Disseminated emergomyces orientalis infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

A case of Eimonosis orientalis was reported in a 52-year-old male farmer who presented with cough, phlegm, fever, headache, and nausea for more than 4 days. Haemophilic cells and fungal spores were identified in the bone marrow smear and confirmed as Aemon orientalis by culture. The same bacteria were also isolated from blood cultures.

Asymmetric Cu-N1O3 Sites Coupling Atop-type and Bridge-type Adsorbed *C1 for Electrocatalytic CO2-to-C2 Conversion.

2D functional porous frameworks offer a platform for studying the structure-activity relationships during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Yet challenges still exist to breakthrough key limitations on site configuration (typical M-O4 or M-N4 units) and product selectivity (common CO2-to-CO conversion). Herein, a novel 2D metal-organic framework (MOF) with planar asymmetric N/O mixed coordinated Cu-N1O3 unit is constructed, labeled as BIT-119. When applied to CO2RR, BIT-119 could reach a CO2-to-C2 conversion with C2 partial current density ranging from 36.9 to 165.0 mA cm-2 in flow cell. Compared to the typical symmetric Cu-O4 units, asymmetric Cu-N1O3 units lead to the re-distribution of local electron structure, regulating the adsorption strength of several key adsorbates and the following catalytic selectivity. From experimental and theoretical analyses, Cu-N1O3 sites could simultaneously couple the atop-type (on Cu site) and bridge-type (on Cu-N site) adsorption of *C1 species to reach the CO2-to-C2 conversion. This work broadens the feasible C-C coupling mechanism on 2D functional porous frameworks.

A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal.

Sponges are the most basal metazoan phylum1 and may have played important roles in modulating the redox architecture of Neoproterozoic oceans2. Although molecular clocks predict that sponges diverged in the Neoproterozoic era3,4, their fossils have not been unequivocally demonstrated before the Cambrian period5-8, possibly because Precambrian sponges were aspiculate and non-biomineralized9. Here we describe a late-Ediacaran fossil, Helicolocellus cantori gen. et sp. nov., from the Dengying Formation (around 551-539 million years ago) of South China. This fossil is reconstructed as a large, stemmed benthic organism with a goblet-shaped body more than 0.4 m in height, with a body wall consisting of at least three orders of nested grids defined by quadrate fields, resembling a Cantor dust fractal pattern. The resulting lattice is interpreted as an organic skeleton comprising orthogonally arranged cruciform elements, architecturally similar to some hexactinellid sponges, although the latter are built with biomineralized spicules. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis resolves H. cantori as a crown-group sponge related to the Hexactinellida. H. cantori confirms that sponges diverged and existed in the Precambrian as non-biomineralizing animals with an organic skeleton. Considering that siliceous biomineralization may have evolved independently among sponge classes10-13, we question the validity of biomineralized spicules as a necessary criterion for the identification of Precambrian sponge fossils.

Extract of Gualou-Xiebai Herb Pair Improves Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Enhancing the Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Atherosclerosis Mice.

BACKGROUND: Gualou is derived from the fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, while Xiebai from the bulbs of Allium macrostemon Bunge. Gualou and Xiebai herb pair (2:1) is widely used in clinical practice to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying its potential activity on atherosclerosis (AS) has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: The extract of Gualou-Xiebai herb pair (GXE) was prepared from Gualou (80 g) and Xiebai (40 g) by continuous refluxing with 50% ethanol for 2 h at 80°C. In vivo, ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks to induce an AS model, and then the mice were treated with GXE (3, 6, 12 g/kg) or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) via oral gavage. Besides, RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated by ox-LDL to establish a foam cell model in vitro. RESULTS: GXE suppressed plaque formation, regulated plasma lipids, and promoted liver lipid clearance in AS mice. In addition, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL GXE significantly reduced the TC and FC levels in ox-LDL (50 µg/mL)-stimulated foam cells. GXE increased cholesterol efflux from the foam cells to ApoA-1 and HDL, and enhanced the protein expressions of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI, which were reversed by the PPARγ inhibitor. Meanwhile, GXE increased the LCAT levels, decreased the lipid levels and increased the TBA levels in the liver of AS mice. Molecular docking indicated that some compounds in GXE showed favorable binding energy with PPARγ, LCAT and CYP7A1 proteins, especially apigenin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside and quercetin. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results suggested that GXE improved lipid metabolism disorders by enhancing RCT, providing a scientific basis for the clinical use of GXE in AS treatment.

