RESUMO
Ipatasertib (GDC-0068) is a potent, highly selective, small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase B (Akt) being developed by Genentech/Roche as a single agent and in combination with other therapies for the treatment of cancers. To fully understand the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of ipatasertib in humans, an open-label study using 14C-radiolabeled ipatasertib was completed to characterize the absolute bioavailability (period 1) and mass balance and metabolite profiling (period 2). In period 1, subjects were administered a 200 mg oral dose of ipatasertib followed by an 80 µg (800 nCi) intravenous dose of [14C]-ipatasertib. In period 2, subjects received a single oral dose containing approximately 200 mg (100 µCi) [14C]-ipatasertib. In an integrated analytical strategy, accelerator mass spectrometry was applied to measure the 14C microtracer intravenous pharmacokinetics in period 1 and fully profile plasma radioactivity in period 2. The systemic plasma clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were 98.8 L/h and 2530 L, respectively. The terminal half-lives after oral and intravenous administrations were similar (26.7 and 27.4 hours, respectively) and absolute bioavailability of ipatasertib was 34.0%. After a single oral dose of [14C]-ipatasertib, 88.3% of the administered radioactivity was recovered with approximately 69.0% and 19.3% in feces and urine, respectively. Radioactivity in feces and urine was predominantly metabolites with 24.4% and 8.26% of dose as unchanged parent, respectively; indicating that ipatasertib had been extensively absorbed and hepatic metabolism was the major route of clearance. The major metabolic pathway was N-dealkylation mediated by CYP3A, and minor pathways were oxidative by cytochromes P450 and aldehyde oxidase. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The study provided definitive information regarding the absolute bioavailability and the absorption, metabolism, and excretion pathways of ipatasertib, a potent, novel, and highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase B (Akt). An ultrasensitive radioactive counting method, accelerator mass spectrometry was successfully applied for 14C-microtracer absolute bioavailability determination and plasma metabolite profiling.
Assuntos
Piperazinas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Humanos , Disponibilidade Biológica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/análise , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Fezes/química , Administração OralRESUMO
PURPOSE: To examine the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), CYP3A inhibition potential of ipatasertib, and effect of food on PK of ipatasertib in patients with refractory solid tumors and a dedicated food effect assessment in healthy subjects. METHODS: The Phase I dose-escalation study enrolled patients with solid tumors in a standard 3 + 3 design with a 1 week washout after the first dose, followed by once-daily dosing on a 3-week-on/1-week-off schedule. In the expansion cohort, the effect of ipatasertib on CYP3A substrate (midazolam) was assessed by examining the change in midazolam exposure when dosed in the absence and presence of steady-state ipatasertib at 600 mg. The effect of food on ipatasertib PK was studied with ipatasertib administered in fed or fasted state (6 patients from Phase I patient study and 18 healthy subjects from the dedicated food effect study). RESULTS: Ipatasertib was generally well tolerated at doses up to 600 mg given daily for 21 days. Ipatasertib showed rapid absorption (tmax, 0.5-3 h), was dose-proportional over a range of 200-800 mg, had a median half-life (range) of 45.0 h (27.8-66.9 h), and had approximately two-fold accumulation following once-daily dosing. Midazolam exposure (AUC0-∞) increased by 2.2-fold in the presence of ipatasertib. PK was comparable in subjects administered ipatasertib in a fed or fasted state. CONCLUSION: Ipatasertib exhibited rapid absorption and was dose-proportional over a broad dose range. Ipatasertib appeared to be a moderate CYP3A inhibitor when administered at 600 mg and could be administered with or without food in clinical studies. TRAIL REGISTRATION: NCT01090960 (registered March 23, 2010); NCT02536391 (registered August 31, 2015).
