Effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, DWP16001, as an add-on therapy to insulin for diabetic dogs: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of anti-hyperglycaemic agents. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and the adjuvant glycaemic control effect of an SGLT2 inhibitor, DWP16001, in diabetic dogs receiving insulin treatment. METHODS: Nineteen diabetic dogs receiving insulin treatment (NPH, porcine lente and glargine insulin) were divided into two groups according to dosing frequency: DWP TOD group (n = 10) and DWP SID group (n = 9). In the DWP TOD group, 0.025 mg/kg of DWP16001 was administered once every 3 days, whereas, in the DWP SID group, 0.025 mg/kg of DWP16001 was administered once a day. Food intake was maintained during the trial period. Hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis or unexpected life-threatening reactions were assessed as adverse effects before and after DWP16001 administration. We compared insulin requirement reduction and blood glucose level control between two groups. RESULTS: No specific adverse effects were observed during the clinical trial, and haematological parameter remained unchanged. Moreover, the fasting glucose levels and daily insulin dose in the DWP TOD group were lower than the pre-administration values, but not significantly different for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure, fructosamine and insulin dose decreased significantly in the DWP SID group compared to the DWP TOD group at 8 weeks (p < 0.05) without affecting food consumption. Among these patients, 10 patients were monitored while receiving DWP16001 for 12 months (DWP TOD group n = 5, DWP SID group n = 5). The fasting glucose and fructosamine levels and daily insulin dose were reduced in both groups at 12 months compared with those before receiving DWP16001. CONCLUSION: When DWP16001, an SGLT2 inhibitor, was supplied to dogs with type 1 diabetes, no adverse effects were observed, and it was confirmed that the administered insulin dose can be reduced in controlling blood glucose.

Hierarchical Heterogeneous NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient Solar-Powered Water Oxidation.

Highly active, stable, and low-cost oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are urgently needed for the realization of large-scale industrial hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) stand out as one of the most promising nonprecious electrocatalysts worth pursuing. Here, a hierarchical heterogeneous Ni2+Fe3+@Ni2+Fe2+ LDH was successfully synthesized via a sequential electrodeposition technique using separate electrolytes containing iron precursors with different valence states (Fe2+, Fe3+). The underlying highly crystalline Ni2+Fe2+ LDH nanosheet array provides a large surface for the catalytically more active Ni2+Fe3+ LDH overlayer with low crystallinity. The resulting Ni2+Fe3+@Ni2+Fe2+ LDH demonstrates excellent OER activity with overpotentials of 218 and 265 mV to reach current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively, as well as good long-term stability for 30 h even at a high current density of 500 mA cm-2. In an overall water splitting, an electrolyzer using an electrocatalyst of Sn4P3/CoP2 as a cathode requires only a cell voltage of 1.55 V at 10 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the solar-powered overall water splitting system consisting of our electrolyzer and a perovskite/Si tandem solar cell exhibits a high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 15.3%.

Evaluation of safety and anti-obesity effects of DWP16001 in naturally obese dogs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of DWP16001, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2 inhibitor), in naturally obese dogs. A total of 20 dogs were divided into four equal groups: one obese control (OC group), and three treated groups; DWP0.2 group, DWP0.5 group, and DWP1 group. OC group fed with food for maintenance and treated groups were fed with food for maintenance with 0.2 mg/kg DWP16001, 0.5 mg/kg DWP16001 and 1 mg/kg DWP16001, respectively. The food for maintenance was provided to dogs as 2 RER (Resting energy requirement) in kcal and DWP16001-supplemented food was administered once a day for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Body condition score, body weight, and fat thickness were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the DWP0.2 group compared with the OC group, respectively without affecting the food consumption. At the 10th week the food consumption rate was 101.35 ± 2.56, 166.59 ± 4.72, 98.47 ± 1.44 and 123.15 ± 2.45% compared with initial food consumption rate. Body fat percentage, chest and waist circumference, blood glucose, and insulin were reduced compared to OC group but not significantly different from those of the OC group during experimental period. Serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, and creatinine were significantly reduced in DWP0.2 group on 8 weeks. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced but not significantly. No specific adverse effects were observed throughout the experiment, and hematological parameters were unchanged. The results indicate that DWP16001 was not harmful to the dogs in our study and might have anti-obesity effects in naturally obese dogs. CONCLUSIONS: The above results and discussion suggest that DWP16001 is safe and might have anti-obesity effects in naturally obese dogs.

