[CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDITION OF FULL-TERM NEWBORNS FROM THE GROUP OF HIGH PERINATAL RISK DURING VACCINATION PERIOD IN THE MATERNITY HOSPITAL].

AIM: Evaluation of the volume of immune prophylaxis work at the stage of administering aid to newborns at the early neonatal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control type cohort retro- spective study was carried out, 160 medical reports of deliveries and histories of development of illness of newborns during the period of March-October 2014 were analyzed. Statistical treatment of data was carried out using Statistica 7.0 package. RESULTS: Principal nosologic units in pregnant women and their newborn children, volumes of primary vaccination (against viral hepatitis B, tuberculosis) in maternity hospitals in children with perinatal pathology and healthy newborns, reasons for medical counterindications,were determined. CONCLUSION: The process of vaccination in perinatal center has its own features: a high amount of medical counterindications and thus a low coverage of primary vaccination of newborns, not exceeding 40%. Each child requires indi- vidual approach, the question of sequence and calendar of vaccination is solved taking into con- sideration the health condition. Healthy newborns are vaccinated according to the national vac- cination calendar except those children whose parents reject vaccination.

[Age-related changes in saccadic eye movements in healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease].

Age-related changes in characteristics of saccadic eye movements (latency, duration and percentage of multistep saccades) in healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease were evaluated. Healthy volunteers were divided into 6 age groups (17-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-75 years), parkinsonian patients into 3 age groups (41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-75 years). According to our data, saccade characteristics depend upon age in both healthy subjects and parkinsonian patients. In healthy volunteers the percentage of multistep saccades and the mean saccade latency increase significantly after the age of 60. Values of these characteristics in patients with Parkinson's disease significantly exceed the values in the corresponding age groups of healthy subjects. The "disease" factor (MANOVA) has a greater influence on saccade latency and percentage of multistep saccades then the "age" factor. The duration of single saccades depends on age to a smaller extent and does not change in patients with Parkinson's disease. The peculiarities of neurodegenerative processes during normal aging and aging with Parkinson's disease are discussed.

Time use in Russian Baby Homes.

BACKGROUND: We investigated time use of Russian children residing in Baby Homes to document their opportunities and experiences during institutional care. METHODS: Time use of 138 non-special needs, randomly selected children (65 female vs. 73 male, age 1 month to 4 years) in Baby Homes in Murmansk, Russia, was analysed. Baby Home specialists were trained in time-use spot observation methodology. Each child was observed every 10 min for 5 h (31 observations/child; >4000 data points). At each observation, we coded: who the child was with, adult role, what the child was doing, location and vocalizations. RESULTS: Children spent 50% of their time alone, 27% with a caregiver, 15% with another adult, and 7% with another child. Infants spent significantly more time alone (65%) than toddlers (43%) or pre-schoolers (46%) [F(2,133) = 13.05, P < 0.0001]. Caregivers supervised children (58%), led group activities (16%), cared for individuals (14%), or were absent from the room (12%). Children spent the most time (32%) in activities of daily living; remaining time was spent in meaningful play (27%), non-purposeful activity (16%) or sleep (18%). The percentage of time spent in meaningful play significantly increased across age groups [infants 10%, toddlers 25%, pre-schoolers 36%, F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. Infants (23%) and toddlers (20%) spent significantly more time than the older group (10%) in non-purposeful activity [F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. In 12% of observations, an adult was speaking to the child, in 10% to the group, and <1% to another adult. Child vocalizations varied by age: infants 42% of observations, toddlers 56%, and pre-schoolers 59%. Older children directed more vocalizations to adults than younger children [F(2,133) = 24.47, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Time use of children residing in Baby Homes is limited by routinized schedules and care, at the expense of child-directed or interactive play with adults. Despite close proximity and living in group care, children's vocalizations and interactions with others are limited.

Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND: Early and midterm results of the arterial switch operation (ASO) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are good, but late outcome data in large populations are still few. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve hundred patients had an ASO for TGA between 1982 and 1999, with prospective follow-up of 1095 survivors. Outcome measures included late death, reoperation, aortic insufficiency (AI), pulmonary stenosis (PS), and coronary anomaly. Median follow-up was 4.9 years (range 0.5 to 17 years). Late death occurred in 32 patients; survival was 88% at both 10 and 15 years. The hazard function for death declined rapidly, with no deaths after 5 years. Late mortality was correlated with reintervention and major events in the intensive care unit. Reoperation was performed in 103 patients, more often in complex TGA; the cause was mainly PS. Freedom from reintervention was 82% at 10 and 15 years, with a hazard function that declined rapidly but slowly increased after 3 years. At the last follow-up, PS was present in 3.9% of patients, and grade II or more AI was present in 3.2%, with a cumulative incidence of 9% at 15 years. Among the 278 patients who had a coronary arteriography, 8% had coronary lesions. Normal left ventricle and sinus rhythm were seen in 96.4% and 98.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen years after ASO, late mortality was low, with no deaths after 5 years; reoperation, mainly owing to PS, occurred throughout the follow-up. AI and coronary obstruction are rare but warrant further follow-up. Good left ventricular function and sinus rhythm are maintained.

[Effect of biologically active food additives containing autolysate of baker's yeast and spirulina on intestinal permeability in an experiment]. / Vliianie biologicheski aktivnykh dobavok k pishche, soderzhashchikh avtolizat pekarskikh drozhzhei i spirulinu, na pronitsaemost' kishechnika v éksperimente.

Influence of bioactive food supplements (BFA) intake on intestinal barrier permeability to macromolecules of polyethylene glycol 4000 was studied in rats with intestinal anaphylaxis and after external gamma-irradiation. BFA studied included autolysed baker's yeast ("Vitasil") and edible algae Spirulina platensis. Intake of complex additive Vitasil + Spirulina resulted in significant diminution of permeability before irradiation and its partial normalization (24% decrease) after irradiation. Spirulina additive intake led to practically complete normalization of permeability (1.84 times decrease) in anaphylactic rats. It is concluded that Spirulina and Vitasil are promising BFA for organism general resistance elevation.

[Clinico-hemostatic features in premature infants with hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome]. / Kliniko-gemostaziologicheskie paralleli u nedonoshennykh detei pervogo goda zhizni, stradaiushchikh gipertenzionn-gidrotsefal'nym sindromom.

The authors relate the results of studying certain indicators of hemostasis in 42 premature children of the first year of life seen for the hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome at the Neonatality Center. A relationship has been discovered between the coagulogram and the degree of the child's maturity at birth, the age, and initial disease.

[Leukocyte indices in infections of premature infants]. / Leikotsitarnye indeksy pri infektsii u nedonoshennykh novorozhdennykh.

The problem of search for objective criteria for the prediction of infectious inflammatory conditions in preterm newborns is still a pressing one. The authors demonstrate the informative value of unsophisticated diagnostic tests--leukocytic indexes--in infections of the preterm newborns born to mothers excreting M. hominis and Ur. urealyticus during delivery.

[Improving specialized services for women with habitual abortion and for premature infants]. / Sovershenstvovanie okazaniia spetsializirovannoi pomoshchi zhenshchinam s nevynashivaniem beremennosti i nedonoshennym detiam.

The package of specially developed organizational and therapeutic measures ensuring the life protection in perinatology++ and first postnatal months was found to be mandatory for reaching a higher survival rate in premature children. The adequate structure of medical institutions responsible for the treatment of miscarried pregnancy and the care for premature children was considered as the most important constituent of the package.

[Convergence and interaction of reticulofugal and afferent impulses on caudate nucleus neurons in the cat]. / Konvergentsiia i vzaimodeistvie retikulofugal'noi i perifericheskoi afferentnoi impul'satsii na neironakh khvostatogo iadra koshki.

In chronic experiments on cats the activity of 269 striatal neurons was investigated extracellularly under direct electrical stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation and using different sensory stimuli: auditory, mechanical, visual. The same striatal neuron responded to reticular and peripheral stimulations. The responses to reticular stimulation recorded in 53% of striatal neurons were orthodromic with high probability of appearance. 23% of striatal neurons responded to reticular stimulation and to stimuli of a single modality. 14% of neurons exhibited polymodal responses. Under all kinds of stimulation excitatory reactions prevailed. Interaction between reticular and acoustic inputs was revealed with paired stimulation in 100 striatal neurons. The reticular formation stimulation caused both facilitatory (predominantly) and inhibitory influences on striatal neurons.

Spontaneous and evoked activity of neurons in deep structures of the brain during their anodal polarization.

The influence of anodal polarization on the spontaneous activity of neurons in the caudate nucleus, medial geniculate body, and the median center of the thalamus and on the evoked impulse activity of neurons in the medial geniculate body was investigated during auditory stimulation. The impulse activity was recorded extracellularly with glass and metallic microelectrodes. Nichrome polarizing electrodes of 0.2 mm diameter with an uninsulated tip of 0.3 mm were inserted into the foregoing structures in a packet. Current parameters evoking the reversible suppression of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity were determined: 300-500 microA during exposure for 1-3 min at a distance of up to 3 mm from the polarizing electrode. After the cessation of polarization, a prolonged aftereffect was observed: The inhibition of evoked discharges lasted 4-10 min, and the evoked impulse responses disappeared for 5-20 min.

[Responses of caudate nucleus neurons to acoustic stimulation during functional blockade of the centrum medianum of the thalamus in the cat]. / Reaktsii neironov khvostatogo iadra na zvukovoe razdrazhenie pri funktsional'nom vykliuchenii sredinnogo tsentra talamusa u koshek.

Responses of caudate nucleus to sound clicks (0.5/s) were recorded extracellularly in chronic experiments on cats under conditions of functional blockade of centrum medianum. Analysis of average poststimulus histograms has shown that functional blockade of centrum medianum in 30% of the caudate nucleus neurons induced a decrease in phasic activating responses to sound signals and in 52% of neurons their disappearance. A decrease in the level of spontaneous caudate nucleus neurons activity was also found. Direct pathways from centrum medianum to caudate nucleus are discussed for their significance in transmission of sound signals to caudate nucleus neurons.

[Spontaneous and evoked activity of neurons of the deep structures of the brain in response to anodal polarization]. / Spontannaia i vyzvannaia aktivnost' neironov glubokikh struktur mozga pri ikh anodnoi poliarizatsii.

In cats, the effect of anodal polarization on the spontaneous unit activity of the caudate nucleus, MGB, center median and on the evoked unit activity of the MGB during sound stimulation, was studied. The polarization (300-500 microA for 1-3 min, at the distance up to 3 mm from the polarizing electrode) caused a reversible inhibition of the spontaneous and evoked unit activity followed by a prolonged aftereffect: inhibition of the spontaneous discharges for 4-10 min and disappearance of the evoked unit responses for 5-20 min.

[Reaction of caudate nucleus neurons to acoustic stimulation during functional exclusion of the medial geniculate body]. / Reaktsii neironov khvostatogo iadra na zvukovoi razdrazhitel' pri funktsional'nom vykliuchenii medial'nogo kolenchatogo tela.

In chronic experiments, responses of the cat caudate nucleus neurons to sound clicks (0.2/s) were recorded extracellularly under conditions of functional blockade of the medial geniculate body (MGB). Analysis of the average poststimulus histograms showed that, under anodic polarization of the parvo- and magnocellular parts of the MGB, 39% of the caudate nucleus neurons responded to sound signals by a decrease of phasic activation and 30% of neurons--by its disappearance, 9%--by lengthening of latency of the responses. In some units the anodic polarization of the MGB magnocellular part induced an increase in phasic activation. Stimulation of the MGB exerted a facilitating effect on the unit responses of the caudate nucleus to clicks.

[Short-latency responses of neurons of the striate system of the brain to sensory activation]. / Korotkolatentnye otvety neironov striatnoi sistemy mozga koshki na sensornuiu aktivatsiiu.

Experiments were carried out on awake cats to study responses of caudate neurons to different afferent stimuli (visual, auditory, somatic and direct electrical stimulation of medial geniculate body). Mean response latencies varied within 15-55 ms with the maximum value to 200 ms. At the same time 1-10% of cells responded with short latency to all applied stimuli. Significance of short-latency sensory responses in comprehension of principles of sensory processing in non-specific subcortical structures is discussed.

[Activity of caudate nucleus neurons during purposeful and forced limb movements in the alert cat]. / Aktivnost' neironov khvostatogo iadra pri tselenapravlennom i naviazannom dvizhenii konechnosti u bodrstvuiushchikh koshek.

Experiments were carried out on freely moving cats in a screened chamber. Activity of 121 neurones of the caudate nucleus head was examined during various sensory stimulations and during realization of components of a behavioural act (natural food-procuring reflex). No prevailing was found of neuronal reactions to impulses from passively contracting muscle groups of the body and the limbs over responses of the same neurones to sensory stimuli or limb movements during food-procuring reflex. A part of the caudate neurones manifested selective reactions. Three neurones reacted only to the opening of the door of the feeding trough, eight neurones changed their activity only during eating, and seventeen neurones reacted only to goal-directed limb movement. Participation of the neostriatum in sensorimotor integration is discussed.

[Study of the response of caudate nucleus neurons to direct electric stimulation of the medial geniculate body in the cat]. / Issledovanie reaktsii neironov khvostatogo iadra na priamoe élektricheskoe razdrazhenie medial'nogo kolenchatogo tela u koshki.

Extracellular activity of 124 caudate nucleus neurons during stimulation of parvo- and magnocellular parts of the medial geniculate body by rectangular electrical stimuli were investigated in chronic experiments on cats. Reactions were observed in 54 neurons (43%). Main types of responses were: phasic activation in the form of a single spike or spike discharge, initial activation followed by inhibition and pure inhibition. Excitatory responses prevailed (81% of the reacting neurons). The latent periods in different units fluctuated from 2.7 to 64 ms. In the same unit the latent periods were also very variable, which permits considering them as orthodromic. The mode of the histogram of the latent periods of the excitatory responses was in the range of 9-12 ms. The latent periods of the inhibitory responses varied from 12 to 130 ms and were in most neurons in a range of 40-60 ms. The increase in stimulus intensity led to an increase in response regularity, an increase in the number of spikes, reduced latent periods. In the same neuron the character and the structure of responses to stimulation of the relay nucleus and to sound clicks were usually identical. The latent period of responses to clicks was larger. Peculiarities of functional connection of the medial geniculate body with the caudate nucleus as a forebrain polymodal unspecific structure are discussed.