Sulforaphane enhanced muscle growth by promoting lipid oxidation through modulating key signaling pathways.

Sulforaphane (SFN) has shown diverse effects on human health and diseases. SFN was administered daily to C57BL/6J mice at doses of 1 mg/kg (SFN1) and 3 mg/kg (SFN3) for 8 weeks. Both doses of SFN accelerated body weight increment. The cross-sectional area and diameter of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle fibers were enlarged in SFN3 group. Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in LD muscle were decreased in SFN groups. RNA sequencing results revealed that 2455 and 2318 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in SFN1 and SFN3 groups, respectively. Based on GO enrichment analysis, 754 and 911 enriched GO terms in the SFN1 and SFN3 groups, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis shown that one KEGG pathway was enriched in the SFN1 group, while six KEGG pathways were enriched in the SFN3 group. The expressions of nine selected DEGs validated with qRT-PCR were in line with the RNA sequencing data. Furthermore, SFN treatment influenced lipid and protein metabolism related pathways including AMPK signalling, fatty acid metabolism signalling, cholesterol metabolism signalling, PPAR signalling, peroxisome signalling, TGFß signalling, and mTOR signalling. In summary, SFN elevated muscle fibers size and reduced TG and TC content of in LD muscle by modulating protein and lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways.

Microbial Diversity and Community Structure of Chinese Fresh Beef during Cold Storage and Their Correlations with Off-Flavors.

To investigate the diversity and dynamics of microorganisms in Chinese fresh beef (CFB) without acid discharge treatment during cold storage, high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the CFB refrigerated for 0, 3, 7, and 10 days. The results showed that the community richness of the fungi and bacteria decreased significantly. However, the diversity decreased in the early stage and increased in the later stage. At the phylum level, Ascomycota (74.1-94.1%) and Firmicutes (77.3-96.8%) were the absolutely dominant fungal and bacterial phyla. The relative abundance of both fungal and bacterial phyla displayed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. At the genus level, Candida (29.3-52.5%) and Lactococcus (19.8-59.3%) were, respectively, the dominant fungal and bacterial genera. The relative abundance of Candida showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing, while Lactococcus possessed the opposite trend. KEGG metabolic pathways analysis suggested that carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, and amino acid metabolism were the major metabolic pathways of bacteria. Bugbase prediction indicated the major microbial phenotype of bacteria in CFB during cold storage was Gram-positive (17.2-31.6%). Correlation analysis suggested that Lactococcus, Citrobacter, Proteus, and Rhodotorula might be the main microorganisms promoting the production of off-flavor substances in CFB. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of Chinese fresh beef.

Laryngeal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Analysis of 11 Cases in a Single-Center Study.

Objective: Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms (LNEN) are rare, and there have been previous uncertainties regarding their classification and treatment modalities. This article aims to share our treatment experience, elucidate changes in LNEN classification, and discuss the treatment implications of different types and stages. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 11 cases of LNEN treated through surgical intervention at the Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, from January 2014 to November 2023. Among the 11 cases, there were 9 males and 2 females, with ages ranging from 61 to 77 years. Pathological classifications included neuroendocrine tumors (NET) G1 (1 case), G2 (2 cases), G3 (5 cases), small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (2 cases), and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (1 case). The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 115 months. Results: Treatment modalities varied among the cases: 5 patients underwent transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) without neck dissection, 1 patient underwent TLM with unilateral neck lymph node dissection, 1 patient underwent open partial supraglottic laryngectomy (OPSL) with ipsilateral neck lymph node dissection, and 4 patients underwent OPSL with bilateral neck lymph node dissection. Among the 11 patients, 4 died, with 2 succumbing to distant metastasis, 1 to local recurrence, and 1 to other diseases. Conclusion: The prognosis of LNEN is closely associated with the latest pathological classification and TNM staging. For a more detailed and specific clinical staging, further research involving multicenter large-scale data is needed.