Efficient Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance of Atomic Fe Sites via p-d Hybridization with Al Dopants.

Orbital hybridization to regulate the electronic structures and surface chemisorption properties of transition metals is of great importance for boosting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we developed a core-shell rambutan-like nanocarbon catalyst (FeAl-RNC) with atomically dispersed Fe-Al atom pairs from metal-organic framework (MOF) material. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the strong p-d orbital hybridization between Al and Fe results in an asymmetric electron distribution with moderate adsorption strength of oxygen intermediates, rendering enhanced intrinsic ORR activity. Additionally, the core-shell rambutan-like structure of FeAl-RNC with abundant micropores and macropores can enhance the density of active sites, stability, and transport pathways in PEMFC. The FeAl-RNC-based PEMFC achieves excellent activity (68.4 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V), high peak power (1.05 W cm-2), and good stability with only 7% current loss after 100 h at 0.7 V under H2-O2 condition.

The anti-atherosclerotic effect of Paeonol against the lipid accumulation in macrophage-derived foam cells by inhibiting ferroptosis via the SIRT1/NRF2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the underlying cause of many severe vascular diseases and is primarily characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism. Paeonol (Pae), a bioactive compound derived from Paeonia Suffruticosa Andr., is recognized for its significant role in reducing lipid accumulation. Our research objective is to explore the link between lipid buildup in foam cells originating from macrophages and the process of ferroptosis, and explore the effect and mechanism of Pae on inhibiting AS by regulating ferroptosis. In our animal model, ApoE-deficient mice, which were provided with a high-fat regimen to provoke atherosclerosis, were administered Pae. The treatment was benchmarked against simvastatin and ferrostatin-1. The results showed that Pae significantly reduced aortic ferroptosis and lipid accumulation in the mice. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that Pae could decrease lipid accumulation in foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and challenged with the ferroptosis inducer erastin. Crucially, the protective effect of Pae against lipid accumulation was dependent on the SIRT1/NRF2/GPX4 pathway, as SIRT1 knockdown abolished this effect. Our findings suggest that Pae may offer a novel therapeutic approach for AS by inhibiting lipid accumulation through the suppression of ferroptosis, mediated by the SIRT1/NRF2/GPX4 pathway. Such knowledge has the potential to inform the creation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating ferroptosis within the context of atherosclerosis.

Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Supporting Atomic Bi-N2O2 Sites for High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Single atomic catalysts (SACs) offer a superior platform for studying the structure-activity relationships during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Yet challenges still exist to obtain well-defined and novel site configuration owing to the uncertainty of functional framework-derived SACs through calcination. Herein, a novel Bi-N2O2 site supported on the (1 1 0) plane of hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) is reported directly for CO2RR. In flow cell, the target catalyst Bi1-HOF maintains a faradaic efficiency (FE) HCOOH of over 90 % at a wide potential window of 1.4 V. The corresponding partial current density ranges from 113.3 to 747.0 mA cm-2. And, Bi1-HOF exhibits a long-term stability of over 30 h under a successive potential-step test with a current density of 100-400 mA cm-2. Density function theory (DFT) calculations illustrate that the novel Bi-N2O2 site supported on the (1 1 0) plane of HOF effectively induces the oriented electron transfer from Bi center to CO2 molecule, reaching an enhanced CO2 activation and reduction. Besides, this study offers a versatile method to reach series of M-N2O2 sites with regulable metal centers via the same intercalation mechanism, broadening the platform for studying the structure-activity relationships during CO2RR.

MicroRNA let-7g links foam cell formation and adipogenic differentiation: A key regulator of Paeonol treating atherosclerosis-osteoporosis.