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/química , Interações Alimento-Droga , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/farmacocinética , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/uso terapêutico , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Piperazinas/administração & dosagem , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Prognóstico , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Ipatasertib is a pan-AKT inhibitor in development for the treatment of cancer. Ipatasertib was metabolized by CYP3A4 to its major metabolite, M1 (G-037720), and was a P-gp substrate and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor in vitro. A phase I drug-drug interaction (DDI) study (n = 15) was conducted in healthy subjects to evaluate the effect of itraconazole (200-mg solution QD, 4 days), a strong CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor, on pharmacokinetics of ipatasertib (100-mg single dose). Itraconazole increased the Cmax and AUC0 -∞ of ipatasertib by 2.3- and 5.5-fold, respectively, increased the half-life by 53%, and delayed the tmax by 1 hour. The Cmax and AUC0-72h of its metabolite M1 (G-037720) reduced by 91% and 68%, respectively. This study confirmed that CYP3A4 plays a major role in ipatasertib clearance. Furthermore, the interaction of ipatasertib with coproporphyrin (CP) I and CPIII, the two endogenous substrates of OATP1B1/1B3, was evaluated in this study. CPI and CPIII plasma levels were unchanged in the presence of ipatasertib, both at exposures of 100 mg and at higher exposures in combination with itraconazole. This indicated no in vivo inhibition of OATP1B1/1B3 by ipatasertib. Additionally, it was shown that CPI and CPIII were not P-gp substrates in vitro, and itraconazole had no effect on CPI and CPIII concentrations in vivo. The latter is an important finding because it will simplify interpretation of future DDI studies using CPI/CPIII as OATP1B1/1B3 biomarkers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This drug-drug interaction study in healthy volunteers demonstrated that CYP3A4 plays a major role in ipatasertib clearance, and that ipatasertib is not an organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3 inhibitor. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that itraconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and several transporters, did not affect CPI/CPIII levels in vivo. This increases the understanding and application of these endogenous substrates as well as itraconazole in complex drug interaction studies.
Assuntos
Coproporfirinas , Humanos , Itraconazol , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
GDC-0334 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1), a promising therapeutic target for many nervous system and respiratory diseases. The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of GDC-0334 were evaluated in this first-in-human (FIH) study. A starting single dose of 25 mg was selected based on integrated preclinical PK, PD, and toxicology data following oral administration of GDC-0334 in guinea pigs, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Human PK and PK-PD of GDC-0334 were characterized after single and multiple oral dosing using a population modeling approach. The ability of GDC-0334 to inhibit dermal blood flow (DBF) induced by topical administration of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was evaluated as a target-engagement biomarker. Quantitative models were developed iteratively to refine the parameter estimates of the dose-concentration-effect relationships through stepwise estimation and extrapolation. Human PK analyses revealed that bioavailability, absorption rate constant, and lag time increase when GDC-0334 was administered with food. The inhibitory effect of GDC-0334 on the AITC-induced DBF biomarker exhibited a clear sigmoid-Emax relationship with GDC-0334 plasma concentrations in humans. This study leveraged emerging preclinical and clinical data to enable iterative refinement of GDC-0334 mathematical models throughout the FIH study for dose selection in subsequent cohorts throughout the study. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? GDC-0334 is a novel, small molecule TRPA1 inhibitor and a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling strategy could be implemented in a systematic and step-wise manner to build and learn from emerging data for early clinical development. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Can noncompartmental and population-based analyses be used to describe the PK and PD characteristics of GDC-0334 in preclinical and clinical studies? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? GDC-0334 exposure generally increased with dose in rats, dogs, and monkeys. The starting dose (25 mg) in the clinical study was determined based on the preclinical data. GDC-0334 exhibited linear PK in humans and the bioavailability was increased with food. The inhibitory effect of GDC-0334 on dermal blood flow induced by the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate in humans indicates a clear PK-PD relationship. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? The models developed based on TRPA1 agonist-induced dermal blood flow inhibition data can be used to predict PK-PD relationships in future preclinical and clinical studies evaluating new drug entities that target TRPA1.
Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/efeitos dos fármacos , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Intravenosa , Adulto , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Absorção Gastrointestinal , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Isotiocianatos/administração & dosagem , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Ratos , Pele/irrigação sanguínea , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite the development of effective therapies, a substantial proportion of asthmatics continue to have uncontrolled symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbations. Transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) agonists are elevated in human asthmatic airways, and in rodents, TRPA1 is involved in the induction of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Here, the discovery and early clinical development of GDC-0334, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 antagonist, is described. GDC-0334 inhibited TRPA1 function on airway smooth muscle and sensory neurons, decreasing edema, dermal blood flow (DBF), cough, and allergic airway inflammation in several preclinical species. In a healthy volunteer Phase 1 study, treatment with GDC-0334 reduced TRPA1 agonist-induced DBF, pain, and itch, demonstrating GDC-0334 target engagement in humans. These data provide therapeutic rationale for evaluating TRPA1 inhibition as a clinical therapy for asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação Neurogênica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Piridinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/antagonistas & inibidores , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Estudos de Coortes , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Cobaias , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Isotiocianatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/deficiência , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play subunit-specific roles in synaptic function and are implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the in vivo consequences and therapeutic potential of pharmacologically enhancing NMDAR function via allosteric modulation are largely unknown. We examine the in vivo effects of GNE-0723, a positive allosteric modulator of GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDARs, on brain network and cognitive functions in mouse models of Dravet syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). GNE-0723 use dependently potentiates synaptic NMDA receptor currents and reduces brain oscillation power with a predominant effect on low-frequency (12-20 Hz) oscillations. Interestingly, DS and AD mouse models display aberrant low-frequency oscillatory power that is tightly correlated with network hypersynchrony. GNE-0723 treatment reduces aberrant low-frequency oscillations and epileptiform discharges and improves cognitive functions in DS and AD mouse models. GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDAR enhancers may have therapeutic benefits in brain disorders with network hypersynchrony and cognitive impairments.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Epilepsias Mioclônicas/tratamento farmacológico , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epilepsias Mioclônicas/genética , Epilepsias Mioclônicas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistasRESUMO
The kinase RIP1 acts in multiple signaling pathways to regulate inflammatory responses and it can trigger both apoptosis and necroptosis. Its kinase activity has been implicated in a range of inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and oncogenic diseases. Here, we explore the effect of inhibiting RIP1 genetically, using knock-in mice that express catalytically inactive RIP1 D138N, or pharmacologically, using the murine-potent inhibitor GNE684. Inhibition of RIP1 reduced collagen antibody-induced arthritis, and prevented skin inflammation caused by mutation of Sharpin, or colitis caused by deletion of Nemo from intestinal epithelial cells. Conversely, inhibition of RIP1 had no effect on tumor growth or survival in pancreatic tumor models driven by mutant Kras, nor did it reduce lung metastases in a B16 melanoma model. Collectively, our data emphasize a role for the kinase activity of RIP1 in certain inflammatory disease models, but question its relevance to tumor progression and metastases.
