Biological conversion of lignin-derived ferulic acid from wheat bran into vanillin.

Lignin is a promising feedstock for producing vanillin, one of the most extensively used flavor enhancers. However, the biotransformation performance of lignin derivatives into vanillin is still unsatisfactory. In this study, an efficient conversion strategy of lignin into vanillin was established by employing engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Optimization of cell culture media and whole-cell bioconversion improved the production efficiency of vanillin. The vanillin titer reached 15.3 mM with a molar yield of 71 % in fed-batch fermentation mode, while incorporating in-situ product separation, demonstrated a remarkable 2.6-fold increase. The whole-cell bioconversion, coupled with in-situ separation, successfully converted real lignin hydrolysate into a record vanillin titer of 21.1 mM, equivalent to 1.8 mg of vanillin per gram of wheat bran biomass. The whole-cell bioconversion process integrated in-situ product separation, represents a sustainable approach for vanillin production and offers a promising pathway for lignin valorization.

Efficacy and safety of vonoprazan and high-dose amoxicillin dual therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vonoprazan is a new acid-suppressing drug that provides an additional choice for eradicating Helicobacter pylori. The effectiveness and safety of vonoprazan and high-dose amoxicillin (VHA) dual therapy requires study in a systematic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of the literature from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to 16 May 2024. Trials comparing H. pylori eradication rates, adverse events, and compliance of VHA dual therapy with that of other therapies were included. RevMan 5.4 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Eleven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and two retrospective clinical studies with 4570 samples were included. VHA dual therapy had superior H. pylori eradication rates (intention-to-treat [ITT]: 86.0% vs. 80.7%; odds ratio [OR]=1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.73; P=0.01; per-protocol [PP]: 90.6% vs. 85.7%; OR=1.42; 95% CI 1.07-1.88; P=0.02), fewer adverse events (15.4% vs. 27.7%; OR=0.49; 95% CI 0.35-0.68, P<0.0001), and similar compliance (94.6% vs. 93.2%; OR=1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; P=0.07) compared with other guideline therapies. According to subgroup analysis with PP data, VHA dual therapy is more effective than bismuth quadruple therapy based on proton-pump inhibitors (P-BQT) (93.5% vs. 89.3%; OR=1.76; 95% CI 1.03-3.00; P=0.04). In addition, the eradication rates for 7-day, 10-day and 14-day VHA dual therapy were 65% (95% CI 0.55-0.75), 92% (95% CI 0.91-0.94) and 93% (95% CI 0.90-0.97), respectively. CONCLUSION: VHA dual therapy for 10 or 14 days showed superior efficacy and safety compared with therapies recommended by the guidelines and should be prioritised for adoption.

Lignin-derived compounds assisted with Kocuria marina H-2 and Pseudomonas putida B6-2 co-culture enhanced naphthalene biodegradation.

The implementation of environmentally friendly and sustainable remediation strategies positively impacts solid waste management. In this study, the Kocuria marina H-2 and Pseudomonas putida B6-2 co-culture system demonstrated enhanced naphthalene biodegradation efficiency compared to single-strain cultures. Under optimal conditions of 35 °C, 200 rpm/min, and a 1:1 ratio of the co-culture system, the naphthalene biodegradation potential was further increased. Notably, the addition of both ethylenediamine-pretreated lignin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly elevated naphthalene degradation rates to 68.5 %. In addition, the oil-liquid surface tension decreased, while cell surface hydrophobicity and colony-forming units increased with the addition of lignin-derived compounds. The modification of naphthalene bioavailability by ethylenediamine-pretreated lignin would accelerate the uptake and transport of hydrocarbons via ABC transporters and flagellar assembly. Importantly, genes related to bacterial chemotaxis and fatty acid biosynthesis were upregulated during the co-metabolism of naphthalene and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, further enhancing naphthalene bioconversion.

Fat body-derived juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase functions to maintain iron homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Iron homeostasis is of critical importance to living organisms. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model to study iron homeostasis, while the regulatory mechanism of iron metabolism remains poorly understood. Herein, we accidently found that knockdown of juvenile hormone (JH) acid methyltransferase (Jhamt) specifically in the fat body, a key rate-limiting enzyme for JH synthesis, led to iron accumulation locally, resulting in serious loss and dysfunction of fat body. Jhamt knockdown-induced phenotypes were mitigated by iron deprivation, antioxidant and Ferrostatin-1, a well-known inhibitor of ferroptosis, suggesting ferroptosis was involved in Jhamt knockdown-induced defects in the fat body. Further study demonstrated that upregulation of Tsf1 and Malvolio (Mvl, homolog of mammalian DMT1), two iron importers, accounted for Jhamt knockdown-induced iron accumulation and dysfunction of the fat body. Mechanistically, Kr-h1, a key transcription factor of JH, acts downstream of Jhamt inhibiting Tsf1 and Mvl transcriptionally. In summary, the findings indicated that fat body-derived Jhamt is required for the development of Drosophila by maintaining iron homeostasis in the fat body, providing unique insight into the regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism in Drosophila.

