RESUMO
Loss of quality in citrus fruit is a common occurrence during postharvest storage due to oxidative stress and energy consumption. In recent years, glycine betaine (GB) has been widely applied to postharvest horticulture fruit. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GB treatment (10 mM and 20 mM) on the quality and antioxidant activity of 'Huangguogan' fruit during postharvest storage at room temperature. Our results indicated that both 10 mM and 20 mM treatments effectively reduced weight and firmness losses and maintained total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and ascorbic acid contents. Additionally, GB treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, maintained higher levels of total phenols and total flavonoids, and led to slower accumulation of H2O2. A transcriptome analysis conducted at 28 days after treatment (DAT)identified 391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 20 mM GB (GB-2) and the control (CK) group. These DEGs were enriched in various pathways, particularly related to oxygen oxidoreductase, peroxidase activity, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Overall, the application of GB proved beneficial in enhancing the storability and extending the shelf life of 'Huangguogan' fruit.
RESUMO
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 (BA-5940) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens. A total of 720 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks (average body weight, 45.87 ± 0.86 g) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments of 8 replicates with 18 chicks in each replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a corn-wheat-soybean basal diet, the other 4 groups were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 mg/kg Ecobiol (1.27 × 109 CFU/g BA-5940) for 42 d, respectively. Broilers fed diets supplemented with BA-5940 showed a quadratic response (P < 0.05) of average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio (F:G) during d 22 to 42 and d 0 to 42. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum and liver, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver of broilers on d 42 increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of BA-5940, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Concentrations of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM on d 21, and IgM on d 42 increased linearly (P < 0.05) as BA-5940 levels increased. Supplementation with increasing levels of BA-5940 linearly decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels on d 21 and 42, while increased interleukin (IL)-10 concentration (linear, P < 0.05) on d 21. Meanwhile, the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α in the mucosa of jejunum and ileum were decreased (linear, P < 0.05) on d 42 as dietary supplementation of BA-5940 increased. Additionally, supplementation with BA-5940 also increased the activities of amylase (linear, P < 0.01), lipase (linear, P < 0.05) and chymotrypsin (linear, P < 0.01) in jejunal digesta, and lipase (linear, P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of broilers on d 42. To summarize, inclusion of BA-5940 in corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet improved growth performance of broilers through improving antioxidant capacity, immunity, and digestive enzyme activity. Based on the results of this study, 1.1-1.6 × 109 CFU/kg BA-5940 is recommended for supplementation in broiler diets.