Enabling an Inorganic-Rich Interface via Cationic Surfactant for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

An anion-rich electric double layer (EDL) region is favorable for fabricating an inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) towards stable lithium metal anode in ester electrolyte. Herein, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, is adopted to draw more anions into EDL by ionic interactions that shield the repelling force on anions during lithium plating. In situ electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy results combined with molecular dynamics simulations validate the enrichment of NO3-/FSI- anions in the EDL region due to the positively charged CTA+. In-depth analysis of SEI structure by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry results confirmed the formation of the inorganic-rich SEI, which helps improve the kinetics of Li+ transfer, lower the charge transfer activation energy, and homogenize Li deposition. As a result, the Li||Li symmetric cell in the designed electrolyte displays a prolongated cycling time from 500 to 1300 h compared to that in the blank electrolyte at 0.5 mA cm-2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm-2. Moreover, Li||LiFePO4 and Li||LiCoO2 with a high cathode mass loading of > 10 mg cm-2 can be stably cycled over 180 cycles.

Selective expansion of renal cancer stem cells using microfluidic single-cell culture arrays for anticancer drug testing.

The suboptimal prognosis associated with drug therapy for renal cancer can be attributed to the presence of stem-cell-like renal cancer cells. However, the limited number of these cells prevents conventional drug screening assays from effectively assessing the response of renal cancer stem cells to anti-cancer agents. To address this issue, the present study employed microfluidic single-cell culture arrays to expand renal cancer stem cells by exploiting the anti-apoptosis and self-renewal properties of tumor stem cells. A microfluidic chip with 18 000 hydrophilic microwells was designed and fabricated to establish the single-cell culture array. Over a 7 day culture, the large-scale single-cell culture yielded a limited quantity of single-cell-derived tumorspheres. The sphere formation rates for Caki-1, 786-O, and ACHN cells were determined to be 8.74 ± 0.53%, 12.02 ± 1.43%, and 4.98 ± 1.68%, respectively. The expanded cells exhibited stemness characteristics, as indicated by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, serial passaging, and in vitro differentiation assays. Additionally, the comparative transcriptomic analysis showed significant differences in the gene expression patterns of the expanded cells compared to the differentiated renal cancer cells. The drug testing indicated that renal cancer stem cells exhibited reduced sensitivity towards the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib, compared to differentiated renal cancer cells. This reduced sensitivity can be attributed to the elevated expression levels of tyrosine kinase in renal cancer stem cells. This present study provides evidence that the utilization of microfluidic single-cell culture arrays for selective cell expansion can facilitate drug testing of renal cancer stem cells.

The Contribution of Microorganisms to the Quality and Flavor Formation of Chinese Traditional Fermented Meat and Fish Products.

Guizhou sour meat and sour fish, Chaoshan fish sauce, Sichuan sausage and bacon, Cantonese sausage, Jinhua ham, and Xinjiang air-dried beef are eight representatives of Chinese traditional fermented meat and fish products (FMFPs), which are favored by Chinese consumers due to their high nutritional value and quality. The quality of the spontaneously fermented Chinese traditional FMFP is closely correlated with microorganisms. Moreover, the dominant microorganisms are significantly different due to regional differences. The effects of microorganisms on the texture, color, flavor, nutrition, functional properties, and safety of Chinese traditional FMFPs have not been not fully described. Additionally, metabolic pathways for flavor formation of Chinese traditional FMFPs have not well been summarized. This article describes the seven characteristic Chinese traditional FMFPs and correlated dominant microorganisms in different regions of China. The effects of microorganisms on the texture, color, and flavor of Chinese traditional FMFPs are discussed. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of microbial regulation of flavor formation in Chinese traditional FMFPs are proposed. This work provides a theoretical basis for improvement of Chinese traditional FMFPs by inoculating functional microorganisms isolated from Chinese traditional fermented foods.

Enhanced properties of gelatin films incorporated with TiO2-loaded reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres for active food packaging applications.

