Diagnosis and treatment of ankle syndesmosis injuries with associated interosseous membrane injury: a current concept review.

BACKGROUND: Tibiofibular syndesmosis injury leads to ankle pain and dysfunction when ankle injuries are not treated properly. Despite several studies having been performed, many questions about diagnosis and treatment remain unanswered, especially in ankle syndesmosis injury with interosseous membrane injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to help guide best practice recommendations. METHODS: This review explores the mechanism of injury, clinical features, diagnosis methods, and the treatment strategy for ankle syndesmosis injury with interosseous membrane injury to highlight the current evidence in terms of the controversies surrounding the management of these injuries. RESULTS: Radiological and CT examination are an important basis for diagnosing ankle syndesmosis injury. Physical examination combined with MRI to determine the damage to the interosseous membrane is significant in guiding the treatment of ankle syndesmosis injury with interosseous membrane injury. In the past, inserting syndesmosis screws was the gold standard for treating ankle syndesmosis injury. However, there were increasingly more controversies regarding loss of reduction and broken nails, so elastic fixation has become more popular in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical reduction and effective fixation are the main aspects to be considered in the treatment of ankle syndesmosis injury with interosseous membrane injury and are the key to reducing postsurgery complications.

[Raman scattering of single-wall carbon nanotubes produced using Y/Ni catalyst].

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were synthesized by electric are discharge method with a mixture of nickel and yttrium as catalysts. The examination results of scanning electronic microscope and transmission electronic microscope indicate that the yield of SWNTs in the sample were high. SWNTs have been investigated by Raman scattering techniques with excitation wavelengths in the range of 514.5 to 782.0 nm. We have observed some differences in the frequencies and intensities of the radial breathing modes. The electronic density of states of SWNTs was calculated using the Brillouin zone folding. A graphical method was proposed for assigning Raman peaks of the radial breathing modes (RMB) based on the data of diameters, RBM frequencies and electronic density of states of SWNTs. The radial breathing modes on SWNTs are assigned. The results indicate that the diameter distribution of SWNTs is in the range of 0.79-1.76 nm, and the SWNTs with diameter 1.45 nm are in the majority. The metallic and semiconductor tubes are all present in the sample.