The Perceived Support From Light and Color Before and After an Evidence-Based Design Intervention in an Emergency Department Environment: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

AIM: To evaluate patients' and family members' perceived support from light and color before, compared with after an evidence-based design (EBD) intervention at an emergency department (ED) using a validated instrument-the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ). BACKGROUND: EDs offer acute care day and night. Thus, a supportive physical environment where light and color is crucial for how the milieu is experienced is vital. Research is limited on how care settings are perceived as supportive by users. METHODS: Quasi-experimental evaluation of the refurbishing and remodeling of an ED by an expert group of nurse managers, nursing staff, nursing researchers and architects in south Sweden. LCQ includes dimensions "maximizing awareness and orientation," "maximizing safety and security," "supporting functional abilities," "providing privacy," "opportunities for personal control" (not for LCQ-Color), and "regulation and quality of stimulation." LCQ was analyzed and compared in 400 surveys from 100 patients and 100 family members before the intervention and 100 patients and 100 family members after the intervention. RESULTS: The LCQ total score significantly improved after the intervention for both patients and family members. Four of the six dimensions of LCQ Light subscale scores were significantly higher for family members, and three of the six dimensions were significantly higher for patients after the intervention. The LCQ Color subscale score showed significant improvements for all five dimensions for both patients and family members after the intervention. CONCLUSION: This study showed improved perceived support from light and color in the physical environment for patients and family members after an EBD intervention at an emergency department using a validated instrument-the Light and Color Questionnaire.

Assessing the Supportiveness of Healthcare Environments' Light and Color: Development and Validation of the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ).

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a self-report instrument measuring patients', family members', and staff's perceived support from light and color in the physical environment of an emergency department (ED)-the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ). BACKGROUND: The physical care environment is an important part of a comprehensive caring approach in all levels of care not only for patients but also for family members and staff. However, no existing self-report questionnaire assessing the extent to which light and color are perceived as being supportive in the physical care environment from the users' perspective was found. METHOD: The LCQ was developed as part of a pre-post study in which an ED serving 125,000 people was refurbished and remodeled using evidence-based design. The LCQ consists of six items for light and five items for color and assesses awareness/orientation, safety/security, functional abilities, privacy, personal control, and stimulation. The study was carried out in four steps: constructions of items, assessment of face validity, data collection, and data analysis. RESULT/CONCLUSION: Psychometric evaluation of the two versions, LCQ-Patient/Family member and LCQ-Staff, showed satisfactory content and internal validity (>90%) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient α = .9) to support the use of the questionnaire for research and development purposes. Explorative factor analysis of a total of 600 questionnaire responses confirmed light and color as distinctive and independent dimensions creating perceptions of more or less supportiveness for respondents. The LCQ instrument may be useful for architects, administrators, and researchers of healthcare environments.

Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish language Person-centred Climate Questionnaire-family version.

BACKGROUND: In a holistic view of care, the family is important for the patient as well as for the staff and integration of family members in health care is a growing trend. Yet, family participation in the care is sparsely investigated and valid assessment instruments are needed. SETTING: Data were collected from 200 family members participating in an intervention study at an emergency department (ED) in Sweden. METHOD: The Person-centred Climate Questionnaire-Family (PCQ-F) is a measure for how family members perceive the psychosocial climate. PCQ-F is a self-report instrument that contains 17 items assessing safety, everydayness and hospitality--three subscale dimensions that mirror the Swedish patient version of the questionnaire, the PCQ-P. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the PCQ-F in an ED context. RESULTS: The psychometric properties of the PCQ-F were evaluated using statistical estimates of validity and reliability and showed high content validity and internal consistency. Cronbach's Alpha was >0.7 and item-total correlations were >0.3 and <0.7. CONCLUSION: In terms of psychometrics, the findings in this study indicate that the PCQ-F can be used with satisfactory validity and reliability to explore to what degree family members perceive ED settings as being person-centred, safe, welcoming and hospitable within an everyday and decorated physical environment. As the PCQ already exists in a valid and reliable patient (PCQ-P) and staff (PCQ-S) version, this new family member version is a significant addition to the literature as it enables further comparative studies of how diverse care settings are perceived by different stakeholders.