The synergistic effect of graphene sheets and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) hybrid fillers can improve the antibacterial, mechanical, and barrier properties of gelatin (GL), making it more suitable to be used in the food packaging application. However, the uneven dispersion and aggregation of the hybrid fillers restrict its performance for further application. In order to achieve the above superior properties, reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres (rGOAMs) loaded with TiO2 (rGOAMs@TiO2) were successfully prepared using one-step hydrothermal process by reducing titanium sulfate into TiO2 on the framework of rGOAMs, followed by effective dispersion in the GL matrix to form nanocomposites (rGOAMs@TiO2/GL) through simultaneous ultrasonication and mechanical stirring, as well as an ultrasonic cell grinder process. Incorporating a mere 0.8 wt% of rGOAMs@TiO2 effectively improved the mechanical, antibacterial, UV light barrier, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and water vapor barrier properties of the GL. Compared with the composites made of rGOAMs, TiO2, and GL (rGOAMs/TiO2/GL), rGOAMs@TiO2/GL composites showed stronger filler-matrix interactions, better filler dispersion, and lower TiO2 particle aggregation, suggesting superiority compared to rGOAMs/TiO2/GL composites at the same filler content. This innovative method of mixing GL with rGOAMs@TiO2 holds great promise for enhancing the suitability of GL in active food packaging applications.

The Volatile Flavor Substances, Microbial Diversity, and Their Potential Correlations of Inner and Surface Areas within Chinese Qingcheng Mountain Traditional Bacon.

The objective of this study was to explore the microbial diversity, volatile flavor substances, and their potential correlations in inner and surface Chinese Qingcheng Mountain traditional bacon (CQTB). The results showed that there were 39 volatile flavor substances in inner and surface CQTB detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Moreover, significant differences in volatile flavor substances between the inner and surface CQTB were observed. Sixteen key volatile flavor substances were screened (OAV > 1), including guaiacol, nonanal, ethyl isovalerate, and others. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) result indicated that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacterial phyla, and Ascomycota and Mucoromycota were the predominant fungal phyla. Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter, and Brochothrix were the predominant bacteria, and Debaryomyces, Penicillium, and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis suggested that Apiotrichum and Lactobacillus were closely and positively correlated with the formation of key phenol compounds. The present work demonstrates the microbial diversity and related volatile flavor substances and their potential correlations in CQTB and provides a theoretical basis for the development of microbial starter culture and green processing of CQTB.

Potential Correlation between Microbial Diversity and Volatile Flavor Substances in a Novel Chinese-Style Sausage during Storage.

A novel Chinese-style sausage with Chinese traditional fermented condiments used as additional ingredients is produced in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community's structure, the volatile flavor substances and their potential correlation in the novel Chinese sausage. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were, respectively, used to analyze the microbial diversity and volatile flavor substances of the novel Chinese-style sausage during storage. The results showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacterial genera, and Hyphopichia and Candida were the predominant fungal genera. A total of 88 volatile flavor substances were identified through GC-MS, among which 18 differential flavor compounds were screened (VIP > 1), which could be used as potential biomarkers to distinguish the novel sausages stored for different periods. Lactobacillus exhibited a significant negative correlation with 2,3-epoxy-4,4-dimethylpentane and acetoin and a significant positive correlation with 2-phenyl-2-butenal. Hyphopichia significantly positively correlated with ester. Leuconostoc significantly positively correlated with ethyl caprate, ethyl palmate, ethyl tetradecanoate and ethyl oleate while it negatively correlated with hexanal. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the flavor formation mechanisms and the screening of functional strains for improving the flavor quality of the novel Chinese-style sausage.

Self-assembled carboxymethyl chitosan/zinc alginate composite film with excellent water resistant and antimicrobial properties for chilled meat preservation.

