Efficient Catalytic Elimination of Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds via Advanced Oxidation Process Wet Scrubbing with Bifunctional Cobalt Sulfide/Activated Carbon Catalysts.

Advanced oxidation process (AOP) wet scrubber is a powerful and clean technology for organic pollutant treatment but still presents great challenges in removing the highly toxic and hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we elaborately designed a bifunctional cobalt sulfide (CoS2)/activated carbon (AC) catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficient toxic VOC removal in an AOP wet scrubber. By combining the excellent VOC adsorption capacity of AC with the highly efficient PMS activation activity of CoS2, CoS2/AC can rapidly capture VOCs from the gas phase to proceed with the SO4•- and HO• radical-induced oxidation reaction. More than 90% of aromatic VOCs were removed over a wide pH range (3-11) with low Co ion leaching (0.19 mg/L). The electron-rich sulfur vacancies and low-valence Co species were the main active sites for PMS activation. SO4•- was mainly responsible for the initial oxidation of VOCs, while HO• and O2 acted in the subsequent ring-opening and mineralization processes of intermediates. No gaseous intermediates from VOC oxidation were detected, and the highly toxic liquid intermediates like benzene were also greatly decreased, thus effectively reducing the health toxicity associated with byproduct emissions. This work provided a comprehensive understanding of the deep oxidation of VOCs via AOP wet scrubber, significantly accelerating its application in environmental remediation.

Surface Hydroxyl and Oxygen Vacancies Engineering in ZnSnAl LDH: Synergistic Promotion of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aromatic VOCs.

Photocatalytic oxidation has gained great interest in environmental remediation, but it is still limited by its low efficiency and catalytic deactivation in the degradation of aromatic VOCs. In this study, we concurrently regulated the surface hydroxyl and oxygen vacancies by introducing Al into ZnSn layered double hydroxide (LDH). The presence of distorted Al species induced local charge redistribution, leading to the remarkable formation of oxygen vacancies. These oxygen vacancies subsequently increased the amount of surface hydroxyl and elongated its bond length. The synergistic effects of surface hydroxyl and oxygen vacancies greatly enhanced reactant adsorption-activation and facilitated charge transfer to generate •OH, •O2-, and 1O2, resulting in highly efficient oxidation and ring-opening of various aromatic VOCs. Compared with commercial TiO2, the optimized ZnSnAl-50 catalyst exhibited about 2-fold activity for the toluene and styrene degradation and 10-fold activity for the chlorobenzene degradation. Moreover, ZnSnAl-50 demonstrated exceptional stability in the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene under a wide humidity range of 0-75%. This work marvelously improves the photocatalytic efficiency, stability, and adaptability through a novel strategy of surface hydroxyl and oxygen vacancies engineering.

Tunable Self-Thermophoretic Nanomotors with Polymeric Coating.

Thermophoretic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) generate self-propulsion without a chemical reaction. Intrinsically, this promises excellent biocompatibility and is thus suitable for biomedical applications. However, their propulsion efficiency is severely limited due to the poor understanding of the thermophoretic process, which dominates the conversion from thermal energy into mechanical movement. We here developed a series of self-thermophoresis light-powered MNMs with variable surface coatings and discovered obvious self-thermophoresis propulsion enhancement of the polymeric layer. An intrinsically negative self-thermophoretic movement is also observed for the first time in the MNM system. We propose that enthalpic contributions from polymer-solvent interactions should play a fundamental role in the self-thermophoretic MNMs. Quantitative microcalorimetry and molecular dynamics simulations are performed to support our hypothesis. The polymer solvation enthalpy and coating thickness influences on self-thermophoresis are investigated, further highlighting the essential enthalpy contributions to thermophoresis. Our work indicates that surface grafting would be important in designing high-efficiency thermally driven nanorobotic systems for biomedical applications.

Tunable Interfacial Electronic Pd-Si Interaction Boosts Catalysis via Accelerating O2 and H2O Activation.

Engineering the interfacial structure between noble metals and oxides, particularly on the surface of non-reducible oxides, is a challenging yet promising approach to enhancing the performance of heterogeneous catalysts. The interface site can alter the electronic and d-band structure of the metal sites, facilitating the transition of energy levels between the reacting molecules and promoting the reaction to proceed in a favorable direction. Herein, we created an active Pd-Si interface with tunable electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) by growing a thin permeable silica layer on a non-reducible oxide ZSM-5 surface (termed Pd@SiO2/ZSM-5). Our experimental results, combined with density functional theory calculations, revealed that the Pd-Si active interface enhanced the charge transfer from deposited Si to Pd, generating an electron-enriched Pd surface, which significantly lowered the activation barriers for O2 and H2O. The resulting reactive oxygen species, including O2 -, O2 2-, and -OH, synergistically facilitated formaldehyde oxidation. Additionally, moderate electronic metal-support interaction can promote the catalytic cycle of Pd0 ⇆ Pd2+, which is favorable for the adsorption and activation of reactants. This study provides a promising strategy for the design of high-performance noble metal catalysts for practical applications.

