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Introduction: Since its outbreak in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across the world, posing significant threats and challenges to global public health. SARS-CoV-2, together with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, is a highly pathogenic coronavirus that contributes to fatal pneumonia. Understanding the similarities and differences at the transcriptome level between SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, as well as MERS-CoV is critical for developing effective strategies against these viruses. Methods: In this article, we comparatively analyzed publicly available transcriptome data of human cell lines infected with highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and lowly pathogenic HCoV-229E. The host gene expression profiles during human coronavirus (HCoV) infections were generated, and the pathways and biological functions involved in immune responses, antiviral efficacy, and organ damage were intensively elucidated. Results: Our results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 induced a stronger immune response versus the other two highly pathogenic HCoVs. Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 induced robust type I and type III IFN responses, marked by higher upregulation of type I and type III IFNs, as well as numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Further Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed the important role of ISGs for impeding SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the interferon/ISGs could be potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, our results uncovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to an enhanced risk of multi-organ toxicity in contrast to the other two highly pathogenic HCoVs. Discussion: These findings provided valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, which showed a similar pathological feature but a lower fatality rate compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
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In this work, we investigated the temperature dependent magnetic properties of SmCrO3 by codoping nonmagnetic ions at Sm- and Cr-sites. The spin reorientation from Γ 4 to Γ 2 is tuned and the transition temperature T SR is improved dramatically to near the liquid nitrogen temperature by Ga ion doping, which would be helpful to achieve its application in temperature sensitive spintronic devices and magnetic switching devices. An intrinsic temperature induced magnetization reversal effect from positive to negative under zero-field-cooling conditions is induced as well and its reversal evolution is strongly dependent upon doping. Moreover, the zero-field-cooling exchange bias effect still exists and shows a positive exchange bias field although it is suppressed with increase of doping concentration. Under the influence of doping nonmagnetic ions, lattice distortion is induced to some extent and the magnetic interactions of Cr-Cr and Sm-Cr are predominantly diluted, realizing control of the above phenomena. Those phenomena are discussed and successfully explained by considering the magnetic exchange interaction competitions including the isotropic, antisymmetric (or Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction), and anisotropic superexchange interactions.