A major way to reduce meat waste is to extend the shelf life of chilled meat with appropriate packaging. However, most of the packaging film cannot keep meat fresh because of its poor antibacterial and water resistance performance. In this paper, a composite film for chilled meat packaging was synthesized by simple self-assembly of zinc ions with chelating carboxyl groups. Introducing zinc ions into the composite system endows excellent water resistance and antibacterial properties to the film, which are demonstrated by the water vapor permeability and Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial tests. The as-prepared composite film also showed enhanced mechanical properties due to the formation of chelation bonds between zinc ions and carboxyl groups. Moreover, the chilled meat preservation test demonstrated the as-prepared composite film can significantly extend the shelf life of pork by five days, indicating its outstanding freshness preservation property. This work demonstrated a facile method to synthesize water-resistant and antimicrobial composite film, which can appear as an effective packaging material for chilled meat and offer a new idea to solve its short shelf-life problem.

Effect of honeysuckle leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/konjac glucomannan/gelatin composite edible film.

Honeysuckle leaves are rich in bioactive ingredients, but often considered as agro-wastes. In this study, honeysuckle leaf extract (HLE) was added to the carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/konjac glucomannan/gelatin composite edible film (CMKH). Compared to films without HLE addition (CMK), the water vapor barrier properties of CMKH slightly decreased, but the transmittance of the CMKH films in UV region (200-400 nm) as low as zero. The elongation at break of CMKH film was 1.39 âˆ¼ 1.5 fold higher than those of CMK films. The DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity of CMKH-Ⅱ was 85.75% and 90.93%, respectively, which is similar to the equivalent content of Vc. The inhibition rate of CMKH-Ⅰ and CMKH-Ⅱ against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were close to 90%, and the inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus were up to 96%. The results emphasized that the composite film containing 25% (v/v) HLE has potential application value in food preservation.

Effects of forage type on the rumen microbiota, growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in fattening goats.

Forages fed to goats influence ruminal microbiota, and further contribute to affect growth performance, meat quality and its nutritional composition. Our objective for current study was to investigate the effects of different forages on growth performance, carcass traits, meat nutritional composition, rumen microflora, and the relationships between key bacteria and amino acids and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscles of goats. Boer crossbred goats were separately fed commercial concentrate diet supplemented with Hemarthria altissima (HA), Pennisetum sinese (PS), or forage maize (FG), and then slaughtered 90 days after the beginning of the experiment. Growth performances did not vary but carcass traits of dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated slaughter percentage, and eviscerated slaughter percentage displayed significant difference with the treatment studied. Meats from goats fed forage maize, especially semimembranosus muscles are rich in essential amino acids, as well as an increase in the amount of beneficial fatty acids. Our 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla in all groups but different in relative abundance. Further, the taxonomic analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified the specific taxa that were differentially represented among three forage treatments. The spearman's correlation analysis showed that rumen microbiota was significantly associated with the goat meat nutritional composition, and more significant positive correlations were identified in semimembranosus muscles when compared with longissimus dorsi muscles. More specifically, the lipid metabolism-related bacteria Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group showed positively correlated with meat amino acid profile, while genera Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 were positively correlated with fatty acid composition. These bacteria genera might have the potential to improve nutritional value and meat quality. Collectively, our results showed that different forages alter the carcass traits, meat nutritional composition, and rumen microflora in fattening goats, and forage maize induced an improvement in its nutritional value.

Quantitative metabolomic analysis reveals the fractionation of active compounds during lemon fruit juicing.

In this study, metabolomic analysis was employed to investigate the separation (fractionation) of active compounds into lemon juice (LJ) and lemon pomace (LP) during lemon juicing. A total of 968 metabolites were identified, and 438 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) were screened out between LJ and LP, suggesting significant metabolite fractionation during juicing. The "flavonoids", "phenolic acids", and "saccharides and alcohols" were mainly retained in the LP, while the fractionation of major "organic acids" was differentiated. Seven of the 12 potential bitter metabolites were more abundant in the LP and two were more abundant in the LJ, suggesting that LP would be more bitter. L-Ascorbic acid, thiamine, and acitretin were significantly lost during juicing, while riboflavin was newly dissolved during juicing. The antioxidant capacity of LP was significantly higher than that of LJ, which was closely related to the higher abundance of phenolic acid metabolites in LP. These findings suggtested that promoting the release of flavonoids and phenolic acids from LP is a potential strategy to improve the quality of LJ. Results also provides important information and reference for developing high-value products by using LP.