Key role of •O2- in promoting deep degradation of VOCs in VUV-based process.

VUV photolysis presents a simple process for VOCs degradation, while the poor mineralization rate and extensive by-products greatly limit its application. In this study, the contribution and synergy between •OH and •O2- to toluene degradation in the VUV-based process were comprehensively investigated by controlling water and oxygen in the gas flow. It was found that •OH promoted the initial degradation of toluene and macromolecular intermediates, while •O2- dominated toluene mineralization by boosting the formation of small molecules and CO2. Compared with the •OH-dominated VUV photolysis, the presence of catalyst greatly changed the degradation pathway, promoted toluene mineralization into CO2 and reduced health toxicity via promoting •O2- formation. This study originally focuses on the key role of •O2- in VOCs deep oxidation and provides an effective strategy to boost its clean mineralization via the VUV-based process.

Comprehensive analysis of FOXM1 immune infiltrates, m6a, glycolysis and ceRNA network in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a member of the Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor family. It regulates cell mitosis, cell proliferation, and genome stability. However, the relationship between the expression of FOXM1 and the levels of m6a modification, immune infiltration, glycolysis, and ketone body metabolism in HCC has yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: Transcriptome and somatic mutation profiles of HCC were downloaded from the TCGA database. Somatic mutations were analyzed by maftools R package and visualized in oncoplots. GO, KEGG and GSEA function enrichment was performed on FOXM1 co-expression using R. We used Cox regression and machine learning algorithms (CIBERSORT, LASSO, random forest, and SVM-RFE) to study the prognostic value of FOXM1 and immune infiltrating characteristic immune cells in HCC. The relationship between FOXM1 and m6A modification, glycolysis, and ketone body metabolism were analyzed by RNA-seq and CHIP-seq. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network construction relies on the multiMiR R package, ENCORI, and miRNET platforms. Results: FOXM1 is highly expressed in HCC and is associated with a poorer prognosis. At the same time, the expression level of FOXM1 is significantly related to the T, N, and stage. Subsequently, based on the machine learning strategies, we found that the infiltration level of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) was a risk factor affecting the prognosis of HCC patients. The high infiltration of Tfh was significantly related to the poor overall survival rate of HCC. Besides, the CHIP-seq demonstrated that FOXM1 regulates m6a modification by binding to the promoter of IGF2BP3 and affects the glycolytic process by initiating the transcription of HK2 and PKM in HCC. A ceRNA network was successfully obtained, including FOXM1 - has-miR-125-5p - DANCR/MIR4435-2HG ceRNA network related to the prognosis of HCC. Conclusion: Our study implicates that the aberrant infiltration of Tfh associated with FOXM1 is a crucial prognostic factor for HCC patients. FOXM1 regulates genes related to m6a modification and glycolysis at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the specific ceRNA network can be used as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Boosting Ozone Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene at Room Temperature by Using Hydroxyl-Mediated MnOx/Al2O3 Catalysts.

Ozone catalytic oxidation (OZCO) has gained great interest in environmental remediation while it still faces a big challenge during the deep degradation of refractory volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at room temperature. Hydroxylation of the catalytic surface provides a new strategy for regulating the catalytic activity to boost VOC degradation. Herein, OZCO of toluene at room temperature over hydroxyl-mediated MnOx/Al2O3 catalysts was originally demonstrated. Specifically, a novel hydroxyl-mediated MnOx/Al2O3 catalyst was developed via the in situ AlOOH reconstruction method and used for toluene OZCO. The toluene degradation performance of MnOx/Al2O3 was significantly superior to those of most of the state-of-the-art catalysts, and 100% toluene was removed with an excellent mineralization rate (82.3%) and catalytic stability during OZCO. ESR and in situ DRIFTs results demonstrated that surface hydroxyl groups (HGs) greatly improved the reactive oxygen species generation, thus dramatically accelerating the benzene ring breakage and deep mineralization. Furthermore, HGs provided anchoring sites for uniformly dispersing MnOx and greatly enhanced toluene adsorption and ozone activation. This work paves a way for deep decomposition of aromatic VOCs at room temperature.

