[Molecular mechanisms of male infertility: main directions of scientific research].

This review provides up-to-date information on the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of male infertility at the cellular and subcellular levels. The emphasis is on the importance of new next-generation sequencing technologies as a high-performance tool for studying the genome and epigenomic mechanisms, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of ejaculate, and organs of the reproductive system. This methodology made it possible to identify differentially expressed metabolic and signaling pathways in fertile and infertile men that combine the genotype and phenotype of a particular individual into a single whole. The current ideas about the relationship between oxidative stress and imbalance of redox systems with DNA damage in spermatozoa as the leading mechanism for the development of idiopathic infertility are summarized. The role of miRNAs, methyloma aberrations, deficiency of phospholipase C zeta in spermatozoa in the pathology of fertility is given. Deciphering the molecular profile and molecular phenotypes of infertility as a result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors is a necessary condition for screening the most informative biomarkers, assessing their stratification potential, and validating new molecules as potential targets for targeted therapy.

[Neurohumoral response and Fas-ligand-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke]. / Neirogumoral'nyi otvet i aktivnost' Fas-liganda perifericheskoi krovi v ostrom periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To identify an effect of the neurohumoral response on the severity and orientation of Fas-ligand-initiated processes in the acute period of IS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 155 patients with IS in the territory of the left and right middle cerebral arteries, the control group consisted of 28 people. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Daily Life Stress scale were used. Concentrations of sFas, sFasL, cortisol (K), adrenaline (A), norepinephrine (NE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood plasma of patients with IS were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on days 1, 7 and 21 and once in the control group. CD3CD95+ lymphocytes phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dominance is associated with the activation of the apoptosis-inducing properties of peripheral blood in the first week after the IS onset and their decrease towards the end of the acute period, which is clinically represented by the increased levels of anxiety and depression, an unfavorable outcome of the acute period of IS.

[Expression of genes for neurotransmitter transporters in astrocytes in different brain regions in experiment]. / Ékspressiia genov transporterov neiromediatorov v astrotsitakh raznykh otdelov golovnogo mozga v éksperimente.

AIM: To investigate the expression of transporters of different neurotransmitters (glutamate, aspartate, lactate, choline) in the culture of astrocytes isolated from different regions of the brain (cortex, hippocampus and brainstem) in 3- and 11-day rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was performed on 24 3- (n=12) and 11-days (n=12) old rats (Rattus norvegicus). The results of high-performance sequencing were analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of glutamate and aspartate transporters in the brainstem of 3-day rats was higher than in other regions, however, an opposite effect was observed in 11-day rats. The expression of lactate transporters with age became identical to those of the cortex. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the particular qualities of neuro-astrocytic connections and the important role of astrocytes in signal transmission. Results of the study performed by using genetic methods developed by the authors for the study of neurotransmitter transporters make it possible to recommend these methods to control the neurogenesis and neurohomeostasis, including in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

[Apoptosis as a systemic adaptive mechanism in ischemic stroke]. / Apoptoz kak sistemnyi adaptivnyi mekhanizm pri ishemicheskom insul'te.

This paper presents a literature review considering the role and mechanism of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). The authors introduce a new concept: the functional request of the patient as a set of external (the nature and intensity of rehabilitation measures, characteristics of everyday life, diet, etc.) and internal (genetic factors, internal picture of the disease, availability of rental and other psychological facilities and etc.) attributes. This concept allows a new angle in understanding the pathogenesis of IS and creates fundamental and clinical potential for more successful approaches to therapy and rehabilitation after IS.

[Roles of different macrophage phenotypes in the pathogenesis of some human diseases].

Macrophages have recently been shown to play a key role in promoting of recovery after some diseases as well as in aggravation of inflammatory responses, all the functions being resulted from microenvironmental conditions and therefore phenotypes acquired by macrophages in these conditions. In this article some protective functions of macrophages during infectious and oncologic diseases as well as pathogenic roles in a number of inflammatory diseases are reviewed. Much attention is devoted to opportunities of macrophage reprogramming.