Assuntos
Inflamação/enzimologia , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Artrite/enzimologia , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colite/etiologia , Colite/prevenção & controle , Dermatite/enzimologia , Feminino , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes , Humanos , Ileíte/etiologia , Ileíte/prevenção & controle , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Metástase Neoplásica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Activating mutations in the pathway of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) occur in 43-70% of breast cancer brain metastasis patients. To date, the treatment of these patients presents an ongoing challenge, mainly because of the lack of targeted agents that are able to sufficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier. GDC-0068 is a pan-Akt inhibitor that has shown to be effective in various preclinical tumor models as well as in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of GDC-0068 in a breast cancer brain metastases model. METHODS: In in vitro studies, antitumor activity of GDC-0068 was assessed in breast cancer cells of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA)-mutant and PIK3CA-wildtype breast cancer cell lines using cell viability and apoptosis assays, cell cycle analysis, and western blots. In vivo, the efficacy of GDC-0068 was analyzed in a PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer brain metastasis orthotopic xenograft mouse model and evaluated by repeated bioluminescent imaging and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: GDC-0068 decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, and inhibited phosphorylation of proline rich Akt substrate 40 kDa and p70 S6 kinase in a dose-dependent manner in PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer brain metastatic cell lines compared with PIK3CA-wildtype cell lines. In vivo, treatment with GDC-0068 notably inhibited the growth of PIK3CA-mutant tumors and resulted in a significant survival benefit compared with sham, whereas no effect was detected in a PIK3CA-wildtype model. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the Akt inhibitor GDC-0068 may be an encouraging targeted treatment strategy for breast cancer brain metastasis patients with activating mutations in the PI3K pathway. These data provide a rationale to further evaluate the efficacy of GDC-0068 in patients with brain metastases.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Ciclo Celular , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Mutação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), a key component of the cellular necroptosis pathway, has gained recognition as an important therapeutic target. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic inactivation of RIPK1 has shown promise in animal models of disease ranging from acute ischemic conditions, chronic inflammation, and neurodegeneration. We present here a class of RIPK1 inhibitors that is distinguished by a lack of a lipophilic aromatic group present in most literature inhibitors that typically occupies a hydrophobic back pocket of the protein active site. Despite not having this ubiquitous feature of many known RIPK1 inhibitors, we were able to obtain compounds with good potency, kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties in rats. The use of the lipophilic yet metabolically stable pentafluoroethyl group was critical to balancing the potency and properties of optimized analogs.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Humanos , Necrose , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
GNE-617 (N-(4-((3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamide) is a potent, selective nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor being explored as a potential treatment for human cancers. Plasma clearance was low in monkeys and dogs (9.14 mL min-1 kg-1 and 4.62 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively) and moderate in mice and rats (36.4 mL min-1 kg-1 and 19.3 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively). Oral bioavailability in mice, rats, monkeys and dogs was 29.7, 33.9, 29.4 and 65.2%, respectively. Allometric scaling predicted a low clearance of 3.3 mL min-1 kg-1 and a volume of distribution of 1.3 L kg-1 in human. Efficacy (57% tumor growth inhibition) in Colo-205 CRC tumor xenograft mice was observed at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID (AUC = 10.4 µM h). Plasma protein binding was moderately high. GNE-617 was stable to moderately stable in vitro. Main human metabolites identified in human hepatocytes were formed primarily by CYP3A4/5. Transporter studies suggested that GNE-617 is likely a substrate for MDR1 but not for BCRP. Simcyp® simulations suggested a low (CYP2C9 and CYP2C8) or moderate (CYP3A4/5) potential for drug-drug interactions. The potential for autoinhibition was low. Overall, GNE-617 exhibited acceptable preclinical properties and projected human PK and dose estimates.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacologia , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Cães , Interações Medicamentosas , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Feminino , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/administração & dosagem , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacocinética , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sulfonas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonas/farmacocinética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The enzyme glutaminase (GLS1) is currently in clinical trials for oncology, yet there are no clear diagnostic criteria to identify responders. The evaluation of 25 basal breast lines expressing GLS1, predominantly through its splice isoform GAC, demonstrated that only GLS1-dependent basal B lines required it for maintaining de novo glutathione synthesis in addition to mitochondrial bioenergetics. Drug sensitivity profiling of 407 tumor lines with GLS1 and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) inhibitors revealed a high degree of co-dependency on both enzymes across indications, suggesting that redox balance is a key function of GLS1 in tumors. To leverage these findings, we derived a pan-cancer metabolic signature predictive of GLS1/GCS co-dependency and validated it in vivo using four lung patient-derived xenograft models, revealing the additional requirement for expression of GAC above a threshold (log2RPKM + 1 ≥ 4.5, where RPKM is reads per kilobase per million mapped reads). Analysis of the pan-TCGA dataset with our signature identified multiple indications, including