Exceptional Ozone Decomposition over δ-MnO2/AC under an Entire Humidity Environment.

Ozone (O3) pollution is highly detrimental to human health and the ecosystem due to it being ubiquitous in ambient air and industrial processes. Catalytic decomposition is the most efficient technology for O3 elimination, while the moisture-induced low stability represents the major challenge for its practical applications. Here, activated carbon (AC) supported δ-MnO2 (Mn/AC-A) was facilely synthesized via mild redox in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain exceptional O3 decomposition capacity. The optimal 5Mn/AC-A achieved nearly 100% of O3 decomposition at a high space velocity (1200 L g-1 h-1) and remained extremely stable under entire humidity conditions. The functionalized AC provided well-designed protection sites to inhibit the accumulation of water on δ-MnO2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the abundant oxygen vacancies and a low desorption energy of intermediate peroxide (O22-) can significantly boost O3 decomposition activity. Moreover, a kilo-scale 5Mn/AC-A with low cost (∼1.5 $/kg) was used for the O3 decomposition in practical applications, which could quickly decompose O3 pollution to a safety level below 100 µg m-3. This work offers a simple strategy for the development of moisture-resistant and inexpensive catalysts and greatly promotes the practical application of ambient O3 elimination.

Crosstalk Defect Detection Method Based on Salient Color Channel Frequency Domain Filtering.

Display crosstalk defect detection is an important link in the display quality inspection process. We propose a crosstalk defect detection method based on salient color channel frequency domain filtering. Firstly, the salient color channel in RGBY is selected by the maximum relative entropy criterion, and the color quaternion matrix of the displayed image is formed with the Lab color space. Secondly, the image color quaternion matrix is converted into the logarithmic spectrum in the frequency domain through the hyper-complex Fourier transform. Finally, Gaussian threshold band-pass filtering and hyper-complex inverse Fourier transform are used to separate the low-contrast defects and background of the display image. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm reaches 96% for a variety of crosstalk defect detection. Compared with the current advanced defect detection algorithms, the effectiveness of the proposed method for low-contrast crosstalk defect detection is confirmed.

Catalytic ozonation of VOCs at low temperature: A comprehensive review.

VOCs abatement has attracted increasing interest because of the detrimental effects on both atmospheric environment and human beings of VOCs. The assistance of ozone has enabled efficient VOCs removal at low temperature. Thereby, catalytic ozonation is considered as one of the most feasible and effective methods for VOCs elimination. This work systematically reviews the emerging advances of catalytic ozonation of different VOCs (i.e., aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated VOCs, chlorinated VOCs, sulfur-containing VOCs, and saturated alkanes) over various functional catalysts. General reaction mechanism of catalytic ozonation including both Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Mars-van-Krevelen mechanisms was proposed depending on the reactive oxygen species involving the reactions. The influence of reaction conditions (water vapor and temperature) is fully discussed. This review also introduces the enhanced VOCs oxidation via catalytic ozonation in the ozone-generating systems including plasma and vacuum ultraviolet. Lastly, the existing challenges of VOCs catalytic ozonation are presented, and the perspective of this technology is envisioned.

Celastrol induces lipophagy via the LXRα/ABCA1 pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Celastrol is a triterpene derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f, which displays potential anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of celastrol against clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and the underlying mechanisms. Using Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) database we conducted a bioinformatics analysis, which showed that the mRNA levels of liver-X receptors α (LXRα) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in ccRCC tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent normal tissues. This result was confirmed by immunoblotting analysis of 4 ccRCC clinical specimens, which showed that the protein expression of LXRα and ABCA1 was downregulated. Similar results were obtained in a panel of ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498, SN12C, and OS-RC-2). In 786-O and SN12C cells, treatment with celastrol (0.25-2.0 µM) concentration-dependently inhibited the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that celastrol inhibited the invasion of 786-O cells through reducing lipid accumulation; celastrol concentration-dependently promoted autophagy to reduce lipid storage. Moreover, we revealed that celastrol dramatically activated LXRα signaling, and degraded lipid droplets by inducing lipophagy in 786-O cells. Finally, celastrol promoted cholesterol efflux from 786-O cells via ABCA1. In high-fat diet-promoted ccRCC cell line 786-O xenograft model, administration of celastrol (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 4 weeks, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited the tumor growth with upregulated LXRα and ABCA1 protein in tumor tissue. In conclusion, this study reveals that celastrol triggers lipophagy in ccRCC by activating LXRα, promotes ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, suppresses EMT progress, and ultimately inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as tumor growth. Thus, our study provides evidence that celastrol can be used as a lipid metabolism-based anticancer therapeutic approach.

