pathways (P < .001) were identified for the Runyan Mixture. The main action targets were EGFR, MAPK1, AKT1, PIK3CA, NFKB1, SRC, TNF, MAPK8, MET, and PTGS2. Among the identified signaling pathways, 20 were associated with microbial infection and 24 were related to the immune-inflammatory response. Experimental results in vitro showed that Runyan Mixture could significantly inhibit the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < .05) in macrophages by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Based on the results of the protein-protein interaction network analysis and the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro, the efficiency of the Runyan Mixture in pharyngitis treatment could be attributed to the inhibition of the inflammatory response.

Clinical characteristics of optic neuritis phenotypes in a 3-year follow-up Chinese cohort.

To evaluate the clinical characteristics of optic neuritis (ON) with different phenotypes. This prospective study recruited patients with new-onset ON between January 2015 and March 2017 who were followed-up for 3 years. They were divided into the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-seropositive (MOG-ON), aquaporin-4-seropositive (AQP4-ON), and double-seronegative (seronegative-ON) groups, and their clinical characteristics and imaging findings were evaluated and compared. Two-hundred-eighty patients (405 eyes) were included (MOG-ON: n = 57, 20.4%; AQP4-ON: n = 98, 35.0%; seronegative-ON: n = 125, 44.6%). The proportion of eyes with best-corrected visual acuity > 20/25 at the 3-year follow-up was similar between the MOG-ON and seronegative-ON groups; the proportion in both groups was higher than that in the AQP4-ON group (p < 0.001). Relapse rates were higher in the MOG-ON and AQP4-ON groups than in the seronegative-ON group (p < 0.001). Average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness at 3 years was similar between the MOG-ON and AQP4-ON groups (63.41 ± 13.39 and 59.40 ± 11.46 µm, p = 0.476) but both were thinner than the seronegative-ON group (74.06 ± 11.14 µm, p < 0.001). Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) revealed the same pattern. Despite RNFL and GCIPL thinning, the MOG-ON group's outcome was as favorable as that of the seronegative-ON group, whereas the AQP4-ON group showed unsatisfactory results.

Effects of fast food packaging plasticizers and their metabolites on steroid hormone synthesis in H295R cells.

The health risks of exposure to plasticizers have received widespread attention, however, little is known about the effects of fast food packaging plasticizers on steroid hormone synthesis. In the present study, the types and migration of plasticizers in some commonly used fast-food packaging materials were detected by GC-MS, and the interference effects of these plasticizers and their metabolites on steroid hormone synthesis in the human body were evaluated by the H295R steroidogenesis assay. The GC-MS results showed that the main plasticizer compounds that migrated from fast food packaging into food were di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). Exposure to these chemicals (100-1000 µM) can significantly reduce the viability of H295R cells in a dose-response manner, and these plasticizers and their metabolites that migrated into oily foods at high temperatures (0.25-25 µM) could significantly increase the E2 level and reduce the T level in H295R cells. According to the qRT-PCR data, 0.25 to 25 µM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) significantly upregulated the expression levels of 17ß-HSD1 and CYP19A1, and downregulated those of CYP17A1, CYP11A1 and StAR. The Western blot results were consistent with those of qRT-PCR. In summary, these results indicated that even exposure to low concentrations (≤1 mg/l or 2.5 µM) of these chemicals and their metabolites can cause significant endocrine-disrupting effects.

Changes in the circRNA expression profile of PC12 cells induced by TDCIPP exposure may regulate the downstream NF-κB pathway via the Traf2 gene.

As a commonly used organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has become an environmental pollutant. Studies have shown that TDCIPP exposure has many toxic effects, such as neurotoxicity, reproductive development toxicity and endocrine disturbance. CircRNAs are circular noncoding RNAs that have been found to play important roles in the occurrence of a variety of diseases. However, it is unclear whether circRNAs play a role in the cytotoxicity induced by TDCIPP exposure. In this study, we analysed the circRNA microarray results of a control group and a TDCIPP exposure group of PC12 cells and detected 3432 differentially expressed circRNAs (P < 0.05), of which 1682 were upregulated and 1750 were downregulated in the TDCIPP-exposure group. The expression levels of 2 upregulated and 3 downregulated circRNAs were verified by real-time quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with the microarray results. Then, ceRNA analysis was performed on several kinds of circRNAs to predict the possible binding miRNAs and binding sites. The target genes were analysed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Through predictive analysis, it was found that rno_circRNA_013845, rno-miR-361-3p, and rno-miR-702-3p may be involved in the regulation of Traf2 expression, thereby affecting the expression of the downstream NF-κB signalling pathway and causing apoptosis.

Interactive effects of exogenous melatonin and Rhizophagus intraradices on saline-alkaline stress tolerance in Leymus chinensis.