BACKGROUD: High comorbidity rates have been reported in patients with atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, posing a serious risk to the health and well-being of elderly patients. To improve and update clinical practice regarding the joint treatment of these two diseases, the common mechanisms of atherosclerosis and osteoporosis need to be clarified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), are importance molecules in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including in cardiovascular and orthopedic fields. They have garnered interest as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. However, the key miRNAs involved in atherosclerosis and osteoporosis and their precise regulation mechanisms remain unknown. Paeonol (Pae), an active ingredient in Cortex Moutan, has shown promising results in improving both lipid and bone metabolic abnormalities. However, it is uncertain whether this agent can exert a cotherapeutic effect on atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to screen important shared miRNAs in atherosclerotic and osteoporotic complications, and explore the mechanism of the protective effects of Pae against atherosclerosis and osteoporosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE-/- mice. METHODS: An experimental atherosclerosis and osteoporosis model was established in 40-week-old HFD ApoE-/- mice. Various techniques such as Oil Red O staining, HE staining and micro-CT were used to confirm the co-occurrence of these two diseases and efficacy of Pae in addition to the associated biochemical changes. Bioinformatics was used to screen key miRNAs in the atherosclerosis and osteoporosis model, and gene involvement was assessed through serum analyses, qRT-PCR, and western blot. To investigate the effect of Pae on the modulation of the miR let-7g/HMGA2/CEBPß pathway, Raw 264.7 cells were cocultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and treated with an miR let-7g mimic/inhibitor. RESULTS: miR let-7g identified using bioinformatics was assessed to evaluate its participation in atherosclerosis-osteoporosis. Experimental analysis showed reduced miR let-7g levels in the atherosclerosis-osteoporosis mice model. Moreover, miR let-7g was required for BMSC - Raw 264.7 cell crosstalk, thereby promoting foam cell formation and adipocyte differentiation. Treatment with Pae significantly reduced plaque accumulation and foam cell number in the aorta while increasing bone density and improving trabecular bone microarchitecture in HFD ApoE-/- mice. Pae also increased the level of miR let-7g in the bloodstream of model mice. In vitro studies, Pae enhanced miR let-7g expression in BMSCs, thereby suppressing the HMGA2/CEBPß pathway to prevent the formation of foam cells and differentiation of adipocytes induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). CONCLUSION: The study results suggested that miR let-7g participates in atherosclerosis -osteoporosis regulation and that Pae acts as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing atherosclerosis-osteoporosis through regulatory effects on the miR let-7g/HMGA2/CEBPß pathway to hinder foam cell formation and adipocyte differentiation.

Paeonol Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Senescence via SIRT1/P53/TRF2 Signaling Pathway.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to various vascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence promotes atherosclerotic inflammation and the formation of plaque necrosis core, in part through telomere damage mediated by a high-fat diet. Our previous research found that paeonol, a potential anti-inflammatory agent extracted from Cortex Moutan, could significantly improve VSMCs dysfunction. However, the impact of paeonol on the senescence of VSMCs remains unexplored. This study presents the protective effects of paeonol on VSMCs senescence, and its potential activity in inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nuclear deacetylase involved in cell proliferation, senescence, telomere damage, and inflammation. Here, SIRT1 was identified as a potential target of paeonol having anti-senescence and anti-atherosclerosis activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that paeonol binds directly to SIRT1 and then activates the SIRT1/P53/TRF2 pathway to inhibit VSMCs senescence. Our results suggested that SIRT1-mediated VSMCs senescence is a promising druggable target for atherosclerosis, and that pharmacological modulation of the SIRT1/P53/TRF2 signaling pathway by paeonol is of potential benefit for patients with atherosclerosis.

Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals metformin suppresses thyroid cancer progression via inhibiting glycolysis and restraining DNA replication.

The anti-tumoral effects of metformin have been widely studied in several types of cancer, including thyroid cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. As an oral hypoglycemic drug, metformin facilitates glucose catabolism and disrupts metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly cellular glucose metabolism, is an important characteristic of malignant tumors. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of metformin in thyroid cancer and the underlying metabolic mechanism. In the present study, it was shown that metformin reduced cell viability, invasion, migration, and EMT, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle G1 phase arrest in thyroid cancer. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes induced by metformin were involved in several signaling pathways including apoptosis singling pathways, TGF-ß signaling, and cell cycle regulation in human thyroid cancer cell lines. In addition, the helicase activity of the CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS complex and DNA replication related genes such as RPA2, RAD51, and PCNA were downregulated in metformin-treated thyroid cancer cells. Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that metformin-induced significant alterations in metabolic pathways such as glutathione metabolism and polyamine synthesis. Integrative analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomics revealed that metformin suppressed glycolysis by downregulating the key glycolytic enzymes LDHA and PKM2 and upregulating IDH1 expression in thyroid cancer. Furthermore, the anti-tumor role of metformin in thyroid cancer in vivo was shown. Together these results show that metformin plays an anti-tumor role by inhibiting glycolysis and restraining DNA replication in thyroid cancer.