Postoperative results of ventilation tube insertion: a retrospective multicenter study for suggestion of grading system of otitis media with effusion.

BACKGROUND: In otitis media with effusion (OME), it is important to know when to surgically intervene and when careful monitoring is more appropriate. This study aimed to visualize and classify the clinical manifestations of OME and the correlation between the new grading system and postoperative results after ventilation tube insertion (VTI). METHODS: We classified the collective 1,012 ears from 506 patients into six groups: grade 0 (no effusion), grade I (scant effusion, but abnormal), grade II (effusion less than half of the tympanic cavity), grade III (effusion over half of the tympanic cavity, with air bubbles), grade IV (complete effusion), and grade V (retracted tympanic membrane or hemotympanum without air bubbles). RESULTS: The mean age at VTI was 5.2 (±2.9) years and mean duration between diagnosis and operation was 4.1 (±1.8) months. Between the grades, the nature of the middle ear effusion was also significantly different (p < 0.001). The duration of ventilation tube retention after VTI was significantly different when compared between two groups: grade I-IV and grade V (p = 0.019). Our results showed that the recurrence rate, as well as rate of revision VTI, increased as the grade increased (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The new grading system of OME using endoscopic otoscope evaluation had a significant correlation with the age at VTI, the nature of middle ear effusion, the recurrence rate of OME, and the rate of revision VTI.

Macrophage Depletion in CCR2-/- Mice Delays Bacterial Clearance and Enhances Neutrophil Infiltration in an Acute Otitis Media Model.

BACKGROUND: Otitis media (OM) is a common and potentially serious disease of childhood. Although OM is multifactorial on origin, bacterial infection is a unifying component. Many studies have established a critical role for innate immunity in bacterial clearance and OM resolution. A key component of innate immunity is the recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells, including macrophages. METHODS: To explore the role of macrophages in OM, we evaluated the expression of genes related to macrophage function during a complete episode of acute OM in the mouse caused by middle ear (ME) inoculation with Haemophilus influenzae. We also combined CCR2 deficiency with chlodronate liposome toxicity to deplete macrophages during OM. RESULTS: Macrophage genes were robustly regulated during OM. Moreover, macrophage depletion enhanced and prolonged the infiltration of neutrophils into the infected ME and increased the persistence of bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: The results illustrate the critical role played by macrophages in OM resolution.

Intratympanic steroid injection for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Impact of injection interval on therapeutic efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of injection time intervals of intratympanic (IT) dexamethasone (DEX) in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). METHODS: Seventy-five adults with ISSNHL were grouped into four groups according to the IT DEX interval. In addition to concurrent oral steroid medication for two weeks, patients received IT DEX injections every 1, 2, 3, and four days, respectively. (Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4). We evaluated the treatment outcomes according to modified criteria from "Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss" of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAOHNS) to justify treatment success. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic and baseline audiometric data. The mean of pure tone audiometry (PTA) and speech discrimination score (SDSs) were significantly improved after oral steroid and IT DEX treatment in all four groups. Group 1 showed significantly higher improvement than Group 4 in PTA after treatment. There was a significantly higher complete recovery (CR) rate in Group 1 than Group 4. CONCLUSION: We found a statistically significant difference in the complete hearing recovery rate and audiometric results (PTA) between the group with a daily interval of injections and the group with a four-day time interval. Therefore, daily time intervals in intratympanic steroid injection may be considered as an option for better improvement of hearing in patients with ISSNHL.