External therapy of Chinese medicine for postherpetic neuralgia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the most common complication of herpes zoster, brings about a health-care burden at both the individual and societal levels. External therapy of Chinese medicine (ETCM) is an effective treatment of PHN generally available in China, yet there is incomplete evidence to evaluate the efficacy and safety of it. METHODS: This protocol is based on the previous reporting items. We will search 3 English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library) and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, CBM, and Wan Fang Database) until January 2020. RCTs to evaluate the efficacy and safety of external therapy of Chinese medicine for postherpetic neuralgia will be included. The primary outcome will be assessed by VAS or NRS. We will use the criteria provided by Cochrane Handbook 5.3.0 for quality evaluation and risk assessment, and use the Revman 5.3 software for meta-analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for systematic review and meta- analysis. The results of this review will be disseminated in a peer-review journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020163511.

Synergistic Therapy of Celecoxib-Loaded Magnetism-Responsive Hydrogel for Tendon Tissue Injuries.

Tendon tissue injury is very common and always associated with pain, tissue swelling and even malformation if not treated on time. Traditional therapeutic strategies, such as cryotherapy, electrical therapy, ultrasound therapy and anti-inflammatory drug, are still unsatisfying. In this work, a synergistic therapy, based on the combination of celecoxib drug and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) regimens, was developed for the treatment of tendon injury. This celecoxib-loaded magnetism-responsive hydrogel dressing (gelatin/Fe3O4/celecoxib) showed good biocompatibility and coordinated drug release behavior under the PEMF, which could effectively reduce the inflammatory reaction of macrophage cells with the incremental proportion of M2 macrophages at the injury site. CatWalk gait analysis further verified this synergistic effect of combination therapy for achieving the outstanding recovery of the injured tendon tissue. Thus, this magnetism-responsive hydrogel may represent a promising alternative strategy in clinics for promoting tendon healing.

Exploration of the Effects of Substrate Stiffness on Biological Responses of Neural Cells and Their Mechanisms.

Substrate stiffness, as a critical mechanical factor, has been proven to be an important regulator of biological responses, cellular functions, and disease occurrence. However, the effects of substrate stiffness on the phenotypes and drug responses of neural cells remain largely unknown. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with different stiffnesses were employed to establish the mechanical microenvironment of tissues of different organs. We studied the influences of stiffness on neural cell phenotypes, including cell viability, cell cycle, cytoskeleton structures, cell stiffness, and drug responses of neural cells for hormesis and therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative disorders (NDD). The results showed that the greater the range of maximum stimulatory responses, the bigger the width of the stimulatory dosage and the higher the range of maximum neuroprotective activities of hormetic chemicals in neural cells grown on the soft substrate commensurable to the stiffness of the brain, indicating that neural cells on a rigid substrate are resistant to hormetic and neuroprotective effects of hormetic chemicals against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model. The sensitivity of neural cells on the soft substrate to drug response was attributed to the increased cell viability rate, cell cycle progression, actin stress fibers, focal adhesion formation, and decreased cell stiffness. The promoting effect of the soft substrate and the enhanced hormetic and neuroprotective effect of hormetic chemicals on soft substrates in PC12 cells were confirmed to be mediated by the upregulated EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis. This study demonstrates that the biomechanical properties of the neural microenvironment play important roles in cell phenotypes and drug responses of neural cells in vitro and suggests that substrate stiffness should be considered in the anti-NDD drug design and treatment.

The efficacy and safety of Health Qigong for ankylosing spondylitis: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-pharmacological treatments (education, exercise, and physical therapy) are remain basic approaches to long-term management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. As an important part of non-pharmacological treatments, Health Qigong is widely used for AS treatment. We will perform the systematic review to confirm the safety and efficacy of Health Qigong for AS. METHODS: Systematical search of 6 electronic databases will be done, including English and Chinese, until December 2019. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving Health Qigong in combination with conventional therapy for AS will be included. Study selection, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by 2 reviewers. RevMan (V.5.3) will be used for mata-analysis. RESULTS: This systematic review will identify the safety and efficacy of Health Qigong in the treatment of AS and update evidence summaries of Health Qigong. At the end of the treatment, the primary outcome is Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) with a range of 0 to 10,and the secondary outcomes will include functional ability that measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), mobility measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), chest expansion, night spinal pain, adverse reactions, laboratory measures such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C protein response (CRP). CONCLUSION: This study will provide evidence that whether Health Qigong can benefit patients with ankylosing spondylitis by reducing disease activity, alleviating pain to support the application of Health Qigong in the AS treatment. REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019159126.

