Wedelolactone inhibits ferroptosis and alleviates hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) is a complication of oxygen therapy. Ferroptosis is a vital factor in HALI. This paper was anticipated to investigate the underlying mechanism of wedelolactone (WED) on ferroptosis in HALI. The current study used hyperoxia to injure two models, one HALI mouse model and one MLE-12 cell injury model. We found that WED treatment attenuated HALI by decreasing the lung injury score and lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and alleviating pathomorphological changes. Then, the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis in HALI mice and hyperoxia-mediated MLE-12 cells were inhibited by WED treatment. Moreover, WED alleviated ferroptosis with less iron accumulation and reversed expression alterations of ferroptosis markers, including MDA, GSH, GPX4, SLC7A11, FTH1, and TFR1 in hyperoxia-induced MLE-12 cells in vitro and in vivo. Nrf2-KO mice and Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) decreased WED's ability to protect against apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ferroptosis in hyperoxia-induced MLE-12 cells. Collectively, our data highlighted the alleviatory role of WED in HALI by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Quantitative source apportionment of dissolved organic matters in wet weather overflows of storm drainage systems based on degradation potential index and end member mixing model.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wet weather overflows (WWFs) of storm drainage systems mainly originates from anthropogenic sources, such as paved runoff, illegally discharged domestic sewage and the retained sediment. This study provides a promising method to quantitatively apportion the WWF DOM of storm drainage systems using degradation potential index (DPI) and end member mixing (EMM) model. DPI is derived from excitation-emission matrix parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), which can endow the end members and itself of WWF DOM with numerical features, and thus help quantify the source contributions of WWF DOM in EMM model. Findings show that (1) DPI was a reliable tool in the quantitative source apportionment of WWF DOM, owing to its features of small variance within source and large variances between sources; (2) DPI combined with EMM model could help identify the factors that induce significant impacts on the source contributions of WWF DOM, such as the storm pumping discharge and antecedent dry days in our case study; (3) the identified factors could guide the development of effective strategies for WWF DOM control, e.g. sediment management in our case.

Complexing characteristics between Cu(â ¡) ions and dissolved organic matter in combined sewer overflows: Implications for the removal of heavy metals by enhanced coagulation.

Enhanced coagulation has been widely used in storm tanks to remove heavy metal ions (HMs) from combined sewer overflows (CSOs), but faces challenges on removing the HMs bound to dissolved organic matter (DOM) with small molecular weight (MW). DOM ubiquitously existing in CSOs generally contains a large distribution range of MW, which can significantly impact the MW distribution of HMs by complexing reaction, thereby adding uncertainties for the removal efficiency of coagulation. Therefore, realizing the potential MW distribution of the HMs bound to CSO-DOM is greatly important for cost-effectively removing HMs from CSOs in the coagulation process. This paper presents a comprehensive approach of ultrafiltration, fluorescence quenching titration, excitation-emission matrix parallel factor analysis, complexation model, and two-dimensional correlation fluorescence spectroscopy for exploring the MW-based complexing characteristics between Cu(II) ions and CSO-DOM components. Results show that: (1) Cu(II) ions that bound to the CSO-DOM were mainly distributed in the MW range of <5 kDa, which makes them very difficult to be removed from CSOs by coagulation technique. (2) Concentration effect and molecular composition exerted great impacts on the MW distribution of the Cu(II) ions bound to CSO-DOM. (3) The humic-like component of terrestrial origin with the MW range of 100 kDa∼0.45 µm possessed high binding stability, capacity, and priority with Cu(II) ions, and they could be used at a high concentration to promote the removal efficiency of coagulation for Cu(Ⅱ) ions of CSOs by competitive complexation and inter-molecular bridging.

Anthropogenic Influences of Paved Runoff and Sanitary Sewage on the Dissolved Organic Matter Quality of Wet Weather Overflows: An Excitation-Emission Matrix Parallel Factor Analysis Assessment.

The quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a wet weather overflow (WWF) can be broadly influenced by anthropogenic factors, such as nonpoint sources of paved runoff and point sources of sanitary sewage within the drainage networks. This study focused on the anthropogenic influences of the paved runoff and sanitary sewage on the DOM quality of WWF using excitation-emission matrix parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Results show that (1) EEM-PARAFAC fitted terrestrial humic-like, anthropogenic humic-like, tryptophan-like, and tyrosine-like components can be regarded as indicators to identify the types of sewage overflows and the illicit connection status of drainage systems. (2) A short emission wavelength (em: 302-313 nm) peak of the tyrosine-like component occurred in the reserved sanitary sewage, while a type of longer emission wavelength (em: 321-325 nm) peak came from the sump deposit. These tyrosine-like components were gradually evacuated in the initial phase of the overflow process with the fading of their EEM signals. Fluorescence signal transformations of all the components confirmed the potential ability of EEM-PARAFAC to monitor the dynamic changes of the primary pollutant sources. (3) The input of the newly increased sanitary sewage had a dominant influence on the quality and yield of the WWF DOM.

Combination of powdered activated carbon and powdered zeolite for enhancing ammonium removal in micro-polluted raw water.

Even zeolite is promising in ammonia pollution disposing, its removal efficiency is frequently interfered by organics. As activated carbon has good removal efficiency on organic contaminants, combination of two adsorbents may allow their respective adsorption characteristics into full play. This paper provides a performance assessment of the combination for enhancing ammonium removal in micro-polluted raw water. Gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) was carried out to quantify the molecular weight (MW) range of organic contaminants that powdered activated carbon (PAC) and powdered zeolite (PZ) can remove. The polydispersity difference which also calculated from GFC may indicate the wider organic contaminants removal range of PAC and the relatively centralized removal range of PZ. The jar tests of combination dosing confirm a synergistic effect which promotes ammonium removing. Nevertheless, it also shows an antagonism hindering the due removal performance of the two adsorbents on CODMn, while it is not much evident on UV254. Furthermore, a comparison study with simulated coagulation-sedimentation process was conducted to evaluate the optimum dosing points (spatial and temporal) of PAC and PZ among follows: suction well, pipeline mixer, early and middle phase of flocculation. We suggest to dose both two adsorbents into the early phase of flocculation to maximize the versatile removal efficiency on turbidity, ammonium and organic contaminants.