mesenchymal tumors, as putative responders to GLS1 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligase , Glutaminase , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Metaboloma , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ácido Cítrico/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Feminino , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligase/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligase/metabolismo , Glutaminase/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutaminase/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Ensaio Tumoral de Célula-Tronco , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Microdialysis is a powerful technique allowing for real-time measurement of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial fluid in conscious animals. Use of microdialysis in drug discovery is limited by high resource requirement and low throughput, but this may be improved by cassette dosing. Administering multiple compounds intravenously of diverse physiochemical properties, it is often very challenging and time consuming to identify a vehicle that can dissolve all of the compounds. To overcome this limitation, the present study explores the possibility of administering a cassette dose of nine diverse compounds (carbamazepine, citalopram, desmethylclozapine, diphenhydramine, gabapentin, metoclopramide, naltrexone, quinidine, and risperidone) in suspension, rather than in solution, by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, and determining if this is a viable option for assessing blood-brain barrier penetration in microdialysis studies. Repeated hourly subcutaneous dosing during the 6-hour microdialysis study allowed for the best attainment of distributional equilibrium between brain and plasma, resulting in less than a 2-fold difference in the unbound brain to unbound plasma concentration ratio for the cassette dosing method versus discrete dosing. Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal repeated dosing can provide a more practical substitute for intravenous dosing in determining brain penetration of a cassette of diverse compounds in brain microdialysis studies. The results from the present study demonstrate that dosing compounds in suspension represents a practical approach to eliminating the technical challenge and labor-intensive step of preparation of solutions of a mixture of compounds and will enable the use of the cassette brain microdialysis method in a central nervous system drug discovery setting.
Assuntos
Preparações Farmacêuticas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Transporte Biológico/fisiologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Líquido Extracelular/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Masculino , Microdiálise/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
A cross-industry survey was conducted to assess the landscape of preclinical quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling within pharmaceutical companies. This article presents the survey results, which provide insights on the current state of preclinical QSP modeling in addition to future opportunities. Our results call attention to the need for an aligned definition and consistent terminology around QSP, yet highlight the broad applicability and benefits preclinical QSP modeling is currently delivering.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/normas , Farmacologia Clínica/métodos , Desenho de Fármacos , Descoberta de Drogas/normas , Indústria Farmacêutica , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Farmacologia Clínica/normas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
A high-throughput screening (HTS) of the Genentech/Roche library identified a novel, uncharged scaffold as a KDM5A inhibitor. Lacking insight into the binding mode, initial attempts to improve inhibitor potency failed to improve potency, and synthesis of analogs was further hampered by the presence of a C-C bond between the pyrrolidine and pyridine. Replacing this with a C-N bond significantly simplified synthesis, yielding pyrazole analog 35, of which we obtained a co-crystal structure with KDM5A. Using structure-based design approach, we identified 50 with improved biochemical, cell potency and reduced MW and lower lipophilicity (LogD) compared with the original hit. Furthermore, 50 showed lower clearance than 9 in mice. In combination with its remarkably low plasma protein binding (PPB) in mice (40%), oral dosing of 50 at 5mg/kg resulted in unbound Cmax â¼2-fold of its cell potency (PC9 H3K4Me3 0.96µM), meeting our criteria for an in vivo tool compound from a new scaffold.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Proteína 2 de Ligação ao Retinoblastoma/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/química , Ratos , Proteína 2 de Ligação ao Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
With inadequate efficacy being the primary cause for the attrition of drug candidates in clinical development, the need to better predict clinical efficacy earlier in the drug development process has increased in importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we review current applications of translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling of preclinical data in the pharmaceutical industry, including best practices. Preclinical translational PK-PD modeling has been used in many therapeutic areas and has been impactful to drug development. The role of preclinical translational PK-PD modeling in drug discovery and development will continue to evolve and broaden, given that its broad implementation in the pharmaceutical industry is relatively recent and many opportunities still exist for its further application.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Indústria Farmacêutica/métodos , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor, gated by the endogenous coagonists glutamate and glycine, permeable to Ca2+ and Na+. NMDAR dysfunction is associated with numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, we have disclosed GNE-0723 (1), a GluN2A subunit-selective and brain-penetrant positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of NMDARs. This work highlights the discovery of a related pyridopyrimidinone core with distinct structure-activity relationships, despite the structural similarity to GNE-0723. GNE-5729 (13), a pyridopyrimidinone-based NMDAR PAM, was identified with both an improved pharmacokinetic profile and increased selectivity against AMPARs. We also include X-ray structure analysis and modeling to propose hypotheses for the activity and selectivity differences.