Melatonin, a ubiquitous molecule found in almost all organisms, is considered an important regulator in plant growth. However, little is known about the interactive effect of melatonin and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant resistance against soil salinity and alkalinity. To fill in such a gap in knowledge, we conducted three experiments to explore (1) whether exogenous melatonin and an AM fungus had interactive effects on plant response to saline-alkaline stress, (2) whether the influence of melatonin on mycorrhizal plant stress tolerance was attributable to effect on the AM fungus, and (3) whether the effect of melatonin application was due to changes in soil salinity and alkalinity. We found interactive effects between melatonin and the AM fungus on alleviating ROS burst, decreasing malondialdehyde content and protecting Leymus chinensis photosynthetic activity through activation of antioxidant enzyme and gene expression (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) in plant shoots and roots. Our results showed that exogenous melatonin promoted spore germination and hyphal length of the AM fungus under Petri-dish conditions. However, exogenous melatonin application did not exhibit significant effects on soil salinity and alkalinity. This study provides an insight into the beneficial effects of exogenous melatonin on saline-alkaline stress tolerance in mycorrhizal L. chinensis through regulating antioxidant systems, protecting photosynthetic activity, and promoting associated AM fungal growth without changing soil salinity and alkalinity. It also reveals potential applications of exogenous melatonin and AM fungi for the restoration of saline-alkaline degraded grassland.

Pseudotumour Cerebri Syndrome in China: A Cohort Study.

Pseudotumour cerebri syndrome (PTCS) remains to be fully investigated in Chinese patients and our study reported PTCS-related clinical differences between Chinese patients and Western patients. This study enrolled 55 consecutive patients (females: 44, median age: 37 y, age range: 14-62 y) with PTCS diagnosed from October 2015 to December 2017. Nine (16.4%, females) patients had primary PTCS, and 46 (83.6%) had secondary PTCS (P = 0.001). At presentation, 81.8% of patients had grade >3 papilloedema, with 23.6% having diffusely constricted fields. Mean subarachnoid space around the optic nerve measured by retrobulbar ultrasonography during lumbar puncture was 1.12 ± 0.17 mm and decreased to 0.86 ± 0.11 mm after treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that 92.9% of eyes with intact macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) at baseline had good outcomes after treatment. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics showed that secondary PTCS was more common than primary idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Chinese patients. Polycystic ovarian syndrome was the main associated factor in females. Poor visual function was common at presentation. Noninvasive ocular ultrasonography and OCT are the prognostic indicators of PTCS treatment in intracranial pressure and visual function, respectively, after PTCS treatment.

Author Correction: Global diversity and biogeography of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Global diversity and biogeography of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants.

Microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for water purification to protect public and environmental health. However, the diversity of microorganisms and the factors that control it are poorly understood. Using a systematic global-sampling effort, we analysed the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from ~1,200 activated sludge samples taken from 269 WWTPs in 23 countries on 6 continents. Our analyses revealed that the global activated sludge bacterial communities contain ~1 billion bacterial phylotypes with a Poisson lognormal diversity distribution. Despite this high diversity, activated sludge has a small, global core bacterial community (n = 28 operational taxonomic units) that is strongly linked to activated sludge performance. Meta-analyses with global datasets associate the activated sludge microbiomes most closely to freshwater populations. In contrast to macroorganism diversity, activated sludge bacterial communities show no latitudinal gradient. Furthermore, their spatial turnover is scale-dependent and appears to be largely driven by stochastic processes (dispersal and drift), although deterministic factors (temperature and organic input) are also important. Our findings enhance our mechanistic understanding of the global diversity and biogeography of activated sludge bacterial communities within a theoretical ecology framework and have important implications for microbial ecology and wastewater treatment processes.

Climate warming accelerates temporal scaling of grassland soil microbial biodiversity.

Determining the temporal scaling of biodiversity, typically described as species-time relationships (STRs), in the face of global climate change is a central issue in ecology because it is fundamental to biodiversity preservation and ecosystem management. However, whether and how climate change affects microbial STRs remains unclear, mainly due to the scarcity of long-term experimental data. Here, we examine the STRs and phylogenetic-time relationships (PTRs) of soil bacteria and fungi in a long-term multifactorial global change experiment with warming (+3 °C), half precipitation (-50%), double precipitation (+100%) and clipping (annual plant biomass removal). Soil bacteria and fungi all exhibited strong STRs and PTRs across the 12 experimental conditions. Strikingly, warming accelerated the bacterial and fungal STR and PTR exponents (that is, the w values), yielding significantly (P < 0.001) higher temporal scaling rates. While the STRs and PTRs were significantly shifted by altered precipitation, clipping and their combinations, warming played the predominant role. In addition, comparison with the previous literature revealed that soil bacteria and fungi had considerably higher overall temporal scaling rates (w = 0.39-0.64) than those of plants and animals (w = 0.21-0.38). Our results on warming-enhanced temporal scaling of microbial biodiversity suggest that the strategies of soil biodiversity preservation and ecosystem management may need to be adjusted in a warmer world.