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INTRODUCTION: Positive and negative affect influence an individual's ability to utilize available physical, psychological, and social resources to maximize responses to life events. Little research has examined the factors that influence the development of positive affect or reduction of negative affective responses among deployed military personnel. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between deployment-related stressors and symptoms of behavioral health concerns with affectivity among deployed U.S. service members. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 1148 U.S. Air Force medical personnel deployed to Balad, Iraq, between 2004 and 2011. All participants completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, general military and combat exposure, stress, and affectivity. The Institutional Review Board at Wilford Hall Medical Center, the Air Force Personnel Survey Program, and the U.S. Army's Joint Combat Casualty Research Team reviewed and approved the study. RESULTS: Most respondents (89%, 1,018/1,139) reported a positive military experience, but many respondents reported exposure to a potentially traumatic event during deployment. For example, seeing dead or seriously injured Americans (47%, 523/1,123) was the most common exposure reported by participants. A large portion of personnel (21%, 232/1,089) reported clinical levels of PTSD symptoms (score of 33 or higher on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military version). Risk factors, including PTSD symptoms, combat exposure, and stress, explained 39% of the variance in negative affect, R2 = 0.39, F(1046) = 224.96, P < .001. Conversely, these risk and resilience factors, including PTSD symptoms, combat exposure, stress, and general military experiences, explained 28% of the variance in positive affect, R2 = 0.28, F(1050) = 103.79, P < .001. No significant gender differences were found between models predicting positive and negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: Negative mood states may be partly an epiphenomenon of PTSD, which has been shown to be safely and effectively treated in the deployed environment. Social support during deployments is uniquely associated with a positive mood. These findings extend beyond the military and into any high-stress occupation wherein leaders could interpret these findings as a need to build or reinforce efforts to provide opportunities to sustain healthy relationships in personnel. These critical indigenous resources support mission readiness and enable the maintenance of positive psychological health.
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Afeto , Militares , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Militares/psicologia , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Destacamento Militar/psicologia , Destacamento Militar/estatística & dados numéricos , Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autorrelato/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Background: Symptom accommodation by family members (FMs) of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes FMs' participation in patients' avoidance/safety behaviours and constraining self-expression to minimise conflict, potentially maintaining patients' symptoms. The Significant Others' Responses to Trauma Scale (SORTS) is the only existing measure of accommodation in PTSD but has not been rigorously psychometrically tested.Objective: We aimed to conduct further psychometric analyses to determine the factor structure and overall performance of the SORTS. Method: We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using a sample of N = 715 FMs (85.7% female, 62.1% White, 86.7% romantic partners of individuals with elevated PTSD symptoms).Results: After dropping cross-loading items, results indicated good fit for a higher-order model of accommodation with two factors: an anger-related accommodation factor encompassed items related largely to minimising conflict, and an anxiety-related accommodation factor encompassed items related primarily to changes to the FM's activities. Accommodation was positively related to PTSD severity and negatively related to relationship satisfaction, although the factors showed somewhat distinct associations. Item Response Theory analyses indicated that the scale provided good information and robust coverage of different accommodation levels.Conclusions: SORTS data should be analysed as both a single score as well as two factors to explore the factors' potential differential performance across treatment and relationship outcomes.
We examined the Significant Others' Responses to Trauma Scale (SORTS), a measure of symptom accommodation in PTSD, among a large sample of family members.As measured by the SORTS, accommodation in PTSD could be broken down into two aspects: anger-related accommodation and anxiety-related accommodation.Accommodation was positively related to PTSD severity and negatively related to relationship satisfaction.
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Psicometria , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Análise Fatorial , Adulto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Família/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
This is a conceptual overview of a premeeting institute (PMI) I presented at the 39th International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) annual meeting in November 2023 entitled, "A Functional Approach to Repairing Moral Injury and Traumatic Loss in Context: Evidence, Change Agents, Clinical Strategies, and Lessons Learned." This paper was invited by the co-chairs of the Scientific Program Committee, Isaac Galatzer-Levy and Katharina Schultebraucks. I first describe the aims of the PMI and then summarize the foundational assumptions that led me to expand adaptive disclosure and create adaptive disclosure-enhanced (AD-E). The foundational assumptions are that (a) moral injury is a unique measurable potential clinical problem, (b) moral injury damages the sustaining building blocks to personal and collective humanity, and (c) repairing moral injury requires corrective humanizing and virtuous experiences and connections. I then provide an overview of AD-E and describe two new change agents- loving-kindness meditation and letter writing-that augment the original AD in service of promoting corrective experiences in the social world that are valued, valuing, and promote the experience of belonging.
