Free convective trickling over a porous medium of fractional nanofluid with MHD and heat source/sink.

Nanofluids are considered as smart fluids that can improve heat and mass transfer and have numerous applications in industry and engineering fields such as electronics, manufacturing, and biomedicine. For this reason, blood-based nanofluids with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as nanoparticles in the presence of a magnetic field are discussed. The nanofluid traverses the porous medium. The nanofluids move on a vertical plate that can be moved. The free convection heat transfer mode is considered when the heat source and heat fluxes are constant. Convective flows are often used in engineering processes, especially in heat removal, such as geothermal and petroleum extraction, building construction, and so on. Heat transfer is used in chemical processing, power generation, automobile manufacturing, air conditioning, refrigeration, and computer technology, among others. Heat transfer fluids such as water, methanol, air and glycerine are used as heat exchange media because these fluids have low thermal conductivity compared to other metals. We have studied the effects of MHD on the heat and velocity of nanofluids keeping efficiency in mind. Laplace transform is used to solve the mathematical model. The velocity and temperature profiles of MHD flow with free convection of nanofluids were described using Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient. An accurate solution is obtained for both the velocity and temperature profiles. The graph shows the effects of the different parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles. The temperature profile improved with increasing estimates of the fraction parameter and the volume friction parameter. The velocity of the nanofluid is also a de-escalating function with the increasing values of the magnetic parameter and the porosity parameter. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer decreases with increasing values of the fractional parameter.

Mean irradiance profile of a Gaussian beam under random jitter.

The mean irradiance profile has been widely applied in performance analysis and atmospheric channel research for free space optical communication; however, the modeling method and a closed-form expression of the mean irradiance profile under random jitter have rarely been discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents a modeling method and a closed-form expression for a mean irradiance profile under random jitter through the ensemble average principle for the first time. We find that, with an increase in random jitter variance, the mean irradiance profile varied from an approximately Gaussian profile to a flat-topped profile to a hollow profile. These findings were verified using multilayer random phase screen simulations. The model of the mean irradiance profile under random jitter developed in this study will improve the accuracy of performance analysis and atmospheric channel research.