Paeonol reduces microbial metabolite α-hydroxyisobutyric acid to alleviate the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway-mediated endothelial inflammation in atherosclerosis mice.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is an avenue for the promotion of atherosclerosis (AS) and this effect is mediated partly via the circulating microbial metabolites. More microbial metabolites related to AS vascular inflammation, and the mechanisms involved need to be clarified urgently. Paeonol (Pae) is an active compound isolated from Paeonia suffruticoas Andr. with anti-AS inflammation effect. However, considering the low oral bioavailability of Pae, it is worth exploring the mechanism by which Pae reduces the harmful metabolites of the gut microbiota to alleviate AS. In this study, ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish an AS model. AS mice were administrated with Pae (200 or 400 mg·kg-1) by oral gavage and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to investigate the composition of the gut microbiota, while metabolomics analysis was used to identify the metabolites in serum and cecal contents. The results indicated that Pae significantly improved AS by regulating gut microbiota composition and microbiota metabolic profile in AS mice. We also identified α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) as a harmful microbial metabolite reduced by Pae. HIBA supplementation in drinking water promoted AS inflammation in AS mice. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) were cultured and stimulated by HIBA. We verified that HIBA stimulation increased intracellular ROS levels, thereby inducing VEC inflammation via the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. In sum, Pae reduces the production of the microbial metabolite HIBA, thus alleviating the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway-mediated endothelial inflammation in AS. Our study innovatively confirms the mechanism by which Pae reduces the harmful metabolites of gut microbiota to alleviate AS and proposes HIBA as a potential biomarker for AS clinical judgment.

Enhanced Metal-Support Interactions Boost the Electrocatalytic Water Splitting of Supported Ruthenium Nanoparticles on a Ni3 N/NiO Heterojunction at Industrial Current Density.

Developing highly efficient and stable hydrogen production catalysts for electrochemical water splitting (EWS) at industrial current densities remains a great challenge. Herein, we proposed a heterostructure-induced-strategy to optimize the metal-support interaction (MSI) and the EWS activity of Ru-Ni3 N/NiO. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations firstly predicted that the Ni3 N/NiO-heterostructures can improve the structural stability, electronic distributions, and orbital coupling of Ru-Ni3 N/NiO compared to Ru-Ni3 N and Ru-NiO, which accordingly decreases energy barriers and increases the electroactivity for EWS. As a proof-of-concept, the Ru-Ni3 N/NiO catalyst with a 2D Ni3 N/NiO-heterostructures nanosheet array, uniformly dispersed Ru nanoparticles, and strong MSI, was successfully constructed in the experiment, which exhibited excellent HER and OER activity with overpotentials of 190 mV and 385 mV at 1000 mA cm-2 , respectively. Furthermore, the Ru-Ni3 N/NiO-based EWS device can realize an industrial current density (1000 mA cm-2 ) at 1.74 V and 1.80 V under alkaline pure water and seawater conditions, respectively. Additionally, it also achieves a high durability of 1000 h (@ 500 mA cm-2 ) in alkaline pure water.

The prognostic and biology of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy of cancer.

Tumour immunotherapy has achieved remarkable clinical success in many different types of cancer in the past two decades. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell within the tumour microenvironment, suggesting that the immune landscape of a tumour is highly connected to patient response and prognosis. It is critical to understanding tumour immune microenvironments for identifying immune modifiers of cancer progression and developing cancer immunotherapies. The infiltration of solid tumours by immune cells with anti-tumour activity is both a strong prognostic factor and a therapeutic goal. Recent approaches and applications of new technologies, especially single-cell mRNA analysis in dissecting tumour microenvironments have brought important insights into the biology of tumour-infiltrating immune cells, revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of tumour infiltrated lymphocytes, their prognostic benefit, and predictive value for immunotherapy.

MicroRNA-142-3P suppresses the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by targeting FN1 and inactivating FAK/ERK/PI3K signaling.