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Military personnel and veterans are at heightened risk for exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as intimate relationship problems associated with PTSD.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of CBCT and PE in improving intimate relationship functioning in active duty military personnel or veterans and their intimate partners; both conditions were hypothesized to significantly improve PTSD. Method: In this study, 32 military service members or veterans with PTSD and their intimate partners were randomized to receive either Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD (n = 15; CBCT; [Monson, C. M., & Fredman, S. J. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Harnessing the healing power of relationships. Guilford]), a trauma-focused couple therapy, or Prolonged Exposure (n = 17; PE; [Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Dancu, C. V., Peterson, A. L., Cigrang, J. A., & Riggs, D. S. (2008). Prolonged exposure treatment for combat-related stress disorders - provider's treatment manual [unpublished]. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania]), a front-line evidence-based individual treatment for PTSD.There were significant challenges with recruitment and a significant difference in dropout from treatment for the two therapies (65% for PE; 27% for CBCT). Treatment dropout was differentially related to pre-treatment relationship functioning; those with below average relationship functioning had higher dropout in PE compared with CBCT, whereas those with above average relationship functioning did not show differential dropout. In general, CBCT led to relational improvements, but this was not consistently found in PE. Clinician- and self-reported PTSD symptoms improved with both treatments.This study is the first to test a couple or family therapy against a well-established, front-line recommended treatment for PTSD, with expected superiority of CBCT over PE on relationship outcomes. Lessons learned in trial design, including considerations of equipoise, and the effects of differential dropout on trial analyses are discussed. This trial provides further support for the efficacy of CBCT in the treatment of PTSD and enhancement of intimate relationships.
Differential dropout from trial of couple versus individual therapy for PTSD.General pattern of improvements in relationship outcomes in couple therapy for PTSD.PTSD symptoms improved in the individual and couple therapy for PTSD.Lessons learned in trial design, including considerations of equipoise, and the effects of differential dropout by condition on trial analyses are discussed.
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Militares , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Resultado do Tratamento , CogniçãoRESUMO
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains prevalent among individuals exposed to the 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks. The present study compared an Internet-based, therapist-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD to an active control intervention in WTC survivors and recovery workers with WTC-related PTSD symptoms (n = 105; 75% syndromal PTSD). Participants were randomized to integrative testimonial therapy (ITT), focused on WTC-related trauma, or modified present-centered therapy (I-MPCT), each comprising 11 assigned written narratives. The primary outcome was baseline-to-post-treatment change in PTSD symptoms on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Secondary measures included PTSD symptom clusters, depressive/anxiety symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. A significant main effect of time was observed for the primary outcome (average "large" effect size improvement, d = 1.49). Significant and "moderate-to-large" main effects of time were also observed for all PTSD symptom clusters, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and mental health-related functioning (d range=0.62-1.33). Treatment and treatment-by-time interactions were not significant. In planned secondary analyses incorporating 3-month follow-up measures, ITT was associated with significantly greater reductions than I-MPCT in PTSD avoidance and negative alterations in cognitions and mood, anxiety, and mental health-related functioning. Both therapies significantly lowered PTSD symptoms, suggesting they may benefit hard-to-reach individuals with chronic WTC-related PTSD symptoms.
