Obesity in Castile and Leon, Spain: epidemiology and association with other cardiovascular risk factors.

A cross-sectional study of obesity in a random sample of 4012 individuals aged ≥ 15 years in Castile and Leon, Spain, was carried out. The prevalence of obesity (i.e. a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²) and abdominal obesity (i.e. a waist circumference > 102 cm in males or > 88 cm in females) was determined and associations between both types of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors were investigated. The overall prevalence of obesity was 21.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.3%-23.2%): it was higher in women, at 23.2% (95% CI, 20.9%-25.5%), than in men, at 20.4% (95% CI, 18.0%-22.7%). The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 36.7% (95% CI, 34.6%-38.9%): again it was higher in women, at 50.1% (95% CI, 47%-53.1%) than in men, at 22.8% (95% CI, 20.3%-25.2%). Associations were found between obesity and all classic cardiovascular risk factors, except smoking. The 10-year Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) and Framingham risk scores were higher in obese individuals.

[Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in the adult population of Castile-Leon (Spain)]. / Dislipidemias y riesgo cardiovascular en la población adulta de Castilla y León.

OBJECTIVE: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the cardiovascular risk factors more sensitive to preventive and control interventions. This study aims to determine the epidemiological pattern of dyslipidemic people in Castilla y Leon. METHODS: A representative stratified two-stage sample of the population resident in Castilla y León (Spain) was obtained. A total of 4,013 people age 15 years and older were interviewed. Cardiovascular disease related variables were gathered from clinical records and medical examination. Total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglycerides were measured. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides increase with age and, all but total cholesterol present gender differences. LDL-c and triglycerides are higher in men than in women under the age of 60, and lower from that age on, while HDL-c is always higher in women. Total cholesterol was ≥250mg/dl in 14.6% of the sample and ≥200mg/dl in the 56.3%. Only 49.6% of people with total cholesterol ≥250mg/dl had been diagnosed and only 15.2% were under treatment. Age-adjusted total cholesterol was positively correlated with all cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, over 70% of the population presented, at least, one cardiovascular risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: The results above shows high levels of total cholesterol and LDL-c, low levels of HDL-c in males and the under diagnosis in clinical records. The association between hypercholesterolemia and other cardiovascular risk factors is similar to previous studies.

[Prevalence of hypertension in the population of Castile-Leon (Spain)]. / Prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en la población de Castilla y León.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular disease causes one out of 3 deaths in Spain. Hypertension is involved in ischemic heart disease and in other diseases provoking high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of hypertension and other indicators of this disorder in Castile-Leon in 2004. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in a random sample of 4,012 persons aged 15 years old or above, extracted through a two-stage, stratified design. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured, a history was taken and clinical records were reviewed. A person was considered to be hypertensive when there was known hypertension (hyper-tension was recorded in the clinical records or the person was receiving treatment for hypertension) or when systolic blood pressure was 140 mmHg or more and diastolic blood pressure was 90 mmHg or more. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in the population was 38.7% (95%CI: 36.5-40.9). The prevalence was higher in men (40.4% [95%CI: 37.4-43.4]) than in women (37.4% [95%CI: 34.7-40]). Hypertension was already known in 22.2%, representing 57.4% of all hypertensive individuals. In the remainder of the sample, 44% had prehypertension, 17.5% had stage 1 hypertension and 4% had stage II hypertension, according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension in the population studied was consistent with that reported in other Spanish studies. A substantial proportion of hypertensive individuals were unaware of their status as such. Equally, a large proportion had prehypertension, which carries a high risk of cardiovascular disease.

[Design of a population-based study of cardiovascular risk in Castile and Leon [Spain] through primary care teams]. / Diseño de un estudio poblacional del riesgo cardiovascular en Castilla y León a través de los equipos de atención primaria.

We describe the design and the response indicators in a cross sectional study to estimate several factors associated with cardiovascular risk in the population of Castile and Leon. A sample of 4,950 individuals aged 15 years and above was obtained in two stages: in the first stage, 198 primary care physicians were selected and in the second stage a sample of 25 persons from each primary care physician's list was obtained. The response rate was 98% among primary care physicians and 80% among the population. Statistically significant differences were found in age distribution between the frame sample and the definitive sample. After applying design adjustments, only the group aged 35-64 years was significantly overdimensioned. Access to the general population in primary health care is a feasible and effective procedure. A high response rate contributes to the validity of the information.