OBJECTIVES: miR-142-3P is a tumor suppressor in various malignant cancers. However, the function of miR-142-3P in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of miR-142-3P in PTC. METHODS: Real Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of miR-142-3P and Fibronectin 1 (FN1) in PTC. The correlation between FN1 and miR-142-3P expression was analyzed by Spearman's correlation analysis. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) assay, cell migration and invasion assay and wound healing measures evaluated the effect of miR-142-3P and FN1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Dural Luciferase reported gene assay evaluated the interaction between miR-142-3P and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of FN1. The Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT) and apoptosis related marker genes were measured using western blot analysis (WB). RESULTS: miR-142-3P was significantly decreased in both PTC specimens and relevant cell lines. Functionally, miR-142-3P inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, and induced the cell apoptosis in PTC. In addition, miR-142-3P bound directly with 3' UTR of FN1 and negatively regulated the expression of FN1 in PTC. FN1 expression is elevated in PTC, and its aberrant high correlated with declines in recurrence-free survival (RFS). Moreover, FN1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, induced cell apoptosis in PTC cells. Depletion of FN1 rescues the effect of miR-142-3P inhibitor on cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and EMT via inactivating Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) / Phosphoinostide 3-kinase (P13K) signaling. CONCLUSION: miR-142-3P suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT through modulating FN1/FAK/ERK/PI3K signaling in PTC, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for PTC.

Trophic transfer of heavy metals through aquatic food web in the largest mangrove reserve of China.

Understanding the mechanism of trophic transfer of heavy metal through the aquatic food web is critical to ecological exposure risk assessments in mangrove ecosystems. Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (ZMNNR) is the largest and biologically richest mangrove reserve in China, but has been exposed to heavy metal pollutants caused by the progressive industrialization and urbanization. We collected a variety of aquatic consumers, and primary producers, as well as sediments from the ZMNNR and analyzed them for heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) concentrations, and for both δ13C and δ15N values to establish the trophic levels. The trophic magnification factors (TMF) of Cd, Cu and Zn are 0.19 (p < 0.01), 0.07 (p < 0.01) and 0.33 (p < 0.05), respectively, indicating significant biodilution in a simplified food web composed of bivalves, crustaceans and fish. There are also potential tendencies of biodilution for Cr, Ni and Pb. Comparison of heavy metals in representative fish and shrimp in the ZMNNR with those in worldwide mangroves indicate a low risk level for aquatic consumers in our ecosystem. Quantitative source tracking is conducted based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis, which indicate that Cr, Ni and Pb are mainly originated from natural geological processes, Cu and Zn from shrimp farming and agriculture activities, and Cd from the deposition of aerosol released by regional metal smelting industry.

Dynamic changes of serum metabolite profiling in septic mice based on high performance liquid chromatography of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry analysis.

The objective of this study is to gain insights into the underlying metabolic transformations that occurred during the whole progression of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis, thus providing new targets for its treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with multivariate statistical techniques was used to detect the s in serum from septic mice. Fifty male mice were divided into two groups, including the sham group (n = 7) and the CLP-induced sepsis group (n = 43). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-CLP and then serum were collected for metabolomic analysis. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out through MetaboAnalyst 5.0, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), to identify the s and screen out the related differential metabolites. Besides, the KEGG pathway analysis was used to analyze the related metabolic pathways in which the identified metabolites were involved. Based on the fold change (FC > 2.0 or <0.5), variable important in projection (VIP > 1.2), and P value (P < 0.05), we found 26, 17, 21, and 17 metabolites in septic mice at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-CLP, respectively, compared with that of the sham group. The PCA and PLS-DA pattern recognition showed a cluster-type distribution between the sham group and the CLP group. Dysregulated amino acid metabolism, as well as disturbed nucleotide metabolism, is observed. Several important metabolic pathways were identified between the sham group and the CLP group. Among them, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis showed striking at day 1 post-CLP. At day 3, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis changed significantly. However, as the disease process, only pyrimidine metabolism showed the most significant alternation, compared to the sham group. Several differential metabolites were identified in the CLP group compared with that of the sham group and they were presented with dynamic alternation at different time points post-CLP, indicating metabolic disturbance occurred throughout the whole sepsis progression.

Serum metabolomic analyses reveal the potential metabolic biomarkers for prediction of amatoxin poisoning.