Lack of the hyaluronan receptor CD44 affects the course of bacterial otitis media and reduces leukocyte recruitment to the middle ear.

BACKGROUND: CD44 is a multifunctional molecule that plays major roles in both leukocyte recruitment and tissue proliferation. Since mucosal hyperplasia and leukocyte infiltration of the middle ear cavity are major features of otitis media, we evaluated the role of CD44 in the pathophysiology and course of this disease in a mouse model of middle ear infection. Expression of genes related to CD44 function were evaluated using gene arrays in wild-type mice. The middle ears of mice deficient in CD44 were inoculated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Histopathology and bacterial clearance were compared to that seen in wild-type controls. RESULTS: We observed strong up-regulation of CD44 and of genes related to its role in leukocyte extravasation into the middle ear, during the course of acute otitis media. Mice deficient in CD44 exhibited reduced early mucosal hyperplasia and leukocyte recruitment, followed by delayed resolution of infection and persistent inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: CD44 plays an important role in OM pathogenesis by altering the mucosal growth and neutrophil enlistment. Targeted therapies based on CD44 could be useful adjuncts to the treatment of middle ear infections.

Modulation of the intestinal microbiota of dogs by kefir as a functional dairy product.

Kefir is a traditional dairy product with multiple probiotic characteristics derived from its associated microorganisms, including more than 50 species of lactic acid bacteria and yeast. For centuries, many people have produced kefir for human consumption; its consumption and potential role as a probiotic supplement in companion animals have never been tested. The present study explored the potential application of kefir as a probiotic supplement for dogs. Kefir was orally administered to healthy adult dogs (n = 6) for 2 wk. On d 0 and 14 (before and after kefir consumption, respectively), gut microbiota was analyzed comprehensively using quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA amplicon-based community analysis using fresh fecal samples. The 16S rDNA amplicon-based community analysis showed that the relative abundance of the phylum Fusobacteria was significantly decreased after kefir consumption. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the families Prevotellaceae, Selenomonadaceae, and Sutterellaceae increased significantly, whereas that of the families Clostridiaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, and Ruminococcaceae decreased significantly. The quantitative PCR assay showed that kefir consumption significantly increased the population of lactic acid bacteria and the lactic acid bacteria:Enterobacteriaceae ratio and significantly decreased the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. In summary, 2-wk kefir administration successfully modified the gut microbiota without causing any clinically evident adverse effects. Therefore, kefir could be further developed as a novel probiotic food supplement for dogs to improve the quality of life of dogs.

Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Surgical Outcomes Between Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

INTRODUCTION: The authors assessed clinical presentations and anatomic variants among patients with recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Additionally, differences in the postoperative improvement of each category were evaluated. METHODS: The authors performed an analysis of 304 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. They were divided into groups with RARS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP. Patients had to complete the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) on surgery 1 day before and 6 months after surgery. Patient demographics and comorbidities were reviewed. We reviewed all patients' computed tomographic findings to analyze anatomic variants. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the average preoperative SNOT-20 scores of the 3 groups. Patients with RARS were significantly more likely to show agger nasi cells, Haller cells, and septal deviation on computed tomography. Those with CRSwNP had significantly smaller mean infundibular widths. All groups showed significantly improved SNOT-20 scores postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The different anatomic variants found among patients with RARS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP can facilitate surgical prognostic evaluation.

Screening Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells to Identify Critical Processes in Aminoglycoside-Mediated Damage.

There is considerable interest in discovering drugs with the potential to protect inner ear hair cells (HCs) from damage. One means of discovery is to screen compound libraries. Excellent screening protocols have been developed employing cell lines derived from the cochlea and zebrafish larvae. However, these do not address the differentiated mammalian hair cell. We have developed a screening method employing micro-explants of the mammalian organ of Corti (oC) to identify compounds with the ability to influence aminoglycoside-induced HC loss. The assay is based on short segments of the neonatal mouse oC, containing ~80 HCs which selectively express green fluorescent protein (GFP). This allows the screening of hundreds of potential protectants in an assay that includes both inner and outer HCs. This review article describes various screening methods, including the micro-explant assay. In addition, two micro-explant screening studies in which antioxidant and kinase inhibitor libraries were evaluated are reviewed. The results from these screens are related to current models of HC damage and protection.