Nitrite and nitrate in meat processing: Functions and alternatives.

Meat and meat products are important foods in the human diet, but there are concerns about their quality and safety. The discovery of carcinogenic and genotoxic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) in processed meat products has had serious negative impacts on the meat industry. In order to clarify the relationship between the use of nitrite or nitrate and the safety of meat or meat products, we reviewed NOCs in meat and meat products, the origin and safety implications of NOCs, effects of nitrite and nitrate on meat quality, national regulations, recent publications concerning the using of nitrite and nitrate in meat or meat products, and reduction methods. By comparing and analyzing references, (1) we found antioxidant, flavor improvement and shelf-life extension effects were recently proposed functions of nitrite and nitrate on meat quality, (2) the multiple functions of nitrite and nitrate in meat and meat products couldn't be fully replaced by other food additives at present, (3) we observed that the residual nitrite in raw meat and fried meat products was not well monitored, (4) alternative additives seem to be the most successful methods of replacing nitrite in meat processing, currently. The health risks of consuming processed meat products should be further evaluated, and more effective methods or additives for replacing nitrite or nitrate are needed.

Simultaneously enhanced stability and biological activities of chlorogenic acid by covalent grafting with soluble oat ß-glucan.

Chlorogenic acid (CA) has a wide range of biological activities but the chemical structure is extremely unstable. In this study, CA was grafted onto a soluble oat ß-glucan (OßGH) to improve the stability. Although the crystallinity and thermal stability of CA-OßGH conjugates reduced, the storage stability of CA significantly improved. The DPPH and ABTS scavenging ability of CA-OßGH IV (graft ratio 285.3 mg CA/g) were higher than 90 %, which is closed to activities of equivalent concentration of Vc (93.42 %) and CA (90.81 %). The antibacterial abilities of CA-OßGH conjugates are improved compared to the equivalent content of CA and potassium sorbate. Particularly, the inhibition rate of CA-OßGH for gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) are significantly higher than that of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The results demonstrated that covalent grafted CA with soluble polysaccharide is an effective strategy to enhance its stability and biological activities.

Droplet Encoding-Pairing Enabled Multiplexed Digital Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Simultaneous Quantitative Detection of Multiple Pathogens.

Despite the advantages of digital nucleic acid analysis (DNAA) in terms of sensitivity, precision, and resolution, current DNAA methods commonly suffer a limitation in multiplexing capacity. To address this issue, a droplet encoding-pairing enabled DNAA multiplexing strategy is developed, wherein unique tricolor combinations are deployed to index individual primer droplets. The template droplets and primer droplets are sequentially introduced into a microfluidic chip with a calabash-shaped microwell array and are pairwise trapped and merged in the microwells. Pre-merging and post-amplification image analysis with a machine learning algorithm is used to identify, enumerate, and address the droplets. By incorporating the amplification signals with droplet encoding information, simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple targets is achieved. This strategy allows for the establishment of flexible multiplexed DNAA by simply adjusting the primer droplet library. Its flexibility is demonstrated by establishing two multiplexed (8-plex) droplet digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mddLAMP) assays for individually detecting lower respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection causative pathogens. Clinical sample analysis shows that the microbial detection outcomes of the mddLAMP assays are consistent with those of the conventional assay. This DNAA multiplexing strategy can achieve flexible high-order multiplexing on demand, making it a desirable tool for high-content pathogen detection.

Effect of 4 °C and ice temperature on umami-enhancing nucleotides of conditioned pork.

To study new methods to delay the umami taste attenuation of the conditioned pork, the ice temperature of pork, the content of nucleotides, lactic acid, pyruvate, glycogen, and activity of key endogenous enzymes were determined for the conditioned pork stored at 4 °C and ice temperature. The results indicated that the ice temperature of the pork ham bicipital muscle was -1.4 °C. The content of umami-enhancing nucleotides in pork stored at 4 °C decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing aging time, but all umami-enhancing nucleotides in pork stored at ice temperature were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), but the decrease rates were lower than those in pork stored at 4 °C. A possible reason for this was that the storage temperature influenced the activity of endogenous enzymes and glycolysis. Ice temperature storage was an effective method to inhibit the decrease in umami taste nucleotides in conditioned pork.