RESUMO
NAMPT inhibitors may show potential as therapeutics for oncology. Throughout our NAMPT inhibitor program, we found that exposed pyridines or related heterocyclic systems in the left-hand portion of the inhibitors are necessary pharmacophores for potent cellular NAMPT inhibition. However, when combined with a benzyl group in the center of the inhibitors, such pyridine-like moieties also led to consistent and potent inhibition of CYP2C9. In an attempt to reduce CYP2C9 inhibition, a parallel synthesis approach was used to identify central benzyl group replacements with increased Fsp3. A spirocyclic central motif was thus discovered that was combined with left-hand pyridines (or pyridine-like systems) to provide cellularly potent NAMPT inhibitors with minimal CYP2C9 inhibition. Further optimization of potency and ADME properties led to the discovery of compound 68, a highly potent NAMPT inhibitor with outstanding efficacy in a mouse tumor xenograft model and lacking measurable CYP2C9 inhibition at the concentrations tested.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/química , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Modelos Moleculares , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/metabolismo , Piridinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Features from a high throughput screening (HTS) hit and a previously reported scaffold were combined to generate 1,7-naphthyridones as novel KDM5 enzyme inhibitors with nanomolar potencies. These molecules exhibited high selectivity over the related KDM4C and KDM2B isoforms. An X-ray co-crystal structure of a representative molecule bound to KDM5A showed that these inhibitors are competitive with the co-substrate (2-oxoglutarate or 2-OG).
Assuntos
Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/antagonistas & inibidores , Naftiridinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Repressoras/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína 2 de Ligação ao Retinoblastoma/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Naftiridinas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Starting with a lead [1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one-containing molecule (1), we generated potent, selective and orally bioavailable KDM5 inhibitors. Using structure- and property-based approaches, we designed 48 with improved cell potency (PC9 H3K4Me3 EC50=0.34µM). Furthermore, 48 maintained suitable physiochemical properties and displayed an excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in mice. When dosed orally in mice at 50mg/kg twice a day (BID), 48 showed an unbound maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) >15-fold over its cell EC50, thereby providing a robust chemical probe for studying KDM5 biological functions in vivo.
Assuntos
Pirazóis/química , Pirimidinonas/química , Proteína 2 de Ligação ao Retinoblastoma/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Pirimidinonas/sangue , Pirimidinonas/síntese química , Pirimidinonas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Proteína 2 de Ligação ao Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a Na(+) and Ca(2+) permeable ionotropic glutamate receptor that is activated by the coagonists glycine and glutamate. NMDARs are critical to synaptic signaling and plasticity, and their dysfunction has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Herein we describe the discovery of potent GluN2A-selective NMDAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) starting from a high-throughput screening hit. Using structure-based design, we sought to increase potency at the GluN2A subtype, while improving selectivity against related α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). The structure-activity relationship of channel deactivation kinetics was studied using a combination of electrophysiology and protein crystallography. Effective incorporation of these strategies resulted in the discovery of GNE-0723 (46), a highly potent and brain penetrant GluN2A-selective NMDAR PAM suitable for in vivo characterization.