Intestinal toxicity of Pb: Structural and functional damages, effects on distal organs and preventive strategies.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metal pollutants that possesses multi-organ toxicity. For decades, great efforts have been devoted to investigate the damage of Pb to kidney, liver, bone, blood cells and the central nervous system (CNS). For the common, dietary exposure is the main avenue of Pb, but our knowledge of Pb toxicity in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) remains quite insufficient. Importantly, emerging evidence has documented that gastrointestinal disorders affect other distal organs like brain and liver though gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis, respectively. This review focuses on the recent understanding of intestinal toxicity of Pb exposure, including structural and functional damages. We also review the influence and mechanism of intestinal toxicity on other distal organs, mainly concentrated on brain and liver. At last, we summarize the bioactive substances that reported to alleviate Pb toxicity, providing potential dietary intervention strategies to prevent or attenuate Pb toxicity.

Health risks of Bisphenol-A exposure: From Wnt signaling perspective.

Human beings are routinely exposed to chronic and low dose of Bisphenols (BPs) due to their widely pervasiveness in the environment. BPs hold similar chemical structures to 17ß-estradiol (E2) and thyroid hormone, thus posing threats to human health by rendering the endocrine system dysfunctional. Among BPs, Bisphenol-A (BPA) is the best-known and extensively studied endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). BPA possesses multisystem toxicity, including reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Particularly, the central nervous system (CNS), especially the developing one, is vulnerable to BPA exposure. This review describes our current knowledge of BPA toxicity and the related molecular mechanisms, with an emphasis on the role of Wnt signaling in the related processes. We also discuss the role of oxidative stress, endocrine signaling and epigenetics in the regulation of Wnt signaling by BPA exposure. In summary, dysfunction of Wnt signaling plays a key role in BPA toxicity and thus can be a potential target to alleviate EDCs induced damage to organisms.

Global regulator IrrE on stress tolerance: a review.

Stress tolerance is a vital attribute for all living beings to cope with environmental adversities. IrrE (also named PprI) from Deinococcus radiodurans enhances resistance to extreme radiation stress by functioning as a global regulator, mediating the transcription of genes involved in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR). The expression of IrrE augmented the resilience of various species to heat, radiation, oxidation, osmotic stresses and inhibitors, encompassing bacterial, fungal, plant, and mammalian cells. Moreover, IrrE was employed in a global regulator engineering strategy to broaden its applications in stress tolerance. The regulatory impacts of heterologously expressed IrrE have been investigated at the molecular and systems level, including the regulation of genes, proteins, modules, or pathways involved in DNA repair, detoxification proteins, protective molecules, native regulators and other aspects. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role and mechanism of IrrE in the antiradiation response of D. radiodurans. Furthermore, the applications and regulatory effects of heterologous expression of IrrE to enhance abiotic stress tolerance are summarized in particular.

Icariin rescues developmental BPA exposure induced spatial memory deficits in rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated in cognitive impairment. Icariin is the main active ingredient extracted from Epimedium Herb with protective function of nervous system. However, the potential therapeutic effects of Icariin on spatial memory deficits induced by developmental BPA exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats have not been investigated. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of Icariin (10 mg/kg/day, from postnatal day (PND) 21 to PND 60 by gavage) on spatial memory deficits in rat induced by developmental BPA exposure (1 mg/kg/day, from embryonic to PND 60), demonstrating that Icariin can markedly improve spatial memory in BPA-exposed rat. Furthermore, intra-gastric administration of Icariin could attenuate abnormal hippocampal cell dispersion and loss, improved the dendritic spine density and Nissl bodies. Moreover, Icariin reversed BPA induced reduction of frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSC) and decrease of Vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGlut1). Collectively, Icariin could effectively rescue BPA-induced spatial memory impairment in male rats by preventing cell loss and reduction of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. In addition, we also found that VGlut1 is a critical target in the repair of BPA-induced spatial memory by Icariin. Thus, Icariin may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate BPA-induced spatial memory deficits.

Unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus for converting lignin into lipids.