The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common acute paralytic neuropathy. Many clinical trials indicate acupuncture provides a good effect as a complementary therapy of Western medicine for GBS. The objective of this systematic review protocol is to provide the evidence to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture on the treatment of GBS. METHODS: We will search relevant randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of acupuncture for GBS in following databases from start to October 2019: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL Complete, National Digital Science Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database without language restriction. For articles that meet our inclusion criteria, 2 researchers will extract the data information independently, and assess the risk of bias and trial quality by the Cochrane collaboration's tool. All data will be analyzed by RevMan V.5.3.3 statistical software. RESULTS: According to the Barthel index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle scale, the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for GBS will be determined in this study. CONCLUSION: This systemic review will provide high quality evidence to judging whether acupuncture provides benefits to treat GBS.Prospero registration number: CRD42019158710.

Toluene oxidation over mesoporous TiO2 in a combined process of wet-scrubbing and UV-catalysis.

Toluene is a representative and toxic contaminant in industry or indoor airs. In this work, a novel and facile method was developed to prepare mesoporous TiO2 for the photo-catalytic oxidation of toluene in a wet-scrubbing reactor. Interestingly, by changing the preparation parameters, including dosage of template material, hydrolysis rate, hydrothermal temperature and calcination temperature, the crystalline phase of catalyst could be partially adjusted among brookite, anatase and rutile. With 30 ppm toluene input, an enhanced toluene removal of 62% and CO2 production of 95 ppm were achieved, while no soluble or particulate byproduct was released. In contrast to traditional photo-catalysis, the UV adsorbing ability of catalyst, the cluster of mesoporous TiO2 and the corresponding structure in micrometer-scale were key to the UV utilization and toluene removal in wet-scrubbing reactor.

Changes in gonadal function at different stages of chronic restraint stress-induced depression animals.

The aim of this study was to determine the time-dependent changes in adolescent male gonadal function due to chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression in a rat model and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. CRS was established in adolescence male Wistar rats by placing the animals in a cylinder for 3 h every day for 28 days, during which time the general behavior and serum hormonal levels were routinely monitored. The CRS model rats showed anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT) and sucrose consumption test, and their body weights also decreased significantly on the 14th, 21st and 28th days. The CRS rats showed a significant decrease in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) after 14 days of restraint and an increase in the CORT and NE levels after 21 days of restraint, while the serum GnRH levels increased significantly on the 14th and 21st days and decreased significantly over the last 7 days. In contrast, the FSH and LH levels decreased significantly from the 14th day to the 28th day, while the PRL and E2 levels were significantly higher during the same time period compared to those of the controls. The serum T levels also decreased significantly in the CRS group on the 21st and the 28th days, with the lowest levels occurring on day 28. Histopathological examination showed that testicular damage was aggravated during CRS. In addition, the levels of MDA, CytC and 8-OHDG increased significantly, while those of SOD decreased significantly in the CRS rats testicular mitochondrial. These results indicate that the gonadal function is altered at different stages of CRS, which can be attributed to changes in neurotransmitters and PRL that affect GnRH levels in the hypothalamus and subsequently regulate the serum T levels. In addition, excessive production of CORT impairs the testicle in adolescent period via enhanced oxidative damage, which eventually leads to gonadal dysfunction.

Efficient photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene in a bubbling reactor of water.

Conventional gas-solid photocatalytic oxidation (SPCO) of VOCs has drawbacks such as accumulation of intermediates and catalytic deactivation. In this study, gas-liquid photocatalytic oxidation (LPCO) was exploited to improve the catalytic activity and stability by continuously bubbling VOCs into water. Toluene and commercial TiO2 (P25) were chosen as the representative VOC pollutant and photocatalyst, respectively. Toluene removal efficiency in LPCO was about 6 times of that in conventional SPCO, and no intermediates were detected in the exhaust of LPCO probably due to its high degradation and mineralization rates. However, plentiful intermediates were identified by GC-MS and ITMS both in the gas outlet and on the surface of catalyst in SPCO, which may lead to photocatalytic deactivation. Moreover, LPCO exhibited superior catalytic activity towards typical soluble VOCs such as formaldehyde compared to SPCO. The soluble intermediates formed from toluene degradation can be easily removed by sustaining UV irradiation to avoid water pollution and the water after purification can be reused in LPCO. This study provides a novel gas-liquid photocatalytic oxidation to replace conventional gas-solid photocatalytic oxidation for the sake of better catalytic activity and fewer by-products.