Amatoxin poisoning leads to over 90% of deaths in mushroom poisoning. The objective of present study was to identify the potential metabolic biomarkers for early diagnosis of amatoxin poisoning. Serum samples were collected from 61 patients with amatoxin poisoning and 61 healthy controls. An untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the patients with amatoxin poisoning could be clearly separated from healthy controls on the basis of their metabolic fingerprints. There were 33 differential metabolites including 15 metabolites up-regulated metabolites and 18 down-regulated metabolites in patients with amatoxin poisoning compared to healthy controls. These metabolites mainly enriched in the lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, such as Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Sphingolipid metabolism, Phenylalanine tyrosine and typtophan biosynthesis, Tyrosine metabolism, Arginine and proline metabolism, which may serve important roles in the amatoxin poisoning. Among the differential metabolites, a total of 8 significant metabolic markers were identified for discriminating patients with amatoxin poisoning from healthy controls, including Glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate (GCDCA-S), 11-Oxo-androsterone glucuronide, Neomenthol-glucuronide, Dehydroisoandrosterone 3-glucuronide, Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), Lanthionine ketimine, Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and Nicotinamide ribotide, which achieved satisfactory diagnostic accuracy (AUC>0.8) in both discovery and validation cohorts. Strikingly, the Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that 11-Oxo-androsterone glucuronide, G6P and GCDCA-S were positively correlated with the liver injury induced by amatoxin poisoning. The findings of the current study may provide insight into the pathological mechanism of amatoxin poisoning and screened out the reliable metabolic biomarkers to contribute the clinical early diagnosis of amatoxin poisoning.

Paeonol Attenuates the Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TGF-ß1 in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells through ALK5- Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Paeonol (Pae), the main active compound of the root of Paeonia albiflora, is efficacious in treating atherosclerosis (AS). Endothelial dysfunction is throughout the pathological progression of AS. It is expected that inhibition of Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) will be a key target for AS treatment. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the regulatory effect of Pae on EndMT in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: Cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and migration were detected by CCK-8, the wound healing assay, and EdU staining, respectively. The protein expressions were measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence staining. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to indicate endothelial cells undergoing EndMT in ApoE-/- mice. In vitro TGF-ß1-induced EndMT assays were performed in HUVECs and the effect of Pae was explored. RESULTS: We demonstrated that Pae could improve induced TGF-ß1-EndMT in vivo and in vitro. Mechanism study revealed that Pae directly bonds to the activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5, also known as TGFß type I receptor), inhibited downstream Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and thus alleviated EndMT. Notably, overexpression of ALK5 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of Pae on EndMT in HUVECs. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that ALK5 is a promising druggable target for AS, and pharmacological regulation of ALK5-Smad2/3 signaling pathway with small-molecule holds great potential to benefit AS patients.

A UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based serum and urine metabolomics approach reveals the mechanism of Gualou-Xiebai herb pair intervention against atherosclerosis process in ApoE-/- mice.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a metabolic disorder commonly correlated with a high-fat diet (HFD). There are many endogenous metabolic changes associated with AS development. Gualou-Xiebai (GLXB) is a traditional Chinese medicine herb pair that has been used to treat AS. However, the mechanism of GLXB herb pair on the process of AS is still essentially unknown. In this study, aortic histopathological examination and biochemical analyses were used to validate the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GLXB herb pair on ApoE-/- mice during the disease course of AS. The mechanism of GLXB herb pair were performed by metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). As a result, GLXB herb pair has protective effects on AS lesion development and improves blood lipid levels in ApoE-/- mice. A total of 34, 39, and 49 metabolites were found to be profoundly altered in the 9-week, 14-week, and 19-week model groups compared with the corresponding control groups. Among them, 16, 18, and 18 metabolites showed a trend toward normal levels after pharmacological intervention. Metabolic pathway analysis found that GLXB herb pair mainly affects glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions in 9 weeks; linoleic acid metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism in 14 weeks; arachidonic acid metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions in 19 weeks. The results demonstrated that GLXB herb pair mainly played a therapeutic role by regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions in the whole process of AS.

Separation of a new triterpenoid saponin together with six known ones from Clematis tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh and evaluation of their cytotoxic activities.

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-ß-D-allopyranosyl (1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (IV), together with six known ones Hederacholichiside F (I), Tanguticoside B (II), Tauroside St-H1 (III), Hederoside H1 (V), Kalopanaxsaponin G (VI), Hederasaponin B (VII) were separated from Clematis tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh. Their cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Saponins IV (new compound) and I showed selective inhibitory activities against HGC-27 with IC50 values of 20.17 and 66.18 µM. Saponin VII exhibited extensive inhibitory action against HGC-27, Hela and SK-OV-3 with IC50 values of 16.47-71.36 µM. Saponin III showed selective inhibitory activity against SK-OV-3 with the IC50 value of 48.70 µM. All isolated saponins were inactive (IC50 >150 µM) to GES-1.