Bioconversion of bioresources/wastes (e.g., lignin, chemical pulping byproducts) represents a promising approach for developing a bioeconomy to help address growing energy and materials demands. Rhodococcus, a promising microbial strain, utilizes numerous carbon sources to produce lipids, which are precursors for synthesizing biodiesel and aviation fuels. However, compared to chemical conversion, bioconversion involves living cells, which is a more complex system that needs further understanding and upgrading. Various wastes amenable to bioconversion are reviewed herein to highlight the potential of Rhodococci for producing lipid-derived bioproducts. In light of the abundant availability of these substrates, Rhodococcus' metabolic pathways converting them to lipids are analyzed from a "beginning-to-end" view. Based on an in-depth understanding of microbial metabolic routes, genetic modifications of Rhodococcus by employing emerging tools (e.g., multiplex genome editing, biosensors, and genome-scale metabolic models) are presented for promoting the bioconversion. Co-solvent enhanced lignocellulose fractionation (CELF) strategy facilitates the generation of a lignin-derived aromatic stream suitable for the Rhodococcus' utilization. Novel alkali sterilization (AS) and elimination of thermal sterilization (ETS) approaches can significantly enhance the bioaccessibility of lignin and its derived aromatics in aqueous fermentation media, which promotes lipid titer significantly. In order to achieve value-added utilization of lignin, biodiesel and aviation fuel synthesis from lignin and lipids are further discussed. The possible directions for unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus through synergistically modifying microbial strains, substrates, and fermentation processes are proposed toward a sustainable biological lignin valorization.

Inhibition of ferroptosis underlies EGCG mediated protection against Parkinson's disease in a Drosophila model.

Ferroptosis, a new type of cell death accompanied by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, is implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that primarily occurred in the elderly population. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenol in green tea with known neuroprotective effects in PD patients. But whether EGCG-mediated neuroprotection against PD involves regulation of ferroptosis has not been elucidated. In this study, we established a PD model using PINK1 mutant Drosophila. Iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of GPX, were detected in the brains of PD flies. Additionally, phenotypes of PD, including behavioral defects and dopaminergic neurons loss, were ameliorated by ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Notably, the increased iron level, lipid peroxidation and decreased GPX activity in the brains of PD flies were relieved by EGCG. We found that EGCG exerted neuroprotection mainly by restoring iron homeostasis in the PD flies. EGCG inhibited iron influx by suppressing Malvolio (Mvl) expression and simultaneously promoted the upregulation of ferritin, the intracellular iron storage protein, leading to a reduction in free iron ions. Additionally, EGCG downregulated the expression of Duox and Nox, two NADPH oxidases that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased SOD enzyme activity. Finally, modulation of intracellular iron levels or regulation of oxidative stress by genetic means exerted great influence on PD phenotypes. As such, the results demonstrated that ferroptosis has a role in the established PD model. Altogether, EGCG has therapeutic potentials for treating PD by targeting the ferroptosis pathway, providing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Age at first birth is associated with the likelihood of frailty in middle-aged and older women: A population-based analysis from NHANES 1999-2018.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether age at first birth (AFB) is associated with the prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older women. METHODS: The study included 10,828 women (age ≥ 45 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2018) in the United States. AFB data were collected using a standardized reproductive health questionnaire. Frailty was measured using a 53-item frailty index and was diagnosed if the score on that index was over 0.21. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between AFB and the prevalence of frailty. A survey-weighted restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was used to determine the dose-response relationship between AFB and frailty. Mediation analyses were performed to estimate the mediated effects of education levels, family poverty income ratio, and parity on the association between AFB and the likelihood of frailty. Finally, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted to validate the robustness of our findings. RESULTS: Among the 10,828 women, 3828 (35.4 %) had frailty. The RCS depicted a U-shaped association between AFB and frailty. Compared with the women in the reference group (AFB: 33-35 years), women in the other groups (AFB: < 18, 18-20, 21-23, and 24-26 years) had a higher likelihood of frailty, with respective odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) of 3.02 (1.89-4.83), 2.32 (1.54-3.50), 1.83 (1.19-2.81), and 1.64 (1.07-2.53). However, no statistically significant differences were detected for women with AFB of 27-29, 30-32, or > 35 years compared with the reference group. Education levels, family poverty income ratio, and parity significantly mediated the approximately linear negative association between AFB and frailty in the subset of women with AFB of ≤32 years and the mediation proportions were 23.4 %, 32.4 %, and 18.3 %, respectively (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, we conclude that early AFB is associated with a higher likelihood of frailty in middle-aged and older women.

Beneficial and biocontrol effects of Trichoderma atroviride, a dominant species in white birch rhizosphere soil.

White birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a typical pioneer tree species that is important in forest restoration in northern China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, 37 isolates were obtained from B. platyphylla rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province; they were identified as T. pleuroticola (3 isolates), T. virens (2 isolates), T. hamatum (8 isolates), T. atroviride (21 isolates, dominant species) and T. asperelloides (3 isolates). Stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, and nutritional stress that simulated saline alkali or barren soil) and confrontation assays (with four pathogens) were performed to determine which isolates had good biocontrol ability in barren soil; the results show that T. atroviride was outstanding. Then, in order to determine the effect of T. atroviride on plants and soil, Gynura cusimbua seeds were sown and treated with a T. atroviride spore suspension, as was unsown soil. The seedlings treated using T. atroviride had significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content and their catalase (CAT) activity was also significantly increased. In addition, when the plants were inoculated with Alternaria alternata, the plants treated using T. atroviride had stronger CAT activity, significantly higher soluble protein content and soluble sugar content, and significantly lower MDA content, which indicates stronger resistance and less injury caused by the pathogen. In addition, T. atroviride not only increased the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil, but also promoted G. cusimbua seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Thus, the characteristics of T. atroviride may make it the main factor that helps B. platyphylla colonise cut-over lands. T. atroviride, a promising biocontrol candidate, can be used in agriculture and forestry.

Association between the cumulative dose of glucocorticoids before the development of pneumonia and death in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoids: a secondary analysis based on a Chinese cohort study.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the cumulative dose of glucocorticoids (GCs) and case fatality in hospitalized patients who developed pneumonia while receiving glucocorticoid therapy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 625 patients receiving long-term GC treatment who were hospitalized with pneumonia (322 male and 303 female). Data were obtained from the Dryad Digital Repository and were used to perform secondary analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to evaluate the association between the cumulative dose of GCs and case fatality. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were performed. Results: The 30-day and 90-day death rates were 22.9 and 26.2%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with those in the lowest quintile (≤ 1.5 g), the Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis showed that patients with different cumulative doses of GCs (1.5 to 2.95, 2.95 to 5, 5 to 11.5, and > 11.5 g) had lower risks for 30-day death, with respective hazard ratios of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.52 to 1.42), 0.81 (0.49 to 1.33), 0.29 (0.15 to 0.55), and 0.42 (0.22 to 0.79). The multivariable-adjusted RCS analysis suggested a statistically significant N-shaped association between the cumulative dose of GCs and 30-day death. A higher cumulative dose of GC tended to first lead to an increase in 30-day death within 1.8 g, then to a statistically significant decrease until around 8 g [HR for 1 g = 0.82 (0.69 to 0.97)], and again to an increase afterward. Similar results were found in the subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: N-shaped association between the cumulative dose of GCs and case fatality was observed in patients receiving long-term GC treatment who were hospitalized with pneumonia. Our findings may help physicians manage these patients.

Ethylenediamine pretreatment simultaneously improved carbohydrate hydrolysis and lignin valorization.

Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the promising feedstock for value-added products, which would contribute to the bioeconomy and sustainable development. The efficient pretreatment is still required in the biorefinery of LCB. To make a simultaneous utilization of carbohydrates and lignin, a novel easy-recycled ethylenediamine (EDA) pretreatment was designed and evaluated in the present study. The results highlighted that this pretreatment yielded 96% glucose and 70% xylose in enzymatic hydrolysis. It simultaneously promoted the depolymerization of lignin into small molecules and functionalized the yielded lignin with Schiff base and amide structures. These animated-lignins showed a pH-responsive behavior and the excellent flocculation capacity by reducing more than 90% turbidity of kaolin suspensions. Therefore, easy-recycled EDA pretreatment hold the promise to simultaneously enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates and endowed the new functionality of lignin toward downstream valorization, which improved the process feasibility and potentially enable the sustainability of LCB utilization.

Artificial mixed microbial system for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants with major risks to human health. Biological degradation is environmentally friendly and the most appealing remediation method for a wide range of persistent pollutants. Meanwhile, due to the large microbial strain collection and multiple metabolic pathways, PAH degradation via an artificial mixed microbial system (MMS) has emerged and is regarded as a promising bioremediation approach. The artificial MMS construction by simplifying the community structure, clarifying the labor division, and streamlining the metabolic flux has shown tremendous efficiency. This review describes the construction principles, influencing factors, and enhancement strategies of artificial MMS for PAH degradation. In addition, we identify the challenges and future opportunities for the development of MMS toward new or upgraded high-performance applications.

