Novel interrupted aortic arch: A case report.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare and fatal malformation. Most patients with IAA are diagnosed in early childhood because of the severity of their symptoms. IAA is classified into three morphologic types (A, B, or C), depending on the site of the interruption. In our case, this patient did not have a common brachiocephalic trunk, left carotid artery, or left subclavian artery, IAA classification of this case cannot be judged based on the existing interruption method. METHODS: We present a 6-year-old Chinese boy with a history of neck masses since birth, and an echocardiogram from a local county hospital revealing an IAA without any cardiac anomalies, was referred to our hospital. RESULTS: The patient was feeling good and was nearly asymptomatic. Computed tomography angiography was performed, which indicated an absent aortic arch, likely due to disruption during development, and aortic discontinuity. The ascending aorta gave rise to both carotid arteries, and the descending aorta was supplied by large subclavian arteries. The right vertebral artery was supplied by right large collateral vessels that connected the right carotid artery. The left side was similar in structure to the right side. The descending aorta was supplied by large subclavian arteries. The subclavian arteries and carotid arteries were connected by large collateral vessels. Due to the large collateral vessels, the child's lower body had sufficient blood supplied, so that the typical differential cyanosis did not occur, and the child without symptomatic can survive to now. CONCLUSIONS: This patient did not have a common brachiocephalic trunk, left carotid artery, or left subclavian artery. Maybe, this patient belonged to a new type of IAA.

Public health shocks, learning and diet improvement.

Many governments aim to mitigate health risks by attacking nutritional failures. In this article, we exploit a unique natural experiment, the COVID-19 pandemic as an exogenous public health shock, to estimate the learning effects of intensive health information campaigns on nutrient intake during the pandemic. Using data from nearly-one million food purchases in China, our empirical findings strongly support the learning effect in explaining improvements in nutrient intake in the post-COVID-19 period. We conclude that when public health shocks occur, policy makers can boost relevant learning mechanisms by promoting information and education to improve individuals' awareness of preventive health behaviors of a more permanent nature, which can lead to health improvements in a society.

Is no news bad news? The impact of disclosing COVID-19 tracing information on consumer dine out decisions.

Food markets around the world have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic via consumer behavior upended by fear of infection. In this article, we examine the impact of disclosing COVID-19 contact tracing information on food markets, using the restaurant industry in China as a case study. By analyzing transaction data at 87 restaurants across 10 cities, we estimate difference-in-difference (DID) models to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 infections and contact information tracing on economic activity as measured by a daily number of transactions. Empirical results show that while the overall number of new COVID-19 infections at the national level caused a dramatic drop in numbers of transactions in all restaurants, restaurants in cities that disclosed contact tracing information of COVID-19 infections experienced a 23%-35% higher number of transactions than the ones in cities that did not disclose such information during the recovery period. Ultimately, we show that in the absence of a shelter-in-place mandate, disclosing contract tracing information to mitigate consumers' uncertainties about risks of being infected can contribute to a faster recovery of food markets, in addition to reducing COVID-19 infections.