Characterization of whey protein isolate-(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate conjugates prepared by non-enzymatic and enzymatic methods and their application in stabilizing ß-carotene emulsion.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was conjugated to whey protein isolate (WPI) using alkaline treatment, free radical grafting and tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation. The structure and properties of the obtained conjugates and their application as antioxidant emulsifiers in stabilizing ß-carotene emulsion were systematically characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis verified the covalent linking between WPI and EGCG. The highest grafting efficiency was obtained for enzyme conjugate, followed for alkaline conjugate. Conjugation of EGCG decreased the α-helix content and fluorescence intensity of protein, and these changes depend on both EGCG conjugation and the cross-linking methods. Due to their improved emulsifying properties and antioxidant activity, WPI-EGCG conjugates formed smaller emulsion droplets and protect the encapsulated ß-carotene more effectively, and the protective property is positively correlated with EGCG content in conjugates.

Cascade filtration and droplet digital detection integrated microfluidic assay enables isolating culture-free phenotypic identification of carbapenem-resistant organisms.

Carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) are characterized by high drug resistance, rapid transmission, and high lethality. Therefore, rapid detection for CROs is essential for appropriate applying antibiotics and implementing quarantine. Droplet digital chromogenic assays (DDCA) have been accepted as an effective means for rapid microbial detection as the small droplet volumes facilitate a significant enhancement in the local concentration of chromogenic factors and, therefore, reduce the required time of the test. Nevertheless, as their dependence on the time-consuming isolation culture, the DDCA is still associated with a long turnaround time. To overcome this limitation, we develop here a microfluidic chip-based CRO phenotypic identification method that integrates cascade filtration (CF) with DDCA (CF-DDCA). After a body fluid sample is introduced to the microfluidic chip, particles with sizes >5 µm are removed out by the primary filter, and Gram (+) cocci with sizes <1 µm removed out by the secondary filter so that only Gram (-) bacilli with sizes between 1.5 and 5 µm are selectively retained. The purified Gram (-) bacilli, along with chromogenic reagents and carbapenem antibiotics, are then subjected to the DDCA. We demonstrate that the CF can remove 99.9% of the interfering microorganisms and thus eliminates the isolating culture. Benefited from the isolating culture-free DDCA, phenotypic identification of CROs can be achieved within 3.5 h. Clinical urine sample testing shows that the sensitivity and specificity of the CF-DDCA for CRO identification are all 100%, and the total coincidence rate between CF-DDCA and the conventional assay is also 100%.

Metabolomic analysis provides insights into the mechanism of color and taste changes in Dictyophora indusiata fruiting bodies under different drying processes.

In this study, we systematically assessed how the morphology and texture of edible fruiting bodies of D. indusiata (EFD) varied under three drying techniques: vacuum freeze drying (FD), vacuum drying (VD), and hot air drying (HD). It was discovered that freeze-dried EFD samples (FD-EFD) had an intact microstructure, and thus, a good appearance, textural characteristics, and rehydration properties. Quantitative metabolomic analysis revealed 801 metabolites, where 236 211 metabolites were significantly different in abundance in the comparison of hot-air dried EFD samples (HD-EFD) versus FD-EFD and vacuum-dried EFD samples (VD-EFD) versus FD-EFD, respectively. VD and HD significantly affected the abundance of taste-related compounds and resulted in the improvement of EFD's umami. The acidity of EFD is provided by organic acids produced through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The browning of HD-EFD was caused by Maillard reactions, oxidative degradation of ascorbic acid, and endogenous enzymatic browning process dominated by the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. The metabolomic analysis provides new insights into changes in EFD by different drying processes.