Surfactant-assisted ethylenediamine for the deconstruction and conversion of corn stover biomass.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock to produce sustainable fuels and energy toward a green bioeconomy. A surfactant-assisted ethylenediamine (EDA) was developed for the deconstruction and conversion of corn stover in this study. The effects of surfactants on the whole conversion process of corn stover was also evaluated. The results showed that xylan recovery and lignin removal in solid fraction were significantly enhanced by surfactant-assisted EDA. The glucan and xylan recoveries in solid fraction reached 92.1% and 65.7%, respectively, while the lignin removal was 74.5% by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-assisted EDA. SDS-assisted EDA also improved the sugar conversion in 12 h enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loadings. The ethanol production and glucose consumption of washed EDA pretreated corn stover in simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation were improved with the addition of 0.001 g/mL SDS. Therefore, surfactant-assisted EDA showed the potential to improve the bioconversion performance of biomass.

Dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known environmental endocrine disruptor, has been implicated in anxiety-like behavior. But the neural mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we found that mice exposed to 0.5 mg/kg/day BPA chronically from postnatal days (PND) 21 to PND 80 exhibited depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Further study showed that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), was associated with BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by decreased c-fos expression in mPFC of BPA-exposed mice. Both the morphology and function of glutamatergic neurons (also called pyramidal neurons) in mPFC of mice were impaired following BPA exposure, characterized by reduced primary branches, weakened calcium signal, and decreased mEPSC frequency. Importantly, optogenetic activation of the pyramidal neurons in mPFC greatly reversed BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Furthermore, we reported that microglial activation in mPFC of mice may also have a role in BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Taken together, the results indicated that mPFC is the brain region that is greatly damaged by BPA exposure and is associated with BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior. The study thus provides new insights into BPA-induced neurotoxicity and behavioral changes.

Cost-effectiveness of the screen-and-treat strategies using HPV test linked to thermal ablation for cervical cancer prevention in China: a modeling study.

BACKGROUND: Self-sampling HPV test and thermal ablation are effective tools to increase screening coverage and treatment compliance for accelerating cervical cancer elimination. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of their combined strategies to inform accessible, affordable, and acceptable cervical cancer prevention strategies. METHODS: We developed a hybrid model to evaluate costs, health outcomes, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of six screen-and-treat strategies combining HPV testing (self-sampling or physician-sampling), triage modalities (HPV genotyping, colposcopy or none) and thermal ablation, from a societal perspective. A designated initial cohort of 100,000 females born in 2015 was considered. Strategies with an ICER less than the Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) per capita ($10,350) were considered highly cost-effective. RESULTS: Compared with current strategies in China (physician-HPV with genotype or cytology triage), all screen-and-treat strategies are cost-effective and self-HPV without triage is optimal with the most incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained (220 to 440) in rural and urban China. Each screen-and-treat strategy based on self-collected samples is cost-saving compared with current strategies (-$818,430 to -$3540) whereas more costs are incurred using physician-collected samples compared with current physician-HPV with genotype triage (+$20,840 to +$182,840). For screen-and-treat strategies without triage, more costs (+$9404 to +$380,217) would be invested in the screening and treatment of precancerous lesions rather than the cancer treatment compared with the current screening strategies. Notably, however, more than 81.6% of HPV-positive women would be overtreated. If triaged with HPV 7 types or HPV16/18 genotypes, 79.1% or 67.2% (respectively) of HPV-positive women would be overtreated with fewer cancer cases avoided (19 cases or 69 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Screen-and-treat strategy using self-sampling HPV test linked to thermal ablation could be the most cost-effective for cervical cancer prevention in China. Additional triage with quality-assured performance could reduce overtreatment and remains highly cost-effective compared with current strategies.

[A new dihydrostilbene from aerial part of Cannabis sativa].

The present study investigated the chemical constituents in the aerial part of Cannabis sativa. The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC and identified according to their spectral data and physicochemical properties. Thirteen compounds were isolated from the acetic ether extract of C. sativa and identified as 3',5',4″,2-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxy-3-methyl-3″-butenyl p-disubstituted benzene ethane(1), 16R-hydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z,14E-trienoic acid methyl ester(2),(1'R,2'R)-2'-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5'-methyl-4-pentyl-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-(1,1'-biphenyl)-2,6-diol(3), ß-sitosteryl-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-O-palmitate(4), 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoate methyl ester(5), benzyloxy-1-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(6), phenylethyl-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(7), 3Z-enol glucoside(8), α-cannabispiranol-4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranose(9), 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxyoctadeca-10E,15Z-dienoic acid(10), uracil(11), o-hydroxybenzoic acid(12), and 2'-O-methyladenosine(13). Compound 1 is a new compound, compound 3 is a new natural product, and compounds 2, 4-8, 10, and 13 were isolated from Cannabis plant for the first time.