Changes of video head impulse test results in lateral semicircular canal plane by different peak head velocities in patients with vestibular neuritis.

BACKGROUND: The peak head velocity influences on the video head impulse test (vHIT) results, but it has been not known how much the difference is. AIMS: To evaluate the clinical evidence for the superiority of high-velocity compared to low-velocity vHIT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: vHIT was performed in 30 patients with vestibular neuritis using two peak head velocities (mean 80 vs. 240°/s). vHIT gains and parameters of corrective saccades (CSs) were compared. A vHIT gain of ≤0.8 or a peak CS velocity of ≥100°/s was considered pathologic. RESULTS: The vHIT gains were significantly lower (mean 0.5 vs. 0.6), and GA was larger (35 vs. 25%) at high-velocity vHIT, compared to low-velocity vHIT. CSs were significantly more frequent (100 vs. 80%) and peak CS velocities were larger (252 vs. 112°/s) at high-velocity vHIT. The abnormal rates based on vHIT gains were higher (90% vs. 73%) and CSs occurred more frequently (100% vs. 80%) at high-velocity vHIT. The abnormal rates based on the peak CS velocity were significantly higher at high-velocity vHIT (100% vs. 57%). CONCLUSION: High-velocity vHIT is superior to low-velocity vHIT with a difference of 17-20% based on pathologic vHIT gains and presence of CSs.

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss in dialysis patients.

Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) affects chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients more frequently than non-CKD patients, few reports have described SSNHL in dialysis patients. We aimed to review the characteristics of SSNHL in chronic dialysis patients and evaluate treatment responses to steroid therapy. We retrospectively reviewed the records of dialysis patients diagnosed with idiopathic SSNHL at Asan Medical Center between January 2000 and December 2014. Pure tone and speech audiometry analyzes were performed before and 2 weeks and 2 months after treatment onset to evaluate outcomes. Twenty-two patients (11 men, 11 women; mean age: 49.9 ± 11.7 years) were included; 16 (72%) and 6 (28%) had undergone hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, respectively, for a median of 49.2 ± 41.4 (1-144) months. End-stage renal disease was most frequently caused by diabetic nephropathy (11 cases), chronic glomerulonephritis (1 case) and unknown factors (7 cases). Common accompanying symptoms included tinnitus (68.2%), ear fullness (45.5%) and vertigo (27.3%). The mean pure tone audiometry threshold at the initial presentation was 82.6 ± 22.4 dB. At 2 months post-steroid treatment, 4 (18.2%), 4 (18.2%) and 6 (27.3%) patients exhibited a complete, partial, or slight recovery, respectively; 8 patients (36.3%) showed no improvement. Although we could not identify the specific cause of SSNHL in this population, our relatively large case series elucidates the precise clinical features of SSNHL in this population and demonstrates the outcomes of steroid treatment.

Moderating Effects of Prevention-Focus on the Paths from Two Insecure Attachment Dimensions to Depression.

The present study investigated the moderating effects of prevention-focus on the paths from the dimensions of insecure attachment (attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety) to depression. Two hundred twenty eight Korean college students completed the Experience in Close Relationship - Revised Scale; the Regulatory Focus Strategies Scale; and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results revealed a significant moderating effect for prevention-focus on the path from attachment avoidance to depression, but not on the path from attachment anxiety to depression. They further suggest that different interventions are needed for different combinations of persons' insecure attachment dimensions and levels of prevention-focus. Counseling implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Time series analysis of patients seeking orthodontic treatment at Seoul National University Dental Hospital over the past decade.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes changes in the characteristics of patients seeking orthodontic treatment over the past decade and the treatment they received, to identify any seasonal variations or trends. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included all patients who presented to Seoul National University Dental Hospital for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2015. The study analyzed a set of heterogeneous variables grouped into the following categories: demographic (age, gender, and address), clinical (Angle Classification, anomaly, mode of orthodontic treatment, removable appliances for Phase 1 treatment, fixed appliances for Phase 2 treatment, orthognathic surgery, extraction, mini-plate, mini-implant, and patient transfer) and time-related variables (date of first visit and orthodontic treatment time). Time series analysis was applied to each variable. RESULTS: The sample included 14,510 patients with a median age of 19.5 years. The number of patients and their ages demonstrated a clear seasonal variation, which peaked in the summer and winter. Increasing trends were observed for the proportion of male patients, use of non-extraction treatment modality, use of ceramic brackets, patients from provinces outside the Seoul region at large, patients transferred from private practitioners, and patients who underwent orthognathic surgery performed by university surgeons. Decreasing trends included the use of metal brackets and orthodontic treatment time. CONCLUSIONS: Time series analysis revealed a seasonal variation in some characteristics, and several variables showed changing trends over the past decade.

Is Facial or Head Pain Related to the Location of Lesions on Computed Tomography in Chronic Rhinosinusitis?

BACKGROUND: Facial or head pain is not an infrequent symptom among patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but few reports have investigated the pain in CRS, including the relationship between pain and sites of CRS. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pain is related to the location of lesions on computed tomography (CT) in CRS. METHODS: We analyzed 203 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for 2 years. Patients were assessed using the questionnaires on pain, provided 1 day prior to the operation and 6 months post operation. Sites of CRS were evaluated using CT. We analyzed whether the degree of inflammation in each sinus had an effect on the location of pain. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (38.4%) had preoperative facial or head pain. There was no difference in the sinus inflammation scores in CT findings, based on the presence of pain. Pain was most commonly located in the periorbital area, followed by the frontal, vertex, occipital, and facial areas. No significant correlation was found between the sinuses and the location of pain. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that in CRS patients, several sites of pain are involved, particularly in the periorbital area; these sites were not found to be related to the location of CRS.

Prognostic Factors for Recovery from Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate prognostic factors in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2011, a retrospective chart review identified 494 consecutive patients with ISSNHL. Demographic, audiometric, and clinical data were analyzed using a logistic regression test. RESULTS: Hearing recovery from ISSNHL was significantly associated with factors such as age, duration from onset of symptoms to commencement of treatment, severity of the initial pure tone threshold, and the treatment method. Intratympanic (IT) steroid administration alone showed a comparable efficiency to oral steroid administration with or without IT steroid injection. In patients who received IT steroid injection, the duration from onset to treatment, severity of initial hearing loss, and sequential IT steroid injection following systemic steroid administration were statistically associated with hearing improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Age, severity of initial pure tone threshold, duration from onset to treatment, initial speech discrimination, and initial pure tone threshold are statistically significant prognostic factors related to hearing improvement in ISSNHL. IT steroid injection as an initial single treatment is comparable to systemic oral steroid administration.

Comparison Of Isokinetic Muscle Strength And Clinical Outcomebetween Isolated And Combined PCL Reconstruction.

The purposes of this study was to 1) compare the functional result and muscle strength between patients who underwent reconstruction by isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and combined PCLposeterolateral corner sling (PLCS) reconstruction. Nineteen (Group I: isolated PCL reconstruction) and 30 (Group II: combined PCL-PLCS reconstruction) were compared. The clinical results and isokinetic muscle strength were compared between groups. The clinical results were comparable between groups and posterior stability was not different between the two groups, either. The isokinetic strength test result was not significantly different between the two groups, although absolute values of the flexion strength in Group I was higher than those in Group II. The HQ ratio of the affected side in Group I was similar to that of the contralateral side. Isokinetic muscle strength, especially flexion, was not fully recovered as compared with the contralateral side in both groups, although clinical and stability results were improved. However, the isolated PCL reconstruction group that was managed with the accelerated rehabilitation protocol showed an HQ ratio similar to that of the contralateral side. Therefore, an earlier active strengthening program would be also necessary in PCL-PLCS reconstructed groups, and justification for prevention of early weight bearing in PCL-PLCS reconstruction should be re-evaluated because weight bearing is helpful for muscle strengthening.

Effect of a 4-Week Treatment with Cilostazol in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus: A Randomized, Prospective, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of cilostazol, a selective phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in patients with chronic tinnitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients of chronic tinnitus lasting more than 3 months were included. Fifty eligible patients were randomly assigned to either cilostazol or control (placebo) group. The study medication of oral 100-mg cilostazol and a matching placebo were used twice a day for 4 weeks. Subjective tinnitus severity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), and Short-Form 36 health survey (SF-36) at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks after study initiation. Changes in tinnitus pitch and loudness matching values were also analyzed. RESULTS: The improvement range in the VAS score was significantly greater in the cilostazol group than in the placebo group after 4 weeks' administration of cilostazol. The SF-36 subscales also showed improvement in quality of life in the physical component summary subscale, the aggregate subscale of the physical category. There were no significant improvements in the cilostazol group compared to the placebo group in the THI subscales and tinnitus characteristics of pitch and loudness matching values. Various degrees of headaches were experienced by 68% of patients in the cilostazol group. CONCLUSION: A 4-week administration of oral cilostazol in patients with chronic tinnitus may mitigate the severity of subjective tinnitus.

Simultaneous versus Sequential Intratympanic Steroid Treatment for Severe-to-Profound Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVES: Severe-to-profound sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) has a poor prognosis. We aimed to compare the efficacy of simultaneous and sequential oral and intratympanic steroids for this condition. METHODS: Fifty patients with severe-to-profound SSNHL (>70 dB HL) were included from 7 centers. The simultaneous group (27 patients) received oral and intratympanic steroid injections for 2 weeks. The sequential group (23 patients) was treated with oral steroids for 2 weeks and intratympanic steroids for the subsequent 2 weeks. Pure-tone averages (PTA) and word discrimination scores (WDS) were compared before treatment and 2 weeks and 1 and 2 months after treatment. Treatment outcomes according to the modified American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) criteria were also analyzed. RESULTS: The improvement in PTA and WDS at the 2-week follow-up was 23 ± 21 dB HL and 20 ± 39% in the simultaneous group and 31 ± 29 dB HL and 37 ± 42% in the sequential group; this was not statistically significant. Complete or partial recovery at the 2-week follow-up was observed in 26% of the simultaneous group and 30% of the sequential group; this was also not significant. The improvement in PTA and WDS at the 2-month follow-up was 40 ± 20 dB HL and 37 ± 35% in the simultaneous group and 41 ± 25 dB HL and 48 ± 41% in the sequential group; this was not statistically significant. Complete or partial recovery at the 2-month follow-up was observed in 33% of the simultaneous group and 35% of the sequential group; this was also not significant. Seven patients in the sequential group did not need intratympanic steroid injections for sufficient improvement after oral steroids alone. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous oral/intratympanic steroid treatment yielded a recovery similar to that produced by sequential treatment. Because the addition of intratympanic steroids can be decided upon based on the improvement after an oral steroid, the sequential regimen can be recommended to avoid unnecessary intratympanic injections.

Novel stilbene-based Fischer base analog of leuco-TAM - (2E,2'Z)-{2-(4-(E)-styrylphenyl)propane-1,3-diylidene}bis(1,3,3-trimethylindoline) - derivatives: synthesis and structural consideration by 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

We report the synthesis of a series of novel stilbene-based (St) Fischer base analogs of leuco-triarylmethane (LTAM) dyes by treating Fischer base with (E)-4-styrylbenzaldehyde derivatives. All St-LTAM molecules examined herein are characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. They were found to exhibit ZE configuration and isomerize to their diastereomers EE and ZZ in 2-3 h. They exhibit type I behavior of diastereomeric isomerization.