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Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Sobreviventes , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Masculino , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro/psicologia , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Internet , Resultado do Tratamento , Qualidade de Vida , Psicoterapia/métodos , Intervenção Baseada em InternetRESUMO
Cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (CBCT for PTSD; Monson & Fredman, 2012) is associated with improvements in patients' and partners' mental health and relationship satisfaction. Some pretreatment relationship characteristics have predicted CBCT for PTSD outcomes for patients, but findings were limited to a single community sample consisting primarily of female patients with male partners. A better understanding of whether pretreatment relationship characteristics predict outcomes in other patient populations and whether there are partners who may be particularly responsive to couple therapy for PTSD could optimize treatment matching. This study investigated whether pretreatment partner accommodation and relationship satisfaction predicted patient and partner treatment outcomes from an uncontrolled trial of an abbreviated, intensive, multicouple group version of CBCT for PTSD conducted with 24 active-duty military or veteran couples (96% male patients/female partners). In general, changes in patients' PTSD and comorbid symptoms and relationship satisfaction did not vary by pretreatment partner accommodation or patients' own pretreatment relationship satisfaction. In contrast, pretreatment relationship characteristics predicted partner outcomes. Partners who engaged in higher levels of accommodation pretreatment and partners who reported lower levels of pretreatment relationship satisfaction experienced greater declines in psychological distress following treatment. Also, partners who began the study relationally distressed exhibited significant increases in relationship satisfaction following treatment, whereas those who were not relationally distressed did not. Findings suggest that improvements generally do not vary by pretreatment relationship characteristics for patients, whereas partners who begin treatment with elevated relationship risk factors may be especially likely to experience improvement across outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Terapia de Casal , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Emoções , Saúde MentalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This is a randomized controlled trial (NCT03056157) of an enhanced adaptive disclosure (AD) psychotherapy compared to present-centered therapy (PCT; each 12 sessions) in 174 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to traumatic loss (TL) and moral injury (MI). AD employs different strategies for different trauma types. AD-Enhanced (AD-E) uses letter writing (e.g., to the deceased), loving-kindness meditation, and bolstered homework to facilitate improved functioning to repair TL and MI-related trauma. METHOD: The primary outcomes were the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), evaluated at baseline, throughout treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups (Brief Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning was also administered), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), the Dimensions of Anger Reactions, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Quick Drinking Screen. RESULTS: There were statistically significant between-group differences on two outcomes: The intent-to-treat (ITT) mixed-model analysis of SDS scores indicated greater improvement from baseline to posttreatment in the AD-E group (d = 2.97) compared to the PCT group, d = 1.86; -2.36, 95% CI [-3.92, -0.77], t(1,510) = -2.92, p < .001, d = 0.15. Twenty-one percent more AD-E cases made clinically significant changes on the SDS than PCT cases. From baseline to posttreatment, AD-E was also more efficacious on the CAPS-5 (d = 0.39). These differential effects did not persist at follow-up intervals. CONCLUSION: This was the first psychotherapy of veterans with TL/MI-related PTSD to show superiority relative to PCT with respect to functioning and PTSD, although the differential effect sizes were small to medium and not maintained at follow-up. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Revelação , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Intenção , Psicoterapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Moral distress (MD) and moral injury (MI) are related constructs describing the negative consequences of morally challenging stressors. Despite growing support for the clinical relevance of these constructs, ongoing challenges regarding measurement quality risk limiting research and clinical advances. This study summarizes the nature, quality, and utility of existing MD and MI scales, and provides recommendations for future use. METHOD: We identified psychometric studies describing the development or validation of MD or MI scales and extracted information on methodological and psychometric qualities. Content analyses identified specific outcomes measured by each scale. RESULTS: We reviewed 77 studies representing 42 unique scales. The quality of psychometric approaches varied greatly across studies, and most failed to examine convergent and divergent validity. Content analyses indicated most scales measure exposures to potential moral stressors and outcomes together, with relatively few measuring only exposures (n = 3) or outcomes (n = 7). Scales using the term MD typically assess general distress. Scales using the term MI typically assess several specific outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Results show how the terms MD and MI are applied in research. Several scales were identified as appropriate for research and clinical use. Recommendations for the application, development, and validation of MD and MI scales are provided.
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Princípios Morais , Psicometria , Humanos , Psicometria/normas , Angústia Psicológica , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The connections among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicidal ideation are elusive because of an overreliance on cross-sectional studies. In this secondary analysis of pooled data from three clinical trials of 742 military personnel, we examined the dynamic relationships among PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation severity assessed repeatedly during and after outpatient treatment for PTSD. METHODS: We conducted dynamical systems analyses to explore the potential for coordinated change over time in psychotherapy for PTSD. RESULTS: Over the course of psychotherapy, PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation severity changed in coordinated ways, consistent with an interdependent network. Results of eigenvalue decomposition analysis indicated the dominant change dynamic involved high stability and resistance to change but indicators of cycling were also observed, indicating participants "switched" between states that resisted change and states that promoted change. Depression (B = 0.48, SE = 0.11) and suicidal desire (B = 0.15, SE = 0.01) at a given assessment were associated with greater change in PTSD symptom severity at the next assessment. Suicidal desire (B = 0.001, SE < 0.001) at a given assessment was associated with greater change in depression symptom severity at the next assessment. Neither PTSD (B = -0.004, SE = 0.007) nor depression symptom severity (B = 0.000, SE = 0.001) was associated with subsequent change in suicidal ideation severity. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of treatment-seeking military personnel with PTSD, change in suicidal ideation and depression may precede change in PTSD symptoms but change in suicidal ideation was not preceded by change in PTSD or depression symptoms.
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Militares , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Ideação Suicida , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Depressão/terapia , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
The intent of this study is to examine treatment impact and efficiency observed when cognitive behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are delivered in-person or using telehealth. This study pooled data from 268 veterans enrolled in two PTSD clinical trials. In both trials, treatment was delivered using in-home telehealth (telehealth arm), in-home in-person (in-home arm), and in-office care, where patients traveled to the Department of Veterans Affairs for either office-based telehealth or office-based in-person care (office arm). Average age was 44 (SD = 12.57); 80.9% were males. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to assess symptom severity. Treatment impact was measured by (a) the proportion of participants who completed at least eight treatment sessions and (b) the proportion with a reliable change of ≥ 10 points on the PCL-5. Treatment efficiency was measured by the number of days required to reach the end point. The proportion of participants who attended at least eight sessions and achieved reliable change on the PCL-5 differed across treatment formats (ps < .05). Participants in the in-home (75.4%) format were most likely to attend at least eight treatment sessions, followed by those in the telehealth (58.3%) and office (44.0%) formats, the latter of which required patients to travel. Participants in the in-home (68.3%, p < .001) format were also more likely to achieve reliable change, followed by those in the telehealth (50.9%) and office (44.2%) formats. There were no significant differences in the amount of time to complete at least eight sessions. Delivery of therapy in-home results in a significantly greater likelihood of achieving both an adequate dose of therapy and a reliable decrease in PTSD symptoms compared to telehealth and office formats. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Telemedicina , Veteranos , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Veteranos/psicologia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Telemedicina/métodosRESUMO
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, some patients do not improve to the same extent as others. It is important to understand potential factors that can be modified for better patient outcomes. This clinical trial implemented a three-arm, equipoise-stratified randomization design to allow for the accommodation of patient preference before randomization to one of three CPT treatment modalities: in-home, in-office, or telehealth. This study examined whether satisfaction with the modality, perceived stigma, expectations of therapy, and credibility of the therapist differed between modalities and whether these factors impacted treatment outcomes. We hypothesized that the contributions of these variables would depend upon whether participants opted out of any treatment arms and that these factors would predict treatment outcomes. Participants who endorsed less perceived stigma demonstrated larger reductions in PTSD symptom severity than those with similar levels of perceived stigma in the telehealth and in-office conditions, η2 = .12-.18. Participants who endorsed lower satisfaction with their treatment modality and were assigned to the in-home condition experienced larger PTSD symptom reductions than those with similar dissatisfaction in the telehealth and in-office conditions, η2 = .20. The results show the robustness of evidence-based therapies for PTSD given that dissatisfaction did not impede treatment success. In addition, they demonstrate that it is important for clinicians to address stigma before initiating evidence-based therapies for PTSD. Strategies to address these factors are discussed.
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Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Preferência do Paciente , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Veteranos/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the assumption of the equipotentiality of traumas ignores potentially unique contexts and consequences of different traumas. Accordingly, Stein et al. (2012) developed a reliable typing scheme in which assessors categorized descriptions of traumatic events into six "types": life threat to self (LTS), life threat to other, aftermath of violence (AV), traumatic loss, moral injury by self (MIS), and moral injury by other (MIO). We extended this research by validating the typing scheme using participant endorsements of type, rather than assesor-based types. We examined the concordance of participant and assesor types, frequency, and validity of participant-based trauma types by examining associations with baseline mental and behavioral health problems. METHOD: Interviewers enrolled military personnel and veterans (N = 1,443) in clinical trials of PTSD and helped them select the most currently distressing Criterion-A trauma. Participants and, archivally, assessors typed the distressing aspect(s) of this experience. RESULTS: AV was the most frequently participant-endorsed type, but LTS was the most frequently rated worst part of an event. Although participants endorsed MIS and MIO the least frequently, these were associated with worse mental and behavioral health problems. The agreement between participants and assessors regarding the worst part of the event was poor. CONCLUSION: Because of discrepancies between participant and assessor typologies, clinical researchers should use participants' ratings, and these should trump assessor judgment. Differences in pretreatment behavioral and mental health problems across some participant-endorsed trauma types partially support the validity of the participant ratings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Insomnia and nightmares are common in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They are associated with worse psychological and physical health and worse PTSD treatment outcomes. In addition, they are resistant to PTSD treatments, which do not typically address sleep disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and nightmares (CBT-I&N) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for PTSD are first-line treatments, but limited evidence exists guiding the treatment of individuals with all three disorders. The current study randomized U.S. military personnel (N = 93) to one of three conditions: CBT-I&N delivered before CPT, CBT-I&N delivered after CPT, or CPT alone; all groups received 18 sessions. Across groups, participants demonstrated significantly improved PTSD symptoms. Because the study was terminated prematurely due to challenges with recruitment and retention, it was underpowered to answer the initially intended research questions. Nonetheless, statistical findings and relevant clinically meaningful changes were observed. Compared to participants who received CPT alone, those who received CBT-I&N and CPT, regardless of sequencing, demonstrated larger improvements in PTSD symptoms, d = -0.36; insomnia, d = -0.77; sleep efficiency, d = 0.62; and nightmares, d = -.53. Compared to participants who received CBT-I&N delivered before CPT, those who received CBT-I&N delivered after CPT demonstrated larger improvements in PTSD symptoms, d = 0.48, and sleep efficiency, d = -0.44. This pilot study suggests that treating comorbid insomnia, nightmares, and PTSD symptoms results in clinically meaningful advantages in improvement for all three concerns compared to treating PTSD alone.
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Militares , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Militares/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Projetos Piloto , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/epidemiologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/terapia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/complicações , Sono , Resultado do Tratamento , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/terapia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicaçõesRESUMO
The purpose of measurement-based care (MBC) is to detect treatment nonresponse sufficiently early in treatment to adjust treatment plans and prevent failure or dropout. Thus, the potential of MBC is to provide the infrastructure for a flexible, patient-centered approach to evidence-based care. However, MBC is underutilized across the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specialty clinics, likely because no actionable, empirically determined guidelines for using repeated measurement effectively are currently available to clinicians. With data collected as part of routine care in VA PTSD specialty clinics across the United States in the year prior to COVID-19 (n = 2,182), we conducted a proof-of-concept for a method of generating session-by-session benchmarks of probable patient nonresponse to treatment, which can be visualized alongside individual patient data using the most common measure of PTSD symptoms used in VA specialty clinics, the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (PCL-5). Using survival analysis, we first identified the probability of cases reaching clinically significant change at each session, as well as any significant moderators of treatment response. We then generated a multilevel model with initial symptom burden predicting the trajectory of PCL-5 scores across sessions. Finally, we determined the slowest changing 50% and 60% of all cases to generate benchmarks at each session for each level of the predictor(s) and then assessed the accuracy of these benchmarks at each session for classifying treatment responders and nonresponders. The final models were able to accurately identify nonresponders as early as the sixth session of treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the association between change in headache management self-efficacy and posttraumatic headache-related disability is partially mediated by a change in anxiety symptom severity. BACKGROUND: Many cognitive-behavioral therapy treatments for headache emphasize stress management, which includes anxiety management strategies; however, little is currently known about mechanisms of change in posttraumatic headache-related disability. Increasing our understanding of mechanisms could lead to improvements in treatments for these debilitating headaches. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of veterans (N = 193) recruited to participate in a randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive processing therapy, or treatment as usual for persistent posttraumatic headache. The direct relationship between headache management self-efficacy and headache-related disability, along with partial mediation through change in anxiety symptoms was tested. RESULTS: The mediated latent change direct, mediated, and total pathways were statistically significant. The path analysis supported a significant direct pathway between headache management self-efficacy and headache-related disability (b = -0.45, p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI: -0.58, -0.33]). The total effect of change of headache management self-efficacy scores on change in Headache Impact Test-6 scores was significant with a moderate-to-strong effect (b = -0.57, p = 0.001; 95% CI [-0.73, -0.41]). There was also an indirect effect through anxiety symptom severity change (b = -0.12, p = 0.003; 95% CI [-0.20, -0.04]). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, most of the improvements in headache-related disability were related to increased headache management self-efficacy with mediation occurring through change in anxiety. This indicates that headache management self-efficacy is a likely mechanism of change of posttraumatic headache-related disability with decreases in anxiety explaining part of the improvement in headache-related disability.
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Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Cefaleia Pós-Traumática , Cefaleia do Tipo Tensional , Humanos , Cefaleia/etiologia , Cefaleia/terapia , Cefaleia/psicologia , PsicoterapiaRESUMO
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of doxazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist, for the treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD).Methods: This 12-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of doxazosin (16 mg/d) was conducted between June 2016 and December 2019 at the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center in Charleston, South Carolina. Participants were military veterans (N = 141) who met DSM-5 criteria for current PTSD and AUD and were randomly assigned to receive doxazosin (n = 70) or placebo (n = 71). Primary outcome measures were the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and the Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB).Results: Findings from the intent-to-treat analyses revealed that participants in both groups demonstrated statistically significant reductions in CAPS-5 and PCL-5 scores (P < .0001), but, contrary to hypotheses, no significant differences were observed between groups. Percent drinking days and percent heavy drinking days also decreased significantly during treatment, but there were no differences between groups (P < .0001). Abstinence during treatment was significantly higher in the doxazosin versus the placebo group (22% vs 7%, P = .017); however, participants in the doxazosin group consumed a greater number of drinks on drinking days (6.15 vs 4.56, P = .0096). A total of 74.5% of the sample completed the treatment phase, and there were no group differences in retention or adverse events.Conclusions: Doxazosin was safe and tolerable but was not more effective than placebo in reducing PTSD or AUD severity in this dually diagnosed sample. Clinical considerations such as heterogeneity of PTSD and AUD presentation and potential moderators are discussed in the context of future research directions.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02500602.
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Alcoolismo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/tratamento farmacológico , Doxazossina/uso terapêutico , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/tratamento farmacológico , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbances are common in military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may persist following treatment. This study examined service members seeking treatment for PTSD, reporting insomnia symptoms, nightmares, excessive daytime sleepiness, and potential obstructive sleep apnea at baseline and the impact of sleep disturbances on a course of PTSD treatment. METHODS: In this secondary analysis, sleep was evaluated in 223 service members who participated in a randomized clinical trial comparing Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD delivered in individual or group formats. Sleep assessments included the Insomnia Severity Index, the Trauma-Related Nightmare Survey, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale administered at baseline and 2 weeks posttreatment. RESULTS: Following PTSD treatment, there were significant improvements for insomnia symptoms (MΔ = -1.49; d = -0.27), nightmares (MΔ = -0.35; d = -0.27), and excessive daytime sleepiness (MΔ = -0.91; d = -0.16). However, mean scores remained in clinical ranges at posttreatment. Participants with baseline insomnia symptoms had worse PTSD severity throughout treatment. Participants with baseline excessive daytime sleepiness or probable obstructive sleep apnea had greater PTSD severity reductions when treated with Cognitive Processing Therapy individually vs. in a group. Those with insomnia symptoms, nightmare disorder, and sleep apnea had greater depressive symptoms throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and excessive daytime sleepiness were high at baseline in service members seeking treatment for PTSD. While sleep symptoms improved with PTSD treatment, these sleep disorders were related to worse treatment outcomes with regards to symptoms of PTSD and depression. Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy is recommended over group Cognitive Processing Therapy for patients with either excessive daytime sleepiness or probable obstructive sleep apnea. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Group vs. Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy for Combat-related PTSD; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02173561; Identifier: NCT02173561. CITATION: Puriksma KE, Taylor DJ, Wachen JS, et al. Self-reported sleep problems in active-duty US Army personnel receiving posttraumatic stress disorder treatment in group or individual formats: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(8):1389-1398.
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Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva , Militares , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/complicações , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/terapia , Autorrelato , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicações , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/terapia , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/complicaçõesRESUMO
Military service members are at increased risk for suicide, but there are few strategies for detecting those who are at highest risk after a deployment. Using all available data collected from 4119 Military service members before and after their deployment to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom, we tested whether predeployment characteristics clustered together to predict postdeployment suicidal risk. Latent class analysis showed that three classes best characterized the sample at predeployment. Class 1 had significantly higher scores on PTSD severity pre- and postdeployment than Classes 2 and 3 (Ps < .001). At postdeployment, Class 1 also had a greater proportion of endorsement of lifetime and past year suicidal ideation than Classes 2 and 3 (Ps < .05) and a greater proportion of lifetime suicide attempts than Class 3 (P < .001). Class 1 also had a greater proportion of endorsement of past-30-days intention to act on suicidal thoughts than Classes 2 and 3 (Ps < .05) and past-30-days specific plan for suicide than Classes 2 and 3 (Ps < .05). The study showed that based only on predeployment data, it is possible to determine which service members might be at highest risk for suicidal ideation and behavior at postdeployment.
Assuntos
Militares , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Tentativa de Suicídio , Ideação Suicida , Iraque , Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
We assessed the interrater reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview-Short Form (SITBI-SF) in a sample of 1,944 active duty service members and veterans seeking services for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related conditions. The SITBI-SF demonstrated high interrater reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. The measurement properties of the SITBI-SF were comparable across service members and veterans. Approximately 8% of participants who denied a history of suicidal ideation on the SITBI-SF reported suicidal ideation on a separate self-report questionnaire (i.e., discordant responders). Discordant responders reported significantly higher levels of PTSD symptoms than those who denied suicidal ideation on both response formats. Findings suggest that the SITBI-SF is a reliable and valid interview-based measure of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors for use with military service members and veterans. Suicide risk assessment might be optimized if the SITBI-SF interview is combined with a self-report measure of related constructs.
Assuntos
Militares , Comportamento Autodestrutivo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Tentativa de Suicídio , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/diagnóstico , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ideação Suicida , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Importance: Improved, efficient, and acceptable treatments are needed for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: To determine the efficacy of 2 compressed prolonged exposure (PE) therapy outpatient treatments for combat-related PTSD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial was conducted among military personnel and veterans at 4 sites in Texas from 2017 to 2019. Assessors were blinded to conditions. Data were analyzed from November 2020 to October 2022. Interventions: The interventions were massed-PE, which included 15 therapy sessions of 90 minutes each over 3 weeks, vs intensive outpatient program PE (IOP-PE), which included 15 full-day therapy sessions over 3 weeks with 8 treatment augmentations. The IOP-PE intervention was hypothesized to be superior to massed-PE. Main Outcomes and Measures: Coprimary outcomes included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) (CAPS-5) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) administered at baseline and posttreatment follow-ups. Measures ranged from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Diagnostic remission and reliable change were secondary outcomes. Results: Among 319 military personnel and veterans screened, 234 were randomized (mean [SD] age, 39.20 [7.72] years; 182 [78%] male participants), with 117 participants randomized to IOP-PE and 117 participants randomized to massed-PE. A total of 61 participants (26%) were African American, 58 participants (25%) were Hispanic, and 102 participants (44%) were White; 151 participants (65%) were married. Linear mixed-effects models found that CAPS-5 scores decreased in both treatment groups at the 1-month follow-up (IOP-PE: mean difference, -13.85 [95% CI, -16.47 to -11.23]; P < .001; massed-PE: mean difference, -14.13 [95% CI, -16.63 to -11.62]; P < .001). CAPS-5 change scores differed from 1- to 6-month follow-ups (mean difference, 4.44 [95% CI, 0.89 to 8.01]; P = .02). PTSD symptoms increased in massed-PE participants during follow-up (mean difference, 3.21 [95% CI, 0.65 to 5.77]; P = .01), whereas IOP-PE participants maintained treatment gains (mean difference, 1.23 [95% CI, -3.72 to 1.27]; P = .33). PCL-5 scores decreased in both groups from baseline to 1-month follow-up (IOP-PE: mean difference, -21.81 [95% CI, -25.57 to -18.04]; P < .001; massed-PE: mean difference, -19.96 [95% CI, -23.56 to -16.35]; P < .001) and were maintained at 6 months (IOP-PE: mean change, -0.21 [95% CI, -3.47 to 3.06]; P = .90; massed-PE: mean change, 3.02 [95% CI, -0.36 to 6.40]; P = .08). Both groups had notable PTSD diagnostic remission at posttreatment (IOP-PE: 48% [95% CI, 36% to 61%] of participants; massed-PE: 62% [95% CI, 51% to 73%] of participants), which was maintained at 6 months (IOP-PE: 53% [95% CI, 40% to 66%] of participants; massed-PE: 52% [95% CI, 38% to 66%] of participants). Most participants demonstrated reliable change on the CAPS-5 (61% [95% CI, 52% to 69%] of participants) and the PCL-5 (74% [95% CI, 66% to 81%] of participants) at the 1-month follow-up. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that PE can be adapted into compressed treatment formats that effectively reduce